<s>
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
Leopard	I-Application
(	O
version	O
10.5	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
sixth	O
major	O
release	O
of	O
macOS	B-Application
,	O
Apple	O
's	O
desktop	B-Device
and	O
server	B-Application
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
for	O
Macintosh	B-Device
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Leopard	B-Application
was	O
released	O
on	O
October	O
26	O
,	O
2007	O
as	O
the	O
successor	O
of	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
10.4	I-Application
Tiger	I-Application
,	O
and	O
is	O
available	O
in	O
two	O
editions	O
:	O
a	O
desktop	B-Device
version	O
suitable	O
for	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
and	O
a	O
server	B-Application
version	O
,	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
Server	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
retailed	O
for	O
$129	O
for	O
the	O
desktop	B-Device
version	O
and	O
$499	O
for	O
Server	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Leopard	B-Application
was	O
superseded	O
by	O
Snow	B-Device
Leopard	I-Device
(	O
version	O
10.6	B-Device
)	O
in	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Leopard	B-Application
is	O
the	O
final	O
version	O
of	O
macOS	B-Application
to	O
support	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
architecture	O
as	O
Snow	B-Device
Leopard	I-Device
functions	O
solely	O
on	O
Intel	O
based	O
Macs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Apple	O
,	O
Leopard	B-Application
contains	O
over	O
300	O
changes	O
and	O
enhancements	O
compared	O
to	O
its	O
predecessor	O
,	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
Tiger	I-Application
,	O
covering	O
core	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
components	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
included	O
applications	O
and	O
developer	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Leopard	B-Application
introduces	O
a	O
significantly	O
revised	O
desktop	B-Device
,	O
with	O
a	O
redesigned	O
Dock	O
,	O
Stacks	O
,	O
a	O
semitransparent	O
menu	O
bar	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
updated	O
Finder	B-Application
that	O
incorporates	O
the	O
Cover	O
Flow	O
visual	O
navigation	O
interface	O
first	O
seen	O
in	O
iTunes	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
notable	O
features	O
include	O
support	O
for	O
writing	O
64-bit	B-Device
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
applications	O
,	O
an	O
automated	O
backup	O
utility	O
called	O
Time	B-Operating_System
Machine	I-Operating_System
,	O
support	O
for	O
Spotlight	B-Application
searches	O
across	O
multiple	O
machines	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
inclusion	O
of	O
Front	B-Operating_System
Row	I-Operating_System
and	O
Photo	B-Application
Booth	I-Application
,	O
which	O
were	O
previously	O
included	O
with	O
only	O
some	O
Mac	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
missed	O
Leopard	B-Application
's	O
release	O
time	O
frame	O
as	O
originally	O
announced	O
by	O
Apple	O
's	O
CEO	O
Steve	O
Jobs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
first	O
discussed	O
in	O
June	O
2005	O
,	O
Jobs	O
had	O
stated	O
that	O
Apple	O
intended	O
to	O
release	O
Leopard	B-Application
at	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2006	O
or	O
early	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
year	O
later	O
,	O
this	O
was	O
amended	O
to	O
Spring	O
2007	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
on	O
April	O
12	O
,	O
2007	O
,	O
Apple	O
issued	O
a	O
statement	O
that	O
its	O
release	O
would	O
be	O
delayed	O
until	O
October	O
2007	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
advertised	O
that	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
Leopard	I-Application
has	O
300+	O
new	O
features	O
,	O
including	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
create	O
more	O
useful	O
Automator	O
workflows	O
with	O
actions	O
for	O
RSS	O
feeds	O
,	O
iSight	O
camera	O
video	O
snapshots	O
,	O
PDF	B-Application
manipulation	O
,	O
and	O
much	O
more	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Back	B-Operating_System
to	I-Operating_System
My	I-Operating_System
Mac	I-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
feature	O
for	O
MobileMe	B-Application
users	O
that	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
access	O
files	O
on	O
their	O
home	O
computer	O
while	O
away	O
from	O
home	O
via	O
the	O
internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Boot	B-Application
Camp	I-Application
,	O
a	O
software	O
assistant	O
