<s>
macOS	B-Application
(	O
;	O
previously	O
OS	O
X	B-Operating_System
and	O
originally	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	O
X	B-Operating_System
)	O
is	O
a	O
Unix	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
developed	O
and	O
marketed	O
by	O
Apple	O
Inc	O
.	O
since	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
the	O
primary	O
operating	O
system	O
for	O
Apple	O
's	O
Mac	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
the	O
market	O
of	O
desktop	O
and	O
laptop	O
computers	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
the	O
second	O
most	O
widely	O
used	O
desktop	O
OS	O
,	O
after	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
and	O
ahead	O
of	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
macOS	B-Application
succeeded	O
the	O
classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
,	O
a	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
with	O
nine	O
releases	O
from	O
1984	O
to	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
this	O
time	O
,	O
Apple	O
cofounder	O
Steve	O
Jobs	O
had	O
left	O
Apple	O
and	O
started	O
another	O
company	O
,	O
NeXT	B-Device
,	O
developing	O
the	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
platform	O
that	O
would	O
later	O
be	O
acquired	O
by	O
Apple	O
to	O
form	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
macOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
desktop	O
version	O
,	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
10.0	I-Operating_System
,	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
March	O
2001	O
,	O
with	O
its	O
first	O
update	O
,	O
10.1	O
,	O
arriving	O
later	O
that	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
releases	O
from	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
10.5	I-Application
Leopard	I-Application
and	O
after	O
are	O
UNIX	B-Application
03	O
certified	O
,	O
with	O
an	O
exception	O
for	O
OS	B-Application
X	I-Application
10.7	I-Application
Lion	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
's	O
other	O
operating	O
systems	O
(	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
iPadOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
watchOS	B-Device
,	O
tvOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
audioOS	B-Device
)	O
are	O
derivatives	O
of	O
macOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
prominent	O
part	O
of	O
macOS	B-Application
's	O
original	O
brand	O
identity	O
was	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
Roman	O
numeral	O
X	B-Operating_System
,	O
pronounced	O
"	O
ten	O
"	O
as	O
in	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
and	O
also	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
code	O
naming	O
each	O
release	O
after	O
species	O
of	O
big	O
cats	O
,	O
or	O
places	O
within	O
California	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
shortened	O
the	O
name	O
to	O
"	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
"	O
in	O
2011	O
and	O
then	O
changed	O
it	O
to	O
"	O
macOS	B-Application
"	O
in	O
2016	O
to	O
align	O
with	O
the	O
branding	O
of	O
Apple	O
's	O
other	O
operating	O
systems	O
,	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
watchOS	B-Device
,	O
and	O
tvOS	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
sixteen	O
distinct	O
versions	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
macOS	I-Operating_System
10	O
,	O
macOS	B-Operating_System
Big	I-Operating_System
Sur	I-Operating_System
was	O
presented	O
as	O
version	O
11	B-Operating_System
in	O
2020	O
,	O
macOS	B-Device
Monterey	I-Device
was	O
presented	O
as	O
version	O
12	B-Device
in	O
2021	O
,	O
and	O
macOS	B-Operating_System
Ventura	I-Operating_System
was	O
presented	O
as	O
version	O
13	B-Operating_System
in	O
2022	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
macOS	B-Application
has	O
supported	O
three	O
major	O
processor	O
architectures	O
,	O
beginning	O
with	O
PowerPC-based	O
Macs	B-Device
in	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2006	O
,	O
Apple	O
transitioned	B-Device
to	I-Device
the	I-Device
Intel	I-Device
architecture	I-Device
with	O
a	O
line	O
of	O
Macs	B-Device
using	I-Device
Intel	I-Device
Core	I-Device
processors	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
Apple	O
began	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
silicon	I-Device
transition	I-Device
,	O
using	O
self-designed	O
,	O
64-bit	O
ARM-based	O
Apple	O
M	O
series	O
processors	O
on	O
the	O
latest	O
Macintosh	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
heritage	O
of	O
what	O
would	O
become	O
macOS	B-Application
had	O
originated	O
at	O
NeXT	B-Device
,	O
a	O
company	O
founded	O
by	O
Steve	O
Jobs	O
following	O
his	O
departure	O
from	O
Apple	O
in	O
1985	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
,	O
the	O
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
operating	O
system	O
was	O
developed	O
,	O
before	O
being	O
launched	O
in	O
1989	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
of	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
is	O
based	O
upon	O
the	O
Mach	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
