<s>
Machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
(	O
MV	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
technology	O
and	O
methods	O
used	O
to	O
provide	O
imaging-based	O
automatic	B-Application
inspection	O
and	O
analysis	B-General_Concept
for	O
such	O
applications	O
as	O
automatic	B-Application
inspection	O
,	O
process	O
control	O
,	O
and	O
robot	O
guidance	O
,	O
usually	O
in	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
refers	O
to	O
many	O
technologies	O
,	O
software	O
and	O
hardware	O
products	O
,	O
integrated	O
systems	O
,	O
actions	O
,	O
methods	O
and	O
expertise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
as	O
a	O
systems	O
engineering	O
discipline	O
can	O
be	O
considered	O
distinct	O
from	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
,	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
is	O
the	O
prevalent	O
one	O
for	O
these	O
functions	O
in	O
industrial	O
automation	B-Application
environments	O
but	O
is	O
also	O
used	O
for	O
these	O
functions	O
in	O
other	O
environment	O
vehicle	O
guidance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
overall	O
machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
process	O
includes	O
planning	O
the	O
details	O
of	O
the	O
requirements	O
and	O
project	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
creating	O
a	O
solution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
run-time	O
,	O
the	O
process	O
starts	O
with	O
imaging	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
automated	O
analysis	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
image	O
and	O
extraction	O
of	O
the	O
required	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Definitions	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
Machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
"	O
vary	O
,	O
but	O
all	O
include	O
the	O
technology	O
and	O
methods	O
used	O
to	O
extract	O
information	O
from	O
an	O
image	O
on	O
an	O
automated	O
basis	O
,	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
,	O
where	O
the	O
output	O
is	O
another	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
information	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
such	O
applications	O
as	O
automatic	B-Application
inspection	O
and	O
robot	O
and	O
process	O
guidance	O
in	O
industry	O
,	O
for	O
security	O
monitoring	O
and	O
vehicle	O
guidance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
is	O
practically	O
the	O
only	O
term	O
used	O
for	O
these	O
functions	O
in	O
industrial	O
automation	B-Application
applications	O
;	O
the	O
term	O
is	O
less	O
universal	O
for	O
these	O
functions	O
in	O
other	O
environments	O
such	O
as	O
security	O
and	O
vehicle	O
guidance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
as	O
a	O
systems	O
engineering	O
discipline	O
can	O
be	O
considered	O
distinct	O
from	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
,	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
basic	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
;	O
machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
attempts	O
to	O
integrate	O
existing	O
technologies	O
in	O
new	O
ways	O
and	O
apply	O
them	O
to	O
solve	O
real	O
world	O
problems	O
in	O
a	O
way	O
that	O
meets	O
the	O
requirements	O
of	O
industrial	O
automation	B-Application
and	O
similar	O
application	O
areas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
is	O
also	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
broader	O
sense	O
by	O
trade	O
shows	O
and	O
trade	O
groups	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Automated	O
Imaging	O
Association	O
and	O
the	O
European	O
Machine	B-General_Concept
Vision	I-General_Concept
Association	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
broader	O
definition	O
also	O
encompasses	O
products	O
and	O
applications	O
most	O
often	O
associated	O
with	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
primary	O
uses	O
for	O
machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
are	O
automatic	B-Application
inspection	O
and	O
industrial	O
robot/process	O
guidance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
See	O
glossary	B-General_Concept
of	I-General_Concept
machine	I-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
primary	O
uses	O
for	O
machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
are	O
imaging-based	O
automatic	B-Application
inspection	O
and	O
sorting	O
and	O