allowing	O
for	O
the	O
installation	O
of	O
other	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
such	O
as	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
(	O
SP2	O
or	O
later	O
)	O
or	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
,	O
on	O
a	O
separate	O
partition	O
(	O
or	O
separate	O
internal	O
drive	O
)	O
on	O
Intel-based	O
Macs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dashboard	B-Application
enhancements	O
,	O
including	O
Web	B-Application
Clip	I-Application
,	O
a	O
feature	O
that	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
turn	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
any	O
Web	O
page	O
displayed	O
in	O
Safari	B-Application
into	O
a	O
live	O
Dashboard	B-Application
widget	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Dashcode	B-Operating_System
to	O
help	O
developers	O
code	O
widgets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
Desktop	B-Device
,	O
comprises	O
a	O
redesigned	O
3-D	O
dock	O
with	O
a	O
new	O
grouping	O
feature	O
called	O
Stacks	O
,	O
which	O
displays	O
files	O
in	O
either	O
a	O
"	O
fan	O
"	O
style	O
,	O
"	O
grid	O
"	O
style	O
,	O
or	O
(	O
since	O
10.5.2	B-Application
)	O
a	O
"	O
list	O
"	O
style	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rory	O
Prior	O
,	O
on	O
the	O
ThinkMac	O
blog	O
,	O
criticized	O
the	O
shelf-like	O
Dock	O
along	O
with	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
other	O
changes	O
to	O
the	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dictionary	B-Operating_System
can	O
now	O
search	O
Wikipedia	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
dictionary	B-Operating_System
of	O
Apple	O
terminology	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
included	O
is	O
the	O
Japanese-language	O
dictionary	B-Operating_System
Daijisen	O
,	O
Progressive	O
E-J	O
and	O
Progressive	O
J-E	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
the	O
25,000	O
-word	O
thesaurus	O
,	O
all	O
of	O
which	O
are	O
provided	O
by	O
the	O
Japanese	O
publisher	O
Shogakukan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
redesigned	O
Finder	B-Application
,	O
with	O
features	O
similar	O
to	O
those	O
seen	O
in	O
iTunes	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
,	O
including	O
Cover	O
Flow	O
and	O
a	O
Source	O
list-like	O
sidebar	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Front	B-Operating_System
Row	I-Operating_System
has	O
been	O
reworked	O
to	O
closely	O
resemble	O
the	O
interface	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
Apple	B-Device
TV	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
iCal	B-Language
calendar	O
sharing	O
and	O
group	O
scheduling	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
syncing	O
event	O
invitations	O
from	O
Mail	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
previous	O
versions	O
of	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
,	O
the	O
icon	O
would	O
show	O
July	O
17	O
in	O
the	O
icon	O
any	O
time	O
the	O
application	O
was	O
not	O
running	O
but	O
the	O
current	O
date	O
when	O
the	O
application	O
was	O
running	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
iChat	B-Protocol
enhancements	O
,	O
including	O
multiple	O
logins	O
,	O
invisibility	O
,	O
animated	O
icons	O
,	O
and	O
tabbed	O
chats	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
features	O
present	O
in	O
Pidgin	B-Protocol
,	O
Adium	B-Protocol
and	O
the	O
iChat	B-Protocol
plugin	O
Chax	O
;	O
iChat	B-Protocol
Theater	I-Protocol
,	O
allowing	O
users	O
to	O
incorporate	O
images	O
from	O
iPhoto	B-Operating_System
,	O
presentations	O
from	O
Keynote	B-Protocol
,	O
videos	O
from	O
QuickTime	B-Application
,	O
and	O
other	O
Quick	B-Operating_System
Look	I-Operating_System
features	O
into	O
video	O
chats	O
;	O
and	O
Backdrops	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
similar	O
to	O
chroma	O
keys	O
,	O
but	O
use	O
a	O
real-time	O
difference	O
matte	O
technique	O
which	O
does	O
not	O
require	O
a	O
green	O
or	O
blue	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
iChat	B-Protocol
also	O
implements	O
screen	O
sharing	O
,	O
a	O
feature	O
previously	O
available	O
with	O
Apple	B-Operating_System
Remote	I-Operating_System
Desktop	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mail	B-Operating_System
enhancements	O
including	O
the	O
additions	O
of	O
RSS	O
feeds	O
,	O
Stationery	O
,	O
Notes	O
,	O
and	O
to-dos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Network	O
file	O
sharing	O
improvements	O
include	O
more	O
granular	O
control	O
over	O
permissions	O
,	O
consolidation	O
of	O
AFP	B-Protocol
,	O