was	O
originally	O
developed	O
at	O
Carnegie	O
Mellon	O
University	O
,	O
with	O
additional	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
layers	O
and	O
low-level	O
user	B-Operating_System
space	I-Operating_System
code	O
derived	O
from	O
parts	O
of	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
was	O
built	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
an	O
object-oriented	B-Language
GUI	B-Library
toolkit	I-Library
using	O
the	O
programming	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Throughout	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
,	O
Apple	O
had	O
tried	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
"	O
next-generation	O
"	O
OS	O
to	O
succeed	O
its	O
classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
through	O
the	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
,	O
Copland	B-Application
and	O
Gershwin	B-Application
projects	O
,	O
but	O
all	O
were	O
eventually	O
abandoned	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
led	O
Apple	O
to	O
purchase	O
NeXT	B-Device
in	O
1996	O
,	O
allowing	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
,	O
then	O
called	O
OPENSTEP	B-Operating_System
,	O
to	O
serve	O
as	O
the	O
basis	O
for	O
Apple	O
's	O
next	B-Device
generation	O
operating	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
purchase	O
also	O
led	O
to	O
Steve	O
Jobs	O
returning	O
to	O
Apple	O
as	O
an	O
interim	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
the	O
permanent	O
CEO	O
,	O
shepherding	O
the	O
transformation	O
of	O
the	O
programmer-friendly	O
OPENSTEP	B-Operating_System
into	O
a	O
system	O
that	O
would	O
be	O
adopted	O
by	O
Apple	O
's	O
primary	O
market	O
of	O
home	B-Operating_System
users	O
and	O
creative	O
professionals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
was	O
first	O
code	O
named	O
"	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
"	O
and	O
then	O
officially	O
named	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
was	O
originally	O
presented	O
as	O
the	O
tenth	O
major	O
version	O
of	O
Apple	O
's	O
operating	O
system	O
for	O
Macintosh	B-Device
computers	I-Device
;	O
until	O
2020	O
,	O
versions	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
macOS	I-Operating_System
retained	O
the	O
major	O
version	O
number	O
"	O
10	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
letter	O
"	O
X	B-Operating_System
"	O
in	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
's	O
name	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
number	O
10	O
,	O
a	O
Roman	O
numeral	O
,	O
and	O
Apple	O
has	O
stated	O
that	O
it	O
should	O
be	O
pronounced	O
"	O
ten	O
"	O
in	O
this	O
context	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
also	O
commonly	O
pronounced	O
like	O
the	O
letter	O
"	O
X	B-Operating_System
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Previous	O
Macintosh	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
(	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
)	O
were	O
named	O
using	O
Arabic	O
numerals	O
,	O
as	O
with	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
and	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
9	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2020	O
and	O
2021	O
,	O
Apple	O
reverted	O
to	O
Arabic	O
numeral	O
versioning	O
for	O
successive	O
releases	O
,	O
macOS	B-Operating_System
11	I-Operating_System
Big	I-Operating_System
Sur	I-Operating_System
and	O
macOS	B-Device
12	I-Device
Monterey	I-Device
,	O
as	O
they	O
have	O
done	O
for	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
11	I-Operating_System
and	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
12	I-Operating_System
following	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
,	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
Server	I-Operating_System
1.0	I-Operating_System
,	O
was	O
a	O
transitional	O
product	O
,	O
featuring	O
an	O
interface	O
resembling	O
the	O
classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
,	O
though	O
it	O
was	O
not	O
compatible	O
with	O
software	O
designed	O
for	O
the	O
older	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Consumer	O
releases	O
of	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
included	O
more	O
backward	B-General_Concept
compatibility	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
applications	O
could	O
be	O
rewritten	O
to	O
run	O
natively	O
via	O
the	O
Carbon	B-Operating_System
API	I-Operating_System
;	O
many	O
could	O
also	O
be	O
run	O
directly	O
through	O
the	O
Classic	O
Environment	O
with	O
a	O
reduction	O
in	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
consumer	O
version	O
of	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
was	O
launched	O
in	O
2001	O
with	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
10.0	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Reviews	O
were	O
variable	O
,	O
with	O
extensive	O
praise	O
for	O
its	O
sophisticated	O
,	O
glossy	O
Aqua	B-Application
interface	I-Application
,	O
but	O
criticizing	O
it	O
for	O
sluggish	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
Apple	O
's	O
popularity	O
