<s>
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
is	O
an	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
that	O
was	O
released	O
by	O
Apple	O
Computer	O
on	O
July	O
26	O
,	O
1997	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
includes	O
the	O
largest	O
overhaul	O
of	O
the	O
classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
experience	O
since	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
,	O
approximately	O
six	O
years	O
before	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Released	O
over	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
updates	O
,	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
represents	O
an	O
incremental	O
integration	O
of	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
technologies	O
which	O
had	O
been	O
developed	O
from	O
1988	O
to	O
1996	O
for	O
Apple	O
's	O
overly	O
ambitious	O
OS	O
named	O
Copland	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
helped	O
modernize	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
while	O
Apple	O
developed	O
its	O
next-generation	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
(	O
renamed	O
in	O
2012	O
to	O
OS	O
X	O
and	O
then	O
in	O
2016	O
to	O
macOS	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
is	O
one	O
of	O
Apple	O
's	O
most	O
commercially	O
successful	O
software	O
releases	O
,	O
selling	O
over	O
1.2	O
million	O
copies	O
in	O
the	O
first	O
two	O
weeks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
8.0	I-Operating_System
introduces	O
the	O
most	O
visible	O
changes	O
in	O
the	O
lineup	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
Platinum	B-Operating_System
interface	O
and	O
a	O
native	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
multithreaded	B-Operating_System
Finder	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mac	O
OS	O
8.1	O
introduces	O
a	O
new	O
,	O
more	O
efficient	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
named	O
HFS	B-Application
Plus	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
8.5	O
is	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
to	O
require	O
a	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
processor	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
features	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
native	O
versions	O
of	O
QuickDraw	B-Operating_System
,	O
AppleScript	B-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
Sherlock	B-Operating_System
search	O
utility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
successor	O
,	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
9	I-Operating_System
,	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
October	O
23	O
,	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
in	O
1988	O
,	O
Apple	O
's	O
next-generation	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
it	O
originally	O
envisioned	O
to	O
be	O
"	O
System	B-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
"	O
was	O
codenamed	O
Copland	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
announced	O
in	O
March	O
1994	O
alongside	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
Macs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
intended	O
Copland	B-Application
as	O
a	O
fully	O
modern	O
system	O
,	O
including	O
native	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
code	O
,	O
intelligent	B-General_Concept
agents	I-General_Concept
,	O
a	O
microkernel	B-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
customizable	O
interface	O
named	O
Appearance	B-Operating_System
Manager	I-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
hardware	B-Operating_System
abstraction	I-Operating_System
layer	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
a	O
relational	B-Application
database	I-Application
integrated	O
into	O
the	O
Finder	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Copland	B-Application
was	O
to	O
be	O
followed	O
by	O
Gershwin	B-Application
,	O
which	O
promised	O
memory	B-General_Concept
protection	I-General_Concept
spaces	O
and	O
full	O
preemptive	B-Operating_System
multitasking	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
was	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
full	O
rewrite	O
of	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Apple	O
hoped	O
to	O
beat	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
95	I-Application
to	O
market	O
with	O
a	O
development	O
cycle	O
of	O
only	O
one	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Copland	B-Application
development	O
was	O