FTP	B-Protocol
and	O
SMB	B-Operating_System
sharing	O
into	O
one	O
control	O
panel	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
share	O
individual	O
folders	O
,	O
a	O
feature	O
that	O
had	O
not	O
been	O
available	O
since	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
9	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Photo	B-Application
Booth	I-Application
enhancements	O
,	O
including	O
video	O
recording	O
with	O
real-time	O
filters	O
and	O
blue/green	O
-screen	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Podcast	B-Operating_System
Capture	I-Operating_System
,	O
an	O
application	O
allowing	O
users	O
to	O
record	O
and	O
distribute	O
podcasts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
requires	O
access	O
to	O
a	O
computer	O
running	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
Server	I-Operating_System
with	O
Podcast	O
Producer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Preview	B-Language
adds	O
support	O
for	O
annotation	O
,	O
graphics	O
,	O
extraction	O
,	O
search	O
,	O
markup	O
,	O
Instant	O
Alpha	O
and	O
size	O
adjustment	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Quick	B-Operating_System
Look	I-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
framework	O
allowing	O
documents	O
to	O
be	O
viewed	O
without	O
opening	O
them	O
in	O
an	O
external	O
application	O
and	O
can	O
preview	B-Language
it	O
in	O
full	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Plug-ins	O
are	O
available	O
for	O
Quick	B-Operating_System
Look	I-Operating_System
so	O
that	O
users	O
can	O
also	O
view	O
other	O
files	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Installer	O
Packages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Safari	B-Application
3	O
,	O
which	O
includes	O
Web	B-Application
Clip	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Spaces	O
,	O
an	O
implementation	O
of	O
virtual	B-Application
desktops	I-Application
(	O
individually	O
called	O
"	O
Spaces	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
allows	O
multiple	B-Application
desktops	I-Application
per	O
user	O
,	O
with	O
certain	O
applications	O
and	O
windows	O
in	O
each	O
desktop	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
can	O
create	O
and	O
control	O
up	O
to	O
16	O
spaces	O
,	O
and	O
applications	O
can	O
be	O
switched	O
between	O
each	O
one	O
,	O
creating	O
a	O
very	O
large	O
workspace	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
added	O
a	O
new	O
preference	O
in	O
10.5.2	B-Application
which	O
disabled	O
this	O
feature	O
,	O
but	O
there	O
were	O
still	O
bugs	O
found	O
while	O
switching	O
windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Spotlight	B-Application
incorporates	O
additional	O
search	O
capabilities	O
such	O
as	O
Boolean	O
operators	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
search	O
other	O
computers	O
(	O
with	O
appropriate	O
permissions	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Time	B-Operating_System
Machine	I-Operating_System
,	O
an	O
automated	O
backup	O
utility	O
which	O
allows	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
restore	O
files	O
that	O
have	O
been	O
deleted	O
or	O
replaced	O
by	O
another	O
version	O
of	O
a	O
file	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
generally	O
lauded	O
in	O
the	O
press	O
as	O
a	O
step	O
forward	O
for	O
data	O
recovery	O
,	O
Time	B-Operating_System
Machine	I-Operating_System
has	O
been	O
criticized	O
in	O
multiple	O
publications	O
for	O
lacking	O
the	O
capabilities	O
of	O
third-party	O
backup	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Analyzing	O
the	O
feature	O
for	O
TidBITS	O
,	O
Joe	O
Kissell	O
pointed	O
out	O
that	O
Time	B-Operating_System
Machine	I-Operating_System
does	O
not	O
create	O
bootable	O
copies	O
of	O
backed-up	O
volumes	O
,	O
does	O
not	O
back	O
up	O
to	O
AirPort	O
Disk	B-Device
hard	B-Device
drives	I-Device
and	O
will	O
not	O
back	O
up	O
FileVault	O
encrypted	O
home	O
directories	O
until	O
the	O
user	O
logs	O
out	O
,	O
concluding	O
that	O
the	O
feature	O
is	O
"	O
pretty	O
good	O
at	O
what	O
it	O
does	O
"	O
but	O
he	O
will	O
only	O
use	O
it	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
"	O
broader	O
backup	O
strategy	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
these	O
issues	O
has	O
been	O
resolved	O
,	O
however	O
;	O
On	O
March	O
19	O
,	O
2008	O
,	O
updates	O
were	O
released	O
for	O
AirPort	O
and	O
Time	B-Operating_System
Machine	I-Operating_System
,	O
allowing	O
for	O
Time	B-Operating_System
Machine	I-Operating_System
to	O
use	O
a	O
USB	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
which	O