at	O
a	O
low	O
,	O
the	O
maker	O
of	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
,	O
Adobe	O
Inc.	O
,	O
declined	O
to	O
develop	O
new	O
versions	O
of	O
it	O
for	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
.	O
Ars	O
Technica	O
columnist	O
John	O
Siracusa	O
,	O
who	O
reviewed	O
every	O
major	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
release	O
up	O
to	O
10.10	O
,	O
described	O
the	O
early	O
releases	O
in	O
retrospect	O
as	O
"	O
dog-slow	O
,	O
feature	O
poor	O
"	O
and	O
Aqua	B-Application
as	O
"	O
unbearably	O
slow	O
and	O
a	O
huge	O
resource	O
hog	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
rapidly	O
developed	O
several	O
new	O
releases	O
of	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
.	O
Siracusa	O
's	O
review	O
of	O
version	B-Operating_System
10.3	I-Operating_System
,	O
Panther	B-Operating_System
,	O
noted	O
"	O
It	O
's	O
strange	O
to	O
have	O
gone	O
from	O
years	O
of	O
uncertainty	O
and	O
vaporware	B-Application
to	O
a	O
steady	O
annual	O
supply	O
of	O
major	O
new	O
operating	O
system	O
releases.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Version	B-Application
10.4	I-Application
,	O
Tiger	B-Application
,	O
reportedly	O
shocked	O
executives	O
at	O
Microsoft	O
by	O
offering	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
features	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
fast	O
file	O
searching	O
and	O
improved	O
graphics	O
processing	O
,	O
that	O
Microsoft	O
had	O
spent	O
several	O
years	O
struggling	O
to	O
add	O
to	O
Windows	O
with	O
acceptable	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
operating	O
system	O
evolved	O
,	O
it	O
moved	O
away	O
from	O
the	O
classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
,	O
with	O
applications	O
being	O
added	O
and	O
removed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Considering	O
music	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
key	O
market	O
,	O
Apple	O
developed	O
the	B-Device
iPod	I-Device
music	O
player	O
and	O
music	O
software	O
for	O
the	O
Mac	B-Device
,	O
including	O
iTunes	B-Operating_System
and	O
GarageBand	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Targeting	O
the	O
consumer	O
and	O
media	O
markets	O
,	O
Apple	O
emphasized	O
its	O
new	O
"	O
digital	O
lifestyle	O
"	O
applications	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
iLife	B-Application
suite	O
,	O
integrated	O
home	B-Operating_System
entertainment	O
through	O
the	O
Front	B-Operating_System
Row	I-Operating_System
media	O
center	O
and	O
the	O
Safari	B-Application
web	I-Application
browser	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
increasing	O
popularity	O
of	O
the	O
internet	O
,	O
Apple	O
offered	O
additional	O
online	O
services	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
.Mac	O
,	O
MobileMe	B-Application
and	O
most	O
recently	O
iCloud	B-Application
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
later	O
began	O
selling	O
third-party	O
applications	O
through	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
App	I-Application
Store	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Newer	O
versions	O
of	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
also	O
included	O
modifications	O
to	O
the	O
general	O
interface	O
,	O
moving	O
away	O
from	O
the	O
striped	O
gloss	O
and	O
transparency	O
of	O
the	O
initial	O
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
applications	O
began	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
brushed	O
metal	O
appearance	O
,	O
or	O
non-pinstriped	O
title	O
bar	O
appearance	O
in	O
version	B-Application
10.4	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Leopard	B-Application
,	O
Apple	O
announced	O
a	O
unification	O
of	O
the	O
interface	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
standardized	O
gray-gradient	O
window	O
style	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2006	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
Intel	B-Device
Macs	I-Device
released	O
used	O
a	O
specialized	O
version	O
of	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
10.4	I-Application
Tiger	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
key	O
development	O
for	O
the	O
system	O
was	O
the	O
announcement	O
and	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Device
from	O
2007	O
onwards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
Apple	O
's	O
previous	O
iPod	B-Operating_System
media	O
players	O
used	O
a	O
minimal	B-Operating_System
operating	O
system	O
,	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Device
used	O
an	O
operating	O
system	O
based	O
on	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
,	O
which	O
would	O
later	O
be	O
called	O
"	O
iPhone	B-Device
OS	O
"	O
and	O
then	O
iOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
simultaneous	O
release	O
of	O
two	O
operating	O
systems	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
frameworks	O
placed	O
tension	O
on	O
Apple	O
,	O
which	O
cited	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Device
as	O
forcing	O
it	O
to	O
delay	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