robot	O
guidance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
;	O
in	O
this	O
section	O
the	O
former	O
is	O
abbreviated	O
as	O
"	O
automatic	B-Application
inspection	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
step	O
in	O
the	O
automatic	B-Application
inspection	O
sequence	O
of	O
operation	O
is	O
acquisition	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
an	I-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
,	O
typically	O
using	O
cameras	O
,	O
lenses	O
,	O
and	O
lighting	O
that	O
has	O
been	O
designed	O
to	O
provide	O
the	O
differentiation	O
required	O
by	O
subsequent	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MV	O
software	O
packages	O
and	O
programs	O
developed	O
in	O
them	O
then	O
employ	O
various	O
digital	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
techniques	O
to	O
extract	O
the	O
required	O
information	O
,	O
and	O
often	O
make	O
decisions	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
pass/fail	O
)	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
extracted	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
components	O
of	O
an	O
automatic	B-Application
inspection	O
system	O
usually	O
include	O
lighting	O
,	O
a	O
camera	O
or	O
other	O
imager	O
,	O
a	O
processor	O
,	O
software	O
,	O
and	O
output	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
camera	O
)	O
can	O
either	O
be	O
separate	O
from	O
the	O
main	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
unit	O
or	O
combined	O
with	O
it	O
in	O
which	O
case	O
the	O
combination	O
is	O
generally	O
called	O
a	O
smart	B-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
or	O
smart	O
sensor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
separated	O
,	O
the	O
connection	O
may	O
be	O
made	O
to	O
specialized	O
intermediate	O
hardware	O
,	O
a	O
custom	O
processing	O
appliance	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
frame	B-Device
grabber	I-Device
within	O
a	O
computer	O
using	O
either	O
an	O
analog	O
or	O
standardized	O
digital	O
interface	O
(	O
Camera	B-Protocol
Link	I-Protocol
,	O
CoaXPress	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MV	O
implementations	O
also	O
use	O
digital	O
cameras	O
capable	O
of	O
direct	O
connections	O
(	O
without	O
a	O
framegrabber	B-Device
)	O
to	O
a	O
computer	O
via	O
FireWire	B-Protocol
,	O
USB	B-Protocol
or	O
Gigabit	O
Ethernet	O
interfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
conventional	O
(	O
2D	O
visible	O
light	O
)	O
imaging	O
is	O
most	O
commonly	O
used	O
in	O
MV	O
,	O
alternatives	O
include	O
multispectral	O
imaging	O
,	O
hyperspectral	B-Application
imaging	I-Application
,	O
imaging	O
various	O
infrared	O
bands	O
,	O
line	O
scan	O
imaging	O
,	O
3D	B-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
of	O
surfaces	O
and	O
X-ray	O
imaging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
the	O
vast	O
majority	O
of	O
machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
applications	O
are	O
solved	O
using	O
two-dimensional	O
imaging	O
,	O
machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
applications	O
utilizing	O
3D	B-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
are	O
a	O
growing	O
niche	O
within	O
the	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
commonly	O
used	O
method	O
for	O
3D	B-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
is	O
scanning	O
based	O
triangulation	O
which	O
utilizes	O
motion	O
of	O
the	O
product	O
or	O
image	O
during	O
the	O
imaging	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
this	O
is	O
accomplished	O
with	O
a	O
scanning	O
motion	O
,	O
either	O
by	O
moving	O
the	O
workpiece	O
,	O
or	O
by	O
moving	O
the	O
camera	O
&	O
laser	O
imaging	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stereoscopic	O
vision	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
special	O
cases	O
involving	O
unique	O
features	B-Algorithm
present	O
in	O
both	O
views	O
of	O
a	O
pair	O
of	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
3D	O
methods	O
used	O
for	O
machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
are	O
time	B-Device
of	I-Device
flight	I-Device
and	O
grid	O
based	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Central	O
processing	O
functions	O
are	O
generally	O
done	O
by	O
a	O
CPU	B-Device
,	O
a	O
GPU	B-Architecture
,	O
a	O
FPGA	B-Architecture
or	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