has	O
been	O
connected	O
to	O
an	O
AirPort	O
Extreme	O
Base	O
Station	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Universal	B-Operating_System
Access	I-Operating_System
enhancements	O
:	O
significant	O
improvements	O
to	O
applications	O
including	O
VoiceOver	B-Operating_System
,	O
along	O
with	O
increased	O
support	O
for	O
Braille	O
,	O
closed	B-Application
captioning	O
and	O
a	O
new	O
high‐quality	O
Speech	B-Application
synthesis	I-Application
voice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
changes	O
to	O
the	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
transparent	O
menu	O
bar	O
,	O
new	O
icons	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
3D	O
Dock	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
,	O
on	O
the	O
ThinkMac	O
blog	O
,	O
criticized	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
changes	O
to	O
Leopard	B-Application
's	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
,	O
including	O
the	O
transparent	O
menu	O
bar	O
and	O
the	O
new	O
folder	O
icons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Decreased	O
transparency	O
of	O
the	O
menu	O
bar	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
disable	O
the	O
menu	O
bar	O
transparency	O
were	O
added	O
with	O
the	O
10.5.2	B-Application
release	O
on	O
February	O
11	O
,	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Leopard	B-Application
removes	O
support	O
for	O
Classic	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Introduced	O
the	O
Alex	B-Operating_System
voice	I-Operating_System
to	O
VoiceOver	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Native	O
support	O
by	O
many	O
libraries	O
and	O
frameworks	O
for	O
64-bit	B-Device
applications	O
,	O
allowing	O
64-bit	B-Device
Cocoa	B-Operating_System
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Existing	O
32-bit	O
applications	O
using	O
those	O
libraries	O
and	O
frameworks	O
should	O
continue	O
to	O
run	O
without	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
emulation	B-Application
or	O
translation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Leopard	B-Application
offers	O
the	O
Objective-C	B-Language
2.0	O
runtime	O
,	O
which	O
includes	O
new	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
garbage	B-General_Concept
collection	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Xcode	B-Operating_System
3.0	O
supports	O
the	O
updated	O
language	O
and	O
was	O
itself	O
rewritten	O
with	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
new	O
framework	O
,	O
Core	B-Operating_System
Animation	I-Operating_System
,	O
allows	O
a	O
developer	O
to	O
create	O
complex	O
animations	O
while	O
specifying	O
only	O
a	O
"	O
start	O
"	O
and	O
a	O
"	O
goal	O
"	O
space	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
goal	O
of	O
Core	B-Operating_System
Animation	I-Operating_System
is	O
to	O
enable	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
complex	O
animations	O
with	O
small	O
amounts	O
of	O
program	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
integrates	O
DTrace	B-Application
from	O
the	O
OpenSolaris	B-Operating_System
project	O
and	O
adds	O
a	O
graphical	B-Application
interface	I-Application
called	O
Instruments	B-Operating_System
(	O
previously	O
Xray	B-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DTrace	B-Application
provides	O
tools	O
that	O
users	O
,	O
administrators	O
and	O
developers	O
can	O
use	O
to	O
tune	O
the	O
performance	O
of	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
applications	O
that	O
run	O
on	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
Scripting	O
Bridge	O
allows	O
programmers	O
to	O
use	O
Python	B-Language
2.5	O
and	O
Ruby	B-Language
1.8.6	O
to	O
interface	O
with	O
the	O
Cocoa	B-Operating_System
frameworks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
is	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
default	O
install	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Leopard	B-Application
’s	O
OpenGL	B-Application
stack	O
has	O
been	O
updated	O
to	O
version	O
2.1	O
,	O
and	O
uses	O
LLVM	B-Application
to	O
increase	O
its	O
vertex	O
processing	O
speed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
has	O
been	O
working	O
to	O
get	O
LLVM	B-Application
integrated	O
into	O
GCC	B-Application
;	O
LLVM	B-Application
’s	O
use	O
within	O
other	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
facilities	O
has	O
not	O
been	O
announced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Graphics	O
and	O
Media	O
State	O
of	O
the	O
Union	O
address	O
confirmed	O
many	O
other	O
features	O
are	O
possible	O