hampered	O
by	O
many	O
missed	O
deadlines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
1996	O
,	O
Apple	O
chief	O
technology	O
officer	O
Ellen	O
Hancock	O
froze	O
development	O
of	O
Copland	B-Application
and	O
Apple	O
began	O
a	O
search	O
for	O
an	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
developed	O
outside	O
the	O
company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
ultimately	O
led	O
to	O
Apple	O
buying	O
NeXT	O
and	O
developing	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
which	O
would	O
eventually	O
evolve	O
into	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
in	O
2001	O
(	O
now	O
named	O
macOS	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
Worldwide	O
Developers	O
Conference	O
in	O
January	O
1997	O
,	O
Apple	O
chief	O
executive	O
officer	O
(	O
CEO	O
)	O
Gil	O
Amelio	O
announced	O
that	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
release	O
Copland	B-Application
as	O
one	O
monolithic	B-Operating_System
release	O
,	O
Copland	B-Application
features	O
would	O
be	O
phased	O
into	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
following	O
a	O
six-month	O
release	O
cycle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
8.0	I-Operating_System
,	O
released	O
six	O
months	O
later	O
,	O
continued	O
to	O
integrate	O
Copland	B-Application
technologies	O
into	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Developed	O
with	O
the	O
codename	O
"	O
Tempo	O
"	O
,	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
8.0	I-Operating_System
was	O
announced	O
on	O
July	O
22	O
,	O
1997	O
,	O
and	O
released	O
on	O
July	O
26	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
software	O
was	O
renamed	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
before	O
final	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Major	O
changes	O
in	O
this	O
version	O
included	O
the	O
Platinum	B-Operating_System
theme	I-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
Finder	B-Application
which	O
was	O
PowerPC-native	O
and	O
multithreaded	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
greater	O
customization	O
of	O
the	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
features	O
introduced	O
in	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
8.0	I-Operating_System
include	O
the	O
following	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Pop-up	O
(	O
or	O
tabbed	O
)	O
windows	O
in	O
the	O
Finder	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multithreaded	B-Operating_System
Finder	B-Application
—	O
file	O
copy	O
operations	O
run	O
in	O
a	O
separate	O
thread	B-Operating_System
and	O
do	O
n't	O
block	O
the	O
Finder	B-Application
UI	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Simple	O
Finder	B-Application
,	O
an	O
option	O
which	O
reduces	O
Finder	B-Application
menus	O
to	O
basic	O
operations	O
,	O
to	O
avoid	O
overwhelming	O
new	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
faster	O
Apple	O
Guide	O
,	O
featuring	O
HTML	B-Language
help	O
pages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Native	O
support	O
of	O
Apple	B-Protocol
Filing	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
over	O
IP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Performance	O
improvements	O
to	O
virtual	B-Architecture
memory	I-Architecture
,	O
AppleScript	B-Application
execution	O
and	O
system	O
startup	O
times	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Released	O
on	O
January	O
19	O
,	O
1998	O
,	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
8.1	O
was	O
the	O
last	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
to	O
run	O
on	O
Motorola	B-Device
68000	I-Device
series	I-Device
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
introduced	O
a	O
new	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
named	O
HFS+	B-Application
,	O
also	O
named	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
Extended	I-Application
,	O
which	O
supported	O
large	O
file	O
sizes	O
and	O
made	O
more	O
efficient	O
use	O
of	O
larger	O
hard	O
drives	O
via	O
using	O
a	O
smaller	O
block	O
size	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
upgrade	O
,	O
users	O
must	O
reformat	B-Application
the	O
hard	O
drive	O
,	O
which	O
deletes	O
the	O
entire	O
contents	O
of	O
the	O
drive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
third-party	O
utilities	O
later	O
appeared	O
that	O
preserved	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
data	O
while	O
upgrading	O
to	O
HFS+	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