10.5	I-Application
Leopard	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
after	O
Apple	O
opened	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Device
to	O
third-party	O
developers	O
its	O
commercial	O
success	O
drew	O
attention	O
to	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
,	O
with	O
many	O
iPhone	B-Device
software	O
developers	O
showing	O
interest	O
in	O
Mac	B-Device
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2007	O
,	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
10.5	I-Application
Leopard	I-Application
was	O
the	O
sole	O
release	O
with	O
universal	B-Operating_System
binary	I-Operating_System
components	O
,	O
allowing	O
installation	O
on	O
both	O
Intel	B-Device
Macs	I-Device
and	O
select	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
Macs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
also	O
the	O
final	O
release	O
with	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
Mac	B-Device
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
10.6	I-Device
Snow	I-Device
Leopard	I-Device
was	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
to	O
be	O
built	O
exclusively	O
for	O
Intel	B-Device
Macs	I-Device
,	O
and	O
the	O
final	O
release	O
with	O
32-bit	O
Intel	B-Device
Mac	I-Device
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
name	O
was	O
intended	O
to	O
signal	O
its	O
status	O
as	O
an	O
iteration	O
of	O
Leopard	B-Application
,	O
focusing	O
on	O
technical	O
and	O
performance	O
improvements	O
rather	O
than	O
user-facing	O
features	O
;	O
indeed	O
it	O
was	O
explicitly	O
branded	O
to	O
developers	O
as	O
being	O
a	O
'	O
no	O
new	O
features	O
 '	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
its	O
release	O
,	O
several	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
or	O
macOS	B-Application
releases	O
(	O
namely	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
Mountain	I-Operating_System
Lion	I-Operating_System
,	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
El	I-Operating_System
Capitan	I-Operating_System
,	O
macOS	B-Operating_System
High	I-Operating_System
Sierra	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
macOS	B-Device
Monterey	I-Device
)	O
follow	O
this	O
pattern	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
name	O
derived	O
from	O
its	O
predecessor	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
'	O
tick	B-Device
–	I-Device
tock	I-Device
model	I-Device
 '	O
used	O
by	O
Intel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
two	O
succeeding	O
versions	O
,	O
Lion	B-Application
and	O
Mountain	B-Operating_System
Lion	I-Operating_System
,	O
Apple	O
moved	O
some	O
applications	O
to	O
a	O
highly	O
skeuomorphic	O
style	O
of	O
design	O
inspired	O
by	O
contemporary	O
versions	O
of	O
iOS	B-Application
while	O
simplifying	O
some	O
elements	O
by	O
making	O
controls	O
such	O
as	O
scroll	O
bars	O
fade	O
out	O
when	O
not	O
in	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
direction	O
was	O
,	O
like	O
brushed	O
metal	O
interfaces	O
,	O
unpopular	O
with	O
some	O
users	O
,	O
although	O
it	O
continued	O
a	O
trend	O
of	O
greater	O
animation	O
and	O
variety	O
in	O
the	O
interface	O
previously	O
seen	O
in	O
design	O
aspects	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Time	B-Operating_System
Machine	I-Operating_System
backup	B-Application
utility	O
,	O
which	O
presented	O
past	O
file	O
versions	O
against	O
a	O
swirling	O
nebula	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
glossy	O
translucent	O
dock	O
of	O
Leopard	B-Application
and	O
Snow	B-Device
Leopard	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
with	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
10.7	I-Application
Lion	I-Application
,	O
Apple	O
ceased	O
to	O
release	O
separate	O
server	B-Operating_System
versions	O
of	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
,	O
selling	O
server	B-Operating_System
tools	O
as	O
a	O
separate	O
downloadable	O
application	O
through	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
App	I-Application
Store	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
review	O
described	O
the	O
trend	O
in	O
the	O
server	B-Operating_System
products	O
as	O
becoming	O
"	O
cheaper	O
and	O
simpler	O
...	O
shifting	O
its	O
focus	O
from	O
large	O
businesses	O
to	O
small	O
ones.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
10.8	I-Operating_System
Mountain	I-Operating_System
Lion	I-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
was	O
officially	O
shortened	O
from	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
to	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
,	O
after	O
the	O
previous	B-Application
version	I-Application
shortened	O
the	O
system	O
name	O
in	O
a	O
similar	O
fashion	O
a	O
year	O
prior	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
year	O
,	O
Apple	O
removed	O
the	O
head	O
of	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
development	O
,	O
Scott	O
Forstall	O
,	O
and	O
design	O
was	O
changed	O
towards	O
a	O
more	O
minimal	B-Operating_System
direction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