because	O
of	O
Core	B-Operating_System
Animation	I-Operating_System
,	O
such	O
as	O
live	O
desktops	O
,	O
improvements	O
to	O
Quartz	B-Operating_System
Composer	I-Operating_System
with	O
custom	O
patches	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
PDF	B-Application
Kit	O
for	O
developers	O
,	O
and	O
improvements	O
to	O
QuickTime	B-Application
APIs	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
FSEvents	B-Operating_System
framework	O
allows	O
applications	O
to	O
register	O
for	O
notifications	O
of	O
changes	O
to	O
a	O
given	O
directory	O
tree	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Leopard	B-Application
includes	O
a	O
read-only	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
ZFS	B-Application
file	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
mid-December	O
2006	O
,	O
a	O
pre-release	O
version	O
of	O
Leopard	B-Application
appeared	O
to	O
include	O
support	O
for	O
Sun	O
’s	O
ZFS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jonathan	O
Schwartz	O
,	O
CEO	O
and	O
President	O
of	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
,	O
boasted	O
on	O
June	O
6	O
,	O
2007	O
,	O
that	O
ZFS	B-Application
had	O
become	O
"	O
the	O
file	O
system	O
"	O
for	O
Leopard	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
senior	O
project	O
marketing	O
director	O
for	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
stated	O
on	O
June	O
11	O
,	O
2007	O
,	O
that	O
the	O
existing	O
HFS+	B-Application
,	O
not	O
ZFS	B-Application
,	O
would	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
Leopard	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
later	O
clarified	O
that	O
a	O
read-only	O
version	O
of	O
ZFS	B-Application
would	O
be	O
included	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Leopard	B-Application
includes	O
drivers	O
for	O
UDF	O
2.5	O
,	O
necessary	O
for	O
reading	O
HD	B-Operating_System
DVD	I-Operating_System
and	O
Blu-ray	O
discs	O
using	O
third-party	O
drives	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
included	O
DVD	O
Player	O
software	O
can	O
only	O
play	O
HD	B-Operating_System
DVDs	I-Operating_System
authored	O
by	O
DVD	B-Operating_System
Studio	I-Operating_System
Pro	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Leopard	B-Application
includes	O
a	O
framework	O
implementing	O
latent	B-General_Concept
semantic	I-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
for	O
classifying	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Leopard	B-Application
is	O
the	O
first	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
with	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
BSD	O
code	O
to	O
be	O
certified	O
as	O
fully	O
UNIX-compliant	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Certification	O
means	O
that	O
software	O
following	O
the	O
Single	O
UNIX	B-Application
Specification	O
can	O
be	O
compiled	O
and	O
run	O
on	O
Leopard	B-Application
without	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
any	O
code	O
modification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
certification	O
only	O
applies	O
to	O
Leopard	B-Application
when	O
run	O
on	O
Intel	O
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Leopard	B-Application
includes	O
J2SE	O
5.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Library	O
Randomization	O
Leopard	B-Application
implements	O
library	O
randomization	O
,	O
which	O
randomizes	O
the	O
locations	O
of	O
some	O
libraries	O
in	O
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Leopard	B-Application
ships	O
with	O
two	O
firewall	O
engines	O
:	O
the	O
original	O
BSD	O
IPFW	B-Protocol
,	O
which	O
was	O
present	O
in	O
earlier	O
releases	O
of	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
,	O
and	O
the	O
new	O
Leopard	B-Application
Application	O
Layer	O
Firewall	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
IPFW	B-Protocol
,	O
which	O
intercepts	O
and	O
filters	O
IP	O
datagrams	O
before	O
the	O
kernel	O
performs	O
significant	O
processing	O
,	O
the	O
Application	O
Layer	O
Firewall	O
operates	O
at	O
the	O
socket	O
layer	O
,	O
bound	O
to	O
individual	O
processes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Of	O
the	O
two	O
firewall	O
engines	O
,	O
only	O
the	O
Application	O
Layer	O
Firewall	O
is	O
fully	O
exposed	O
in	O
the	O
Leopard	B-Application
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
firewall	O
offers	O
less	O
control	O
over	O
individual	O
packet	O
decisions	O
(	O
users	O
can	O
decide	O
to	O
allow	O
or	O
deny	O
connections	O
system-wide	O
or	O
to	O
individual	O
applications	O
,	O
but	O
must	O
use	O
IPFW	B-Protocol
to	O
set	O