these	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deep	B-Algorithm
learning	I-Algorithm
training	O
and	O
inference	O
impose	O
higher	O
processing	O
performance	O
requirements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
methods	O
include	O
;	O
</s>
<s>
Stitching/Registration	O
:	O
Combining	O
of	O
adjacent	O
2D	O
or	O
3D	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Segmentation	B-Algorithm
:	O
Partitioning	O
a	O
digital	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
into	O
multiple	O
segments	B-Algorithm
to	O
simplify	O
and/or	O
change	O
the	O
representation	O
of	O
an	O
image	O
into	O
something	O
that	O
is	O
more	O
meaningful	O
and	O
easier	O
to	O
analyze	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Color	O
Analysis	B-General_Concept
:	O
Identify	O
parts	O
,	O
products	O
and	O
items	O
using	O
color	O
,	O
assess	O
quality	O
from	O
color	O
,	O
and	O
isolate	O
features	B-Algorithm
using	O
color	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Blob	B-General_Concept
detection	I-General_Concept
and	I-General_Concept
extraction	I-General_Concept
:	O
inspecting	O
an	O
image	O
for	O
discrete	O
blobs	O
of	O
connected	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Neural	B-Architecture
net	I-Architecture
/	O
deep	B-Algorithm
learning	I-Algorithm
/	O
machine	O
learning	O
processing	O
:	O
weighted	O
and	O
self-training	O
multi-variable	O
decision	O
making	O
Circa	O
2019	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
large	O
expansion	O
of	O
this	O
,	O
using	O
deep	B-Algorithm
learning	I-Algorithm
and	O
machine	O
learning	O
to	O
significantly	O
expand	O
machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pattern	O
recognition	O
including	O
template	B-Algorithm
matching	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
common	O
output	O
from	O
automatic	B-Application
inspection	O
systems	O
is	O
pass/fail	O
decisions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
Deep	B-Algorithm
Learning	I-Algorithm
"	O
has	O
variable	O
meanings	O
,	O
most	O
of	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
applied	O
to	O
techniques	O
used	O
in	O
machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
for	O
over	O
20	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
the	O
usage	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
in	O
Machine	B-General_Concept
Vision	I-General_Concept
began	O
in	O
the	O
later	O
2010s	O
with	O
the	O
advent	O
of	O
the	O
capability	O
to	O
successfully	O
apply	O
such	O
techniques	O
to	O
entire	O
images	O
in	O
the	O
industrial	O
machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
space	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conventional	O
machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
usually	O
requires	O
the	O
"	O
physics	O
"	O
phase	O
of	O
a	O
machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
automatic	B-Application
inspection	O
solution	O
to	O
create	O
reliable	O
simple	O
differentiation	O
of	O
defects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
common	O
reason	O
why	O
some	O
applications	O
were	O
not	O
doable	O
was	O
when	O
it	O
was	O
impossible	O
to	O
achieve	O
the	O
"	O
simple	O
"	O
;	O
deep	B-Algorithm
learning	I-Algorithm
removes	O
this	O
requirement	O
,	O
in	O
essence	O
"	O
seeing	O
"	O
the	O
object	O
more	O
as	O
a	O
human	O
does	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
now	O
possible	O
to	O
accomplish	O
those	O
automatic	B-Application
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
commonly	O
provides	O
location	O
and	O
orientation	O
information	O
to	O
a	O
robot	O
to	O
allow	O
the	O
robot	O
to	O
properly	O
grasp	O
the	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
the	O
process	O
steps	O
are	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
with	O
automatic	B-Application
inspection	O
except	O
with	O
a	O
focus	O
on	O
providing	O
position	O
and	O
orientation	O
information	O
as	O
the	O
result	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
editor-in-chief	O
of	O
an	O
MV	O
trade	O
magazine	O
asserted	O
that	O
"	O
machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
is	O
not	O
an	O
industry	O
per	O
se	O
"	O
but	O
rather	O
"	O
the	O
integration	O
of	O
technologies	O
and	O
products	O
that	O
provide	O
services	O
or	O
applications	O
that	O
benefit	O
true	O
industries	O
such	O
as	O
automotive	O
or	O
consumer	O
goods	O
manufacturing	O
,	O
agriculture	O
,	O
and	O
defense.	O
"	O
</s>