's	O
new	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
design	O
,	O
using	O
deep	O
color	O
saturation	O
,	O
text-only	O
buttons	O
and	O
a	O
minimal	B-Operating_System
,	O
'	O
flat	O
 '	O
interface	O
,	O
was	O
debuted	O
with	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
in	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
engineers	O
reportedly	O
working	O
on	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
version	O
released	O
in	O
2013	O
,	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
10.9	I-Operating_System
Mavericks	I-Operating_System
,	O
was	O
something	O
of	O
a	O
transitional	O
release	O
,	O
with	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
skeuomorphic	O
design	O
removed	O
,	O
while	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
general	O
interface	O
of	O
Mavericks	B-Operating_System
remained	O
unchanged	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
next	B-Device
version	O
,	O
OS	B-Device
X	I-Device
10.10	I-Device
Yosemite	I-Device
,	O
adopted	O
a	O
design	O
similar	O
to	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
but	O
with	O
greater	O
complexity	O
suitable	O
for	O
an	O
interface	O
controlled	O
with	O
a	O
mouse	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
2012	O
onwards	O
,	O
the	O
system	O
has	O
shifted	O
to	O
an	O
annual	O
release	O
schedule	O
similar	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
iOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
steadily	O
cut	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
updates	O
from	O
Snow	B-Device
Leopard	I-Device
onwards	O
,	O
before	O
removing	O
upgrade	O
fees	O
altogether	O
from	O
2013	O
onwards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
journalists	O
and	O
third-party	O
software	O
developers	O
have	O
suggested	O
that	O
this	O
decision	O
,	O
while	O
allowing	O
more	O
rapid	O
feature	O
release	O
,	O
meant	O
less	O
opportunity	O
to	O
focus	O
on	O
stability	O
,	O
with	O
no	O
version	O
of	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
recommendable	O
for	O
users	O
requiring	O
stability	O
and	O
performance	O
above	O
new	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
's	O
2015	O
update	O
,	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
10.11	I-Operating_System
El	I-Operating_System
Capitan	I-Operating_System
,	O
was	O
announced	O
to	O
focus	O
specifically	O
on	O
stability	O
and	O
performance	O
improvements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
macOS	B-Operating_System
10.12	I-Operating_System
Sierra	I-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
name	O
was	O
changed	O
from	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
to	O
macOS	B-Application
to	O
align	O
it	O
with	O
the	O
branding	O
of	O
Apple	O
's	O
other	O
primary	O
operating	O
systems	O
:	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
watchOS	B-Device
,	O
and	O
tvOS	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
macOS	B-Operating_System
Sierra	I-Operating_System
added	O
Siri	B-Application
,	O
iCloud	B-Application
Drive	O
,	O
picture-in-picture	O
support	O
,	O
a	O
Night	O
Shift	O
mode	O
that	O
switches	O
the	O
display	O
to	O
warmer	O
colors	O
at	O
night	O
,	O
and	O
two	O
Continuity	O
features	O
:	O
Universal	O
Clipboard	O
,	O
which	O
syncs	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
clipboard	O
across	O
their	O
Apple	O
devices	O
,	O
and	O
Auto	O
Unlock	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
unlock	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
Mac	B-Device
with	O
their	O
Apple	O
Watch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
macOS	B-Operating_System
Sierra	I-Operating_System
also	O
adds	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
Apple	B-Application
File	I-Application
System	I-Application
(	O
APFS	B-Application
)	O
,	O
Apple	O
's	O
successor	O
to	O
the	O
dated	O
HFS+	B-Application
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
macOS	B-Operating_System
10.13	I-Operating_System
High	I-Operating_System
Sierra	I-Operating_System
,	O
released	O
in	O
2017	O
,	O
included	O
performance	O
improvements	O
,	O
Metal	B-Library
2	I-Library
and	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
support	O
,	O
and	O
made	O
APFS	B-Application
the	O
default	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
for	O
SSD	B-Device
boot	O
drives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
successor	O
,	O
macOS	B-Device
10.14	I-Device
Mojave	I-Device
,	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
2018	O
,	O
adding	O
a	O
dark	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
option	O
and	O
a	O
dynamic	O
wallpaper	O
setting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
succeeded	O
by	O
macOS	B-Device
10.15	I-Device
Catalina	I-Device
in	O
2019	O
,	O
which	O
replaces	O
iTunes	B-Operating_System
with	O
separate	O
apps	O
for	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
media	O
,	O
and	O
introduces	O
the	O
Catalyst	O
system	O
for	O
porting	O
iOS	B-Application
apps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
Apple	O
previewed	O