fine-grained	O
TCP/IP	O
header-level	O
policies	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
makes	O
several	O
policy	O
exceptions	O
for	O
system	O
processes	O
:	O
neither	O
mDNSResponder	O
nor	O
programs	O
running	O
with	O
superuser	B-Application
privileges	O
are	O
filtered	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sandboxes	O
Leopard	B-Application
includes	O
kernel-level	O
support	O
for	O
role-based	O
access	O
control	O
(	O
RBAC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RBAC	O
is	O
intended	O
to	O
prevent	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
an	O
application	O
like	O
Mail	B-Operating_System
from	O
editing	O
the	O
password	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Application	O
Signing	O
Leopard	B-Application
provides	O
a	O
framework	O
to	O
use	O
public	B-Application
key	I-Application
signatures	I-Application
for	O
code	O
signing	O
to	O
verify	O
,	O
in	O
some	O
circumstances	O
,	O
that	O
code	O
has	O
not	O
been	O
tampered	O
with	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Secure	O
Guest	O
Account	O
Guests	O
can	O
be	O
given	O
access	O
to	O
a	O
Leopard	B-Application
system	I-Application
with	O
an	O
account	O
that	O
the	O
system	O
erases	O
and	O
resets	O
at	O
logout	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Security	O
features	O
in	O
Leopard	B-Application
have	O
been	O
criticized	O
as	O
weak	O
or	O
ineffective	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
publisher	O
Heise	O
Security	O
documenting	O
that	O
the	O
Leopard	B-Application
installer	O
downgraded	O
firewall	O
protection	O
and	O
exposed	O
services	O
to	O
attack	O
even	O
when	O
the	O
firewall	O
was	O
re-enabled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
researchers	O
noted	O
that	O
the	O
Library	O
Randomization	O
feature	O
added	O
to	O
Leopard	B-Application
was	O
ineffective	O
compared	O
to	O
mature	O
implementations	O
on	O
other	O
platforms	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
the	O
new	O
"	O
secure	O
Guest	O
account	O
"	O
could	O
be	O
abused	O
by	O
Guests	O
to	O
retain	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
system	O
even	O
after	O
the	O
Leopard	B-Application
log	O
out	O
process	O
erased	O
their	O
home	O
directory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
states	O
the	O
following	O
basic	O
Leopard	B-Application
system	I-Application
requirements	O
,	O
although	O
,	O
for	O
some	O
specific	O
applications	O
and	O
features	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
iChat	B-Protocol
backdrops	O
)	O
an	O
Intel	O
processor	O
is	O
required	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Hard	B-Device
drive	I-Device
capacity	I-Device
:	O
Minimum	O
9GB	O
of	O
disk	B-Device
space	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Leopard	B-Application
’s	O
retail	O
version	O
was	O
not	O
released	O
in	O
separate	O
versions	O
for	O
each	O
type	O
of	O
processor	O
,	O
but	O
instead	O
consisted	O
of	O
one	O
universal	B-Operating_System
release	I-Operating_System
that	O
could	O
run	O
on	O
both	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
and	O
Intel	O
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Processor	O
type	O
and	O
speed	O
are	O
checked	O
during	O
installation	O
and	O
installation	O
halted	O
if	O
insufficient	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
Leopard	B-Application
will	O
run	O
on	O
slower	O
G4	B-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
machines	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
a	O
733MHz	O
Quicksilver	O
)	O
if	O
the	O
installation	O
is	O
performed	O
on	O
a	O
supported	O
Mac	O
and	O
its	O
hard	B-Device
drive	I-Device
then	O
moved	O
to	O
a	O
slower/unsupported	O
one	O
(	O
the	O
drive	O
may	O
either	O
be	O
an	O
internal	O
mechanism	O
or	O
a	O
Firewire	B-Protocol
external	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Leopard	B-Application
can	O
run	O
on	O
the	O
later	O
flat-panel	O
iMac	O
G4s	O
,	O
the	O
iMac	O
G5	B-Device
,	O
iMac	O
Intel	O
Core	O
Duo	O
and	O
iMac	O
Intel	O
Core	O
2	O
Duo	O
,	O
PowerBook	O
G4	B-General_Concept
,	O
Power	O
Mac	O
G4	B-General_Concept
,	O
Power	B-Device
Mac	I-Device
G5	I-Device
,	O
iBook	B-Device
G4	I-Device
,	O
MacBook	O
,	O
MacBook	O
Pro	O
,	O
MacBook	O
Air	O
,	O
Mac	O
Pro	O
,	O
Mac	B-Device
Mini	I-Device
,	O
Xserve	O
,	O
Xserve	O
G5	B-Device
,	O
Xserve	O
RAID	O
,	O
Macintosh	B-Device
Server	B-Application
G4	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
later	O
eMac	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Leopard	B-Application
can	O
run	O
on	O
older	O
hardware	O