68040	O
systems	O
do	O
not	O
support	O
booting	O
from	O
HFS+	B-Application
disks	O
;	O
the	O
boot	O
drive	O
must	O
be	O
HFS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mac	O
OS	O
8.1	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
system	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
Universal	O
Disk	B-Application
Format	I-Application
(	O
UDF	O
)	O
driver	O
,	O
allowing	O
for	O
DVD	O
support	O
on	O
the	O
Mac	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
shipped	O
with	O
the	O
new	O
Java	B-Language
runtime	O
(	O
JDK	O
1.1.3	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mac	O
OS	O
8.1	O
also	O
included	O
an	O
enhanced	O
version	O
of	O
PC	B-Operating_System
Exchange	I-Operating_System
,	O
allowing	O
Macintosh	B-Device
users	O
to	O
see	O
the	O
long	O
file	O
names	O
(	O
up	O
to	O
255	O
characters	O
)	O
on	O
files	O
that	O
were	O
created	O
on	O
PCs	O
running	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
,	O
and	O
supporting	O
FAT32	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
8.1	O
is	O
the	O
earliest	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
that	O
can	O
run	O
Carbon	B-Operating_System
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Carbon	B-Operating_System
support	O
requires	O
a	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
processor	I-Architecture
and	O
installation	O
of	O
the	O
CarbonLib	B-Operating_System
software	O
from	O
Apple	O
's	O
website	O
;	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
a	O
standard	O
component	O
of	O
Mac	O
OS	O
8.1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applications	O
needing	O
later	O
versions	O
of	O
CarbonLib	B-Operating_System
will	O
not	O
run	O
on	O
Mac	O
OS	O
8.1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
recent	O
versions	O
of	O
CarbonLib	B-Operating_System
require	O
Mac	O
OS	O
8.6	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
part	O
of	O
Apple	B-Protocol
's	I-Protocol
agreement	I-Protocol
with	I-Protocol
Microsoft	I-Protocol
,	O
8.1	O
included	O
Internet	B-Protocol
Explorer	I-Protocol
3	I-Protocol
initially	O
,	O
but	O
soon	O
switched	O
to	O
Internet	B-Protocol
Explorer	I-Protocol
4	I-Protocol
as	O
its	O
default	O
browser	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mac	O
OS	O
8.1	O
was	O
free	O
for	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
owners	O
and	O
was	O
available	O
in	O
February	O
1998	O
via	O
the	O
apple.com	O
website	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Released	O
October	O
17	O
,	O
1998	O
,	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
8.5	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
to	O
run	O
solely	O
on	O
Macs	B-Device
equipped	O
with	O
a	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
processor	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
Mac	O
OS	O
8.5	O
is	O
installed	O
on	O
a	O
68k	B-Device
system	O
,	O
the	O
Sad	O
Mac	O
error	O
screen	O
will	O
appear	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
such	O
,	O
it	O
replaced	O
some	O
,	O
but	O
not	O
all	O
,	O
of	O
the	O
680x0	B-Device
code	O
with	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
code	O
,	O
improving	O
system	O
performance	O
by	O
relying	O
less	O
on	O
680x0	B-Device
emulation	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
introduced	O
the	O
Sherlock	B-Operating_System
search	O
utility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sherlock	B-Operating_System
plug-ins	O
started	O
appearing	O
at	O
this	O
time	O
;	O
these	O
allowed	O
users	O
to	O
search	O
the	O
contents	O
of	O
other	O
websites	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AppleScript	B-Application
was	O
also	O
rewritten	O
to	O
use	O
only	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
code	O
,	O
which	O
improved	O
AppleScript	B-Application
execution	O
speed	O
significantly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
HTML	B-Language
format	O
for	O
online	O
help	O
,	O
first	O
adopted	O
by	O
the	O
Finder	B-Application
's	O
Info	O
Center	O
in	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
,	O
was	O
now	O
used	O
throughout	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
PPP	O
control	O
panel	O
was	O
removed	O
and	O
replaced	O
with	O
Remote	O
Access	O
,	O
which	O
provides	O
the	O
same	O
functionality	O
but	O
also	O
allows	O
connections	O
to	O
AppleTalk	B-Application
Remote	I-Application
Access	I-Application
(	O
ARA	O
)	O
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
a	O
holdover	O