macOS	B-Operating_System
11	I-Operating_System
Big	I-Operating_System
Sur	I-Operating_System
at	O
the	O
WWDC	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
increment	O
in	O
the	O
primary	O
version	O
number	O
of	O
macOS	B-Application
since	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
Public	I-Operating_System
Beta	I-Operating_System
in	O
2000	O
;	O
updates	O
to	O
macOS	B-Operating_System
11	I-Operating_System
were	O
given	O
11.x	O
numbers	O
,	O
matching	O
the	O
version	O
numbering	O
scheme	O
used	O
by	O
Apple	O
's	O
other	O
operating	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Big	B-Operating_System
Sur	I-Operating_System
brought	O
major	O
changes	O
to	O
the	O
UI	O
and	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
the	O
ARM	B-Architecture
instruction	O
set	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
numbering	O
system	O
was	O
continued	O
in	O
2021	O
with	O
macOS	B-Device
12	I-Device
Monterey	I-Device
,	O
and	O
2022	O
with	O
macOS	B-Operating_System
13	I-Operating_System
Ventura	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
macOS	B-Application
's	O
core	O
is	O
a	O
POSIX-compliant	O
operating	O
system	O
built	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
XNU	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
,	O
with	O
standard	O
Unix	B-Application
facilities	O
available	O
from	O
the	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
has	O
released	O
this	O
family	O
of	O
software	O
as	O
a	O
free	B-Application
and	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
operating	O
system	O
named	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
top	O
of	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
,	O
Apple	O
layered	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
components	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
Aqua	B-Application
interface	I-Application
and	O
the	O
Finder	B-Application
,	O
to	O
complete	O
the	O
GUI-based	O
operating	O
system	O
which	O
is	O
macOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
its	O
original	O
introduction	O
as	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
,	O
the	O
system	O
brought	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
new	O
capabilities	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
more	O
stable	O
and	O
reliable	O
platform	O
than	O
its	O
predecessor	O
,	O
the	O
classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
pre-emptive	O
multitasking	O
and	O
memory	B-General_Concept
protection	I-General_Concept
improved	O
the	O
system	O
's	O
ability	O
to	O
run	O
multiple	O
applications	O
simultaneously	O
without	O
them	O
interrupting	O
or	O
corrupting	O
each	O
other	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
aspects	O
of	O
macOS	B-Application
's	O
architecture	O
are	O
derived	O
from	O
OPENSTEP	B-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
portable	O
,	O
to	O
ease	O
the	O
transition	O
from	O
one	O
platform	O
to	O
another	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
was	O
ported	O
from	O
the	O
original	O
68k-based	O
NeXT	B-Device
workstations	O
to	O
x86	B-Operating_System
and	O
other	O
architectures	O
before	O
NeXT	B-Device
was	O
purchased	O
by	O
Apple	O
,	O
and	O
OPENSTEP	B-Operating_System
was	O
later	O
ported	O
to	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
architecture	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
project	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
macOS	B-Operating_System
High	I-Operating_System
Sierra	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
on	O
drives	O
other	O
than	O
solid	B-Device
state	I-Device
drives	I-Device
(	O
SSDs	B-Device
)	O
,	O
the	O
default	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
is	O
HFS+	B-Application
,	O
which	O
it	O
inherited	O
from	O
the	O
classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Operating	O
system	O
designer	O
Linus	O
Torvalds	O
has	O
criticized	O
HFS+	B-Application
,	O
saying	O
it	O
is	O
"	O
probably	O
the	O
worst	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
ever	O
"	O
,	O
whose	O
design	O
is	O
"	O
actively	O
corrupting	O
user	O
data	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
criticized	O
the	O
case	O
insensitivity	O
of	O
file	O
names	O
,	O
a	O
design	O
made	O
worse	O
when	O
Apple	O
extended	O
the	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
to	O
support	O
Unicode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
subsystem	O
in	O
macOS	B-Application
manages	O
the	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
,	O
which	O
includes	O
the	O
Unix	B-Application
permissions	O
layer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2003	O
and	O
2005	O
,	O
two	O
Macworld	O
editors	O
expressed	O
criticism	O
of	O
the	O
permission	O
scheme	O
;	O
Ted	O
Landau	O
called	O
misconfigured	O
permissions	O
"	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
frustration	O
"	O
in	O
macOS	B-Application
,	O
while	O
Rob	O
Griffiths	O
suggested	O
that	O
some	O
users	O
may	O
even	O
have	O
to	O
reset	B-Operating_System
permissions	I-Operating_System
every	O
day	O
,	O
a	O