as	O
long	O
as	O
they	O
have	O
a	O
G4	B-General_Concept
upgrade	O
installed	O
running	O
at	O
the	O
867MHz	O
or	O
faster	O
,	O
have	O
at	O
least	O
9GB	O
free	O
of	O
hard	B-Device
drive	I-Device
space	O
,	O
512MB	O
RAM	B-Architecture
and	O
have	O
a	O
DVD	O
drive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Leopard	B-Application
however	O
will	O
not	O
run	O
on	O
the	O
900MHz	O
iBook	O
G3	O
models	O
even	O
though	O
they	O
exceed	O
the	O
minimum	O
867MHz	O
requirement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
AltiVec	B-General_Concept
support	O
in	O
the	O
G3	O
line	O
of	O
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Leopard	B-Application
can	O
be	O
"	O
hacked	O
"	O
(	O
see	O
below	O
)	O
to	O
install	O
on	O
these	O
G3	O
and	O
pre-867MHz	O
G4	B-General_Concept
machines	O
but	O
the	O
system	O
may	O
behave	O
erratically	O
and	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
programs	O
,	O
features	O
,	O
and	O
functions	O
may	O
not	O
work	O
properly	O
or	O
at	O
all	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
mid-2010	O
,	O
some	O
Apple	O
computers	O
have	O
firmware	O
factory	O
installed	O
which	O
will	O
no	O
longer	O
allow	O
installation	O
of	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
Leopard	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
computers	O
only	O
allow	O
installation	O
of	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
Snow	I-Device
Leopard	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
some	O
computers	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
2011	O
model	O
of	O
the	O
Mac	B-Device
mini	I-Device
)	O
can	O
have	O
Leopard	B-Application
installed	O
on	O
them	O
without	O
hacking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
ways	O
of	O
running	O
Leopard	B-Application
on	O
certain	O
unsupported	O
hardware	O
,	O
primarily	O
PowerPC	B-General_Concept
G4	I-General_Concept
computers	O
with	O
CPU	O
speeds	O
lower	O
than	O
the	O
official	O
requirement	O
of	O
867MHz	O
,	O
have	O
been	O
discovered	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
common	O
way	O
is	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
program	O
LeopardAssist	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
bootloader	O
similar	O
in	O
some	O
respects	O
to	O
XPostFacto	B-Application
(	O
used	O
for	O
installing	O
earlier	O
releases	O
of	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
on	O
unsupported	O
G3	O
and	O
pre-G3	O
Macs	O
)	O
that	O
uses	O
the	O
Mac	O
’s	O
Open	O
Firmware	O
to	O
tell	O
Leopard	B-Application
that	O
the	O
machine	O
does	O
have	O
a	O
CPU	O
meeting	O
the	O
867MHz	O
minimum	O
requirement	O
that	O
the	O
Installer	O
checks	O
for	O
before	O
installation	O
is	O
allowed	O
to	O
commence	O
,	O
when	O
in	O
reality	O
the	O
CPU	O
is	O
slower	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Currently	O
,	O
LeopardAssist	O
only	O
runs	O
on	O
slower	O
G4s	O
and	O
many	O
people	O
have	O
installed	O
Leopard	B-Application
successfully	O
on	O
these	O
older	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
who	O
have	O
access	O
to	O
supported	O
hardware	O
have	O
installed	O
Leopard	B-Application
on	O
the	O
supported	O
machine	O
then	O
simply	O
moved	O
the	O
hard	B-Device
drive	I-Device
to	O
the	O
unsupported	O
machine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alternatively	O
,	O
the	O
Leopard	B-Application
Installation	O
DVD	O
was	O
booted	O
on	O
a	O
supported	O
Mac	O
,	O
then	O
installed	O
on	O
an	O
unsupported	O
Mac	O
via	O
Firewire	B-Protocol
Target	O
Disk	B-Device
Mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Leopard	B-Application
is	O
only	O
compiled	O
for	O
AltiVec-enabled	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
processors	I-Architecture
(	O
G4	B-General_Concept
and	O
G5	B-Device
)	O
though	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
Intel	O
,	O
so	O
both	O
of	O
these	O
methods	O
will	O
only	O
work	O
on	O
Macs	O
with	O
G4	B-General_Concept
or	O
later	O
CPUs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
earlier	O
beta	O
releases	O
were	O
made	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
some	O
later	O
G3	O
machines	O
(	O
mostly	O
later	O
800	O
–	O
900MHz	O
iBooks	O
)	O
,	O
no	O
success	O
with	O
the	O
retail	O
version	O
has	O
been	O
officially	O
reported	O
on	O
G3	O
Macs	O
except	O
for	O
some	O
later	O
iMacs	O
and	O
"	O
Pismo	O
"	O
PowerBook	O
G3s	O
with	O
G4	B-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
upgrades	O
installed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
months	O
after	O
Leopard	B-Application
's	O
release	O
it	O