from	O
the	O
days	O
when	O
the	O
OS	O
was	O
distributed	O
on	O
multiple	O
floppy	O
disks	O
,	O
disk	B-Device
swapping	I-Device
promoting	O
a	O
natural	O
segmentation	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
8.5	O
onward	O
,	O
MacLinkPlus	O
document	O
translation	O
software	O
is	O
no	O
longer	O
bundled	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
8.5	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
to	O
support	O
themes	B-Operating_System
,	O
or	O
skins	O
,	O
which	O
could	O
change	O
the	O
default	O
Apple	B-Operating_System
Platinum	I-Operating_System
look	O
of	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
to	O
"	O
Gizmo	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
HiTech	O
"	O
themes	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
radical	O
changing	O
of	O
the	O
computer	O
's	O
appearance	O
was	O
removed	O
at	O
the	O
last	O
minute	O
,	O
and	O
appeared	O
only	O
in	O
beta	O
versions	O
,	O
though	O
users	O
could	O
still	O
make	O
(	O
and	O
share	O
)	O
their	O
own	O
themes	B-Operating_System
and	O
use	O
them	O
with	O
the	O
OS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Along	O
with	O
themes	B-Operating_System
support	O
,	O
8.5	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
to	O
support	O
32-bit	O
icons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Icons	O
now	O
had	O
24-bit	O
color	O
(	O
16.7	O
million	O
colors	O
)	O
and	O
an	O
8-bit	O
alpha	B-Algorithm
channel	I-Algorithm
,	O
allowing	O
for	O
transparency-translucency	O
effects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
provided	O
no	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
to	O
set	O
these	O
options	O
,	O
instead	O
making	O
them	O
available	O
via	O
AppleScript	B-Application
and	O
Apple	B-Operating_System
Events	I-Operating_System
and	O
relying	O
on	O
third	O
parties	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
for	O
the	O
task	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
setting	O
it	O
to	O
display	O
horizontally	O
and	O
turning	O
off	O
the	O
window	O
border	O
,	O
the	O
palette	O
's	O
look	O
and	O
function	O
could	O
be	O
configured	O
to	O
resemble	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
95	I-Application
task	O
bar	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Released	O
May	O
10	O
,	O
1999	O
,	O
Mac	O
OS	O
8.6	O
added	O
support	O
to	O
the	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
nanokernel	I-Operating_System
to	O
handle	O
preemptive	O
tasks	O
via	O
the	O
Multiprocessing	B-Operating_System
Services	I-Operating_System
2.x	O
and	O
later	O
developer	O
API	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
update	O
improved	O
PowerBook	B-Device
battery	O
life	O
and	O
added	O
Sherlock	B-Operating_System
2.1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
free	O
update	O
for	O
Mac	O
users	O
running	O
8.5	O
and	O
8.5.1	O
was	O
faster	O
and	O
much	O
more	O
stable	O
than	O
either	O
version	O
of	O
8.5.x	O
and	O
was	O
also	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
to	O
display	O
the	O
version	O
number	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
startup	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
there	O
was	O
still	O
no	O
process	O
separation	O
;	O
the	O
system	O
still	O
used	O
cooperative	O
multitasking	O
between	O
processes	O
,	O
and	O
even	O
a	O
process	O
that	O
is	O
Multiprocessing	O
Services-aware	O
still	O
had	O
a	O
portion	O
that	O
ran	O
in	O
the	O
"	O
blue	O
task	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
also	O
ran	O
all	O
programs	O
that	O
were	O
unaware	O
of	O
it	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
the	O
only	O
task	O
that	O
could	O
run	O
68k	B-Device
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
CNET	O
's	O
initial	O
review	O
of	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
was	O
more	O
circumspect	O
,	O
its	O
editorial	O
staff	O
named	O
it	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
best	O
products	O
of	O
1997	O
in	O
their	O
year-end	O
roundup	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
download	O
)	O
HFS+	B-Application
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
iMac	O
(	O
Bondi	O
Blue	O
)	O
Rev	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Bride	O
of	O
Buster	O
Free	O
update	O
8.5	O
October	O
17	O
,	O
1998	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
required	O
,	O
Sherlock	B-Operating_System
,	O
Themes	B-Operating_System
,	O
32-bit	O
icons	O
iMac	O
(	O
Bondi	O
Blue	O
)	O
Rev	O
.	O
</s>