process	O
which	O
can	O
take	O
up	O
to	O
15	O
minutes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
argues	O
that	O
macOS	B-Application
typically	O
handles	O
permissions	O
properly	O
without	O
user	O
interference	O
,	O
and	O
resetting	O
permissions	O
should	O
only	O
be	O
tried	O
when	O
problems	O
emerge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
architecture	O
of	O
macOS	B-Application
incorporates	O
a	O
layered	O
design	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
provides	O
its	O
own	O
software	O
development	O
tools	O
,	O
most	O
prominently	O
an	O
integrated	B-Application
development	I-Application
environment	I-Application
called	O
Xcode	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Xcode	B-Operating_System
provides	O
interfaces	O
to	O
compilers	B-Language
that	O
support	O
several	O
programming	O
languages	O
including	O
C	B-Language
,	O
C++	B-Language
,	O
Objective-C	B-Language
,	O
and	O
Swift	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
Mac	B-Device
transition	I-Device
to	I-Device
Intel	I-Device
processors	I-Device
,	O
it	O
was	O
modified	O
so	O
that	O
developers	O
could	O
build	O
their	O
applications	O
as	O
a	O
universal	B-Operating_System
binary	I-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
provides	O
compatibility	O
with	O
both	O
the	O
Intel-based	O
and	O
PowerPC-based	O
Macintosh	B-Device
lines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
First	O
and	O
third-party	O
applications	O
can	O
be	O
controlled	O
programmatically	O
using	O
the	O
AppleScript	B-Application
framework	O
,	O
retained	O
from	O
the	O
classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
,	O
or	O
using	O
the	O
newer	O
Automator	O
application	O
that	O
offers	O
pre-written	O
tasks	O
that	O
do	O
not	O
require	O
programming	O
knowledge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
offered	O
two	O
main	O
APIs	B-Application
to	O
develop	O
software	O
natively	O
for	O
macOS	B-Application
:	O
Cocoa	B-Operating_System
and	O
Carbon	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cocoa	B-Operating_System
was	O
a	O
descendant	O
of	O
APIs	B-Application
inherited	O
from	O
OPENSTEP	B-Operating_System
with	O
no	O
ancestry	O
from	O
the	O
classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
,	O
while	O
Carbon	B-Operating_System
was	O
an	O
adaptation	O
of	O
classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
APIs	B-Application
,	O
allowing	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
software	I-Operating_System
to	O
be	O
minimally	O
rewritten	O
to	O
run	O
natively	O
on	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Cocoa	B-Operating_System
API	I-Operating_System
was	O
created	O
as	O
the	O
result	O
of	O
a	O
1993	O
collaboration	O
between	O
NeXT	B-Device
Computer	I-Device
and	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
heritage	O
is	O
highly	O
visible	O
for	O
Cocoa	B-Operating_System
developers	O
,	O
since	O
the	O
"	O
NS	O
"	O
prefix	O
is	O
ubiquitous	O
in	O
the	O
framework	O
,	O
standing	O
variously	O
for	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
or	O
NeXT/Sun	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
official	O
OPENSTEP	B-Operating_System
API	B-Application
,	O
published	O
in	O
September	O
1994	O
,	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
split	O
the	O
API	B-Application
between	O
Foundation	O
and	O
ApplicationKit	O
and	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
"	O
NS	O
"	O
prefix	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Traditionally	O
,	O
Cocoa	B-Operating_System
programs	O
have	O
been	O
mostly	O
written	O
in	O
Objective-C	B-Language
,	O
with	O
Java	B-Device
as	O
an	O
alternative	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
on	O
July	O
11	B-Operating_System
,	O
2005	O
,	O
Apple	O
announced	O
that	O
"	O
features	O
added	O
to	O
Cocoa	B-Operating_System
in	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
versions	O
later	O
than	O
10.4	B-Application
will	O
not	O
be	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
Cocoa-Java	O
programming	O
interface.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
macOS	B-Application
also	O
used	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
Java	B-Device
Platform	I-Device
as	O
a	O
"	O
preferred	O
software	O
package	O
"	O
—	O
in	O
practice	O
this	O
means	O
that	O
applications	O
written	O
in	O
Java	B-Device
fit	O
as	O
neatly	O
into	O
the	O
operating	O
system	O
as	O
possible	O
while	O
still	O
being	O
cross-platform	B-Operating_System
compatible	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
written	O
in	O
Swing	B-Language
look	O
almost	O
exactly	O
like	O
native	O
Cocoa	B-Operating_System
interfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2014	O
,	O
Apple	O
has	O
promoted	O
its	O
new	O
programming	O
language	O
Swift	B-Application
as	O
the	O
preferred	O
language	O
for	O
software	O
development	O
on	O
Apple	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
's	O
original	O
plan	O
with	O
macOS	B-Application
was	O
to	O
require	O
all	O
developers	O
to	O
rewrite	O
their	O
software	O
into	O