appeared	O
that	O
the	O
only	O
G3	O
Macs	O
on	O
which	O
Leopard	B-Application
could	O
be	O
run	O
were	O
those	O
with	O
both	O
an	O
aftermarket	O
G4	B-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
and	O
an	O
AGP	O
graphics	O
card	O
,	O
as	O
failures	O
with	O
the	O
OS	O
partially	O
booting	O
before	O
crashing	O
were	O
reported	O
on	O
older	O
Macs	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
original	O
tray-loading	O
iMacs	O
and	O
the	O
Beige	O
and	O
Blue	O
&	O
White	O
Power	O
Mac	O
G3	O
(	O
all	O
with	O
G4	B-General_Concept
upgrades	O
as	O
Leopard	B-Application
will	O
not	O
even	O
begin	O
to	O
load	O
without	O
one	O
)	O
whereas	O
it	O
would	O
boot	O
fine	O
on	O
newer	O
Macs	O
where	O
the	O
Installer	O
restriction	O
had	O
been	O
circumvented	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
more	O
recently	O
it	O
has	O
been	O
reported	O
that	O
with	O
some	O
more	O
work	O
and	O
use	O
of	O
kernel	O
extensions	O
from	O
XPostFacto	B-Application
,	O
Tiger	O
and	O
beta	O
builds	O
of	O
Leopard	B-Application
,	O
the	O
OS	O
can	O
be	O
made	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
G4-upgraded	O
Macs	O
as	O
old	O
as	O
the	O
Power	B-Device
Macintosh	I-Device
9500	I-Device
,	O
despite	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
AGP-based	O
graphics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
Leopard	B-Application
can	O
be	O
run	O
on	O
any	O
Mac	O
with	O
a	O
G4	B-General_Concept
or	O
later	O
processor	O
,	O
some	O
functionality	O
such	O
as	O
Front	B-Operating_System
Row	I-Operating_System
or	O
Time	B-Operating_System
Machine	I-Operating_System
fails	O
to	O
work	O
without	O
a	O
Quartz	O
Extreme-capable	O
graphics	O
card	O
,	O
which	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
earlier	O
G4s	O
did	O
not	O
include	O
in	O
their	O
factory	O
specification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
Apple	O
moved	O
to	O
using	O
Intel	O
processors	O
in	O
their	O
computers	O
,	O
the	O
OSx86	B-Operating_System
community	O
has	O
developed	O
and	O
now	O
also	O
allows	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
Tiger	I-Application
and	O
later	O
releases	O
to	O
be	O
installed	O
and	O
run	O
successfully	O
on	O
non-Apple	O
x86-based	O
computers	O
,	O
albeit	O
in	O
violation	O
of	O
Apple	O
's	O
licensing	O
agreement	O
for	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
retail	O
packaging	O
for	O
Leopard	B-Application
is	O
significantly	O
smaller	O
than	O
that	O
of	O
previous	O
versions	O
of	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
(	O
although	O
later	O
copies	O
of	O
Tiger	O
also	O
came	O
in	O
the	O
new	O
smaller	O
box	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
includes	O
a	O
lenticular	O
cover	O
,	O
making	O
the	O
X	O
appear	O
to	O
float	O
above	O
a	O
purple	O
galaxy	O
,	O
somewhat	O
resembling	O
the	O
default	O
Leopard	B-Application
desktop	B-Device
wallpaper	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
Leopard	B-Application
’s	O
release	O
,	O
there	O
were	O
widely	O
reported	O
incidents	O
of	O
new	O
Leopard	B-Application
installs	O
hanging	O
during	O
boot	O
on	O
the	O
blue	O
screen	O
that	O
appears	O
just	O
before	O
the	O
login	O
process	O
starts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
attributed	O
these	O
problems	O
to	O
an	O
outdated	O
version	O
of	O
an	O
unsupported	O
add-on	O
extension	O
called	O
Application	O
Enhancer	O
(	O
APE	O
)	O
,	O
from	O
Unsanity	O
which	O
had	O
been	O
incompatible	O
with	O
Leopard	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
the	O
Chrome	B-Application
browser	I-Application
will	O
be	O
dropping	O
support	O
for	O
Leopard	B-Application
starting	O
with	O
Chrome	B-Application
21	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
that	O
time	O
Chrome	B-Application
will	O
no	O
longer	O
auto-update	O
,	O
and	O
new	O
Chrome	B-Application
installations	O
are	O
not	O
allowed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Their	O
rationale	O
for	O
removal	O
of	O
support	O
is	O
that	O
Leopard	B-Application
is	O
an	O
"	O
OS	O
X	O
version	O
also	O
no	O
longer	O
being	O
updated	O
by	O
Apple.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Firefox	B-Application
also	O
dropped	O
support	O
for	O
Leopard	B-Application
after	O
it	O
shipped	O
Firefox	B-Application
16	O
in	O
October	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TenFourFox	B-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
port	O
of	O
Firefox	B-Application
for	O
the	O
PPC	O
architecture	O
,	O
released	O
after	O
Firefox	B-Application
dropped	O
support	O
for	O
Leopard	B-Application
.	O
</s>