the	O
Cocoa	B-Operating_System
APIs	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
caused	O
much	O
outcry	O
among	O
existing	O
Mac	B-Device
developers	O
,	O
who	O
threatened	O
to	O
abandon	O
the	O
platform	O
rather	O
than	O
invest	O
in	O
a	O
costly	O
rewrite	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
idea	O
was	O
shelved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
permit	O
a	O
smooth	O
transition	O
from	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
9	I-Operating_System
to	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
,	O
the	O
Carbon	B-Operating_System
Application	B-Application
Programming	I-Application
Interface	I-Application
(	O
API	B-Application
)	O
was	O
created	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applications	O
written	O
with	O
Carbon	B-Operating_System
were	O
initially	O
able	O
to	O
run	O
natively	O
on	O
both	O
classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
and	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
,	O
although	O
this	O
ability	O
was	O
later	O
dropped	O
as	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
developed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Carbon	B-Operating_System
was	O
not	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
first	O
product	O
sold	O
as	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
:	O
the	O
little-used	O
original	O
release	O
of	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
Server	I-Operating_System
1.0	I-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
also	O
did	O
not	O
include	O
the	O
Aqua	B-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
limited	O
further	O
development	O
of	O
Carbon	B-Operating_System
from	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
Leopard	B-Application
onwards	O
and	O
announced	O
that	O
Carbon	B-Operating_System
applications	O
would	O
not	O
run	O
at	O
64-bit	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
number	O
of	O
macOS	B-Application
applications	O
continued	O
to	O
use	O
Carbon	B-Operating_System
for	O
some	O
time	O
afterwards	O
,	O
especially	O
ones	O
with	O
heritage	O
dating	O
back	O
to	O
the	O
classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
and	O
for	O
which	O
updates	O
would	O
be	O
difficult	O
,	O
uneconomic	O
or	O
not	O
necessary	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
included	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Office	I-Application
up	O
to	O
Office	B-Operating_System
2016	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
Photoshop	O
up	O
to	O
CS5	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
versions	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
macOS	I-Operating_System
could	O
also	O
run	O
some	O
classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
applications	O
through	O
the	O
Classic	O
Environment	O
with	O
performance	O
limitations	O
;	O
this	O
feature	O
was	O
removed	O
from	O
10.5	B-Application
onwards	O
and	O
all	O
Macs	B-Device
using	O
Intel	O
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
macOS	B-Application
is	O
POSIX	O
compliant	O
,	O
many	O
software	O
packages	O
written	O
for	O
the	O
other	O
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
including	O
Linux	B-Application
can	O
be	O
recompiled	B-Language
to	O
run	O
on	O
it	O
,	O
including	O
much	O
scientific	O
and	O
technical	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Third-party	O
projects	O
such	O
as	O
Homebrew	B-Application
,	O
Fink	B-Application
,	O
MacPorts	B-Application
and	O
pkgsrc	B-Application
provide	O
pre-compiled	O
or	O
pre-formatted	O
packages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
and	O
others	O
have	O
provided	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
X	B-Operating_System
Window	I-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
graphical	B-Application
interface	I-Application
which	O
can	O
allow	O
these	O
applications	O
to	O
run	O
with	O
an	O
approximation	O
of	O
the	O
macOS	B-Application
look-and-feel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
current	O
Apple-endorsed	O
method	O
is	O
the	O
open-source	B-Application
XQuartz	B-Operating_System
project	O
;	O
earlier	O
versions	O
could	O
use	O
the	O
X11	B-Operating_System
application	O
provided	O
by	O
Apple	O
,	O
or	O
before	O
that	O
the	O
XDarwin	B-Device
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applications	O
can	O
be	O
distributed	O
to	O
Macs	B-Device
and	O
installed	O
by	O
the	O
user	O
from	O
any	O
source	O
and	O
by	O
any	O
method	O
such	O
as	O
downloading	O
(	O
with	O
or	O
without	O
code	O
signing	O
,	O
available	O
via	O
an	O
Apple	B-Operating_System
developer	I-Operating_System
account	O
)	O
or	O
through	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
App	I-Application
Store	I-Application
,	O
a	O
marketplace	O
of	O
software	O
maintained	O
by	O
Apple	O
through	O
a	O
process	O
requiring	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
approval	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apps	O
installed	O
through	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
App	I-Application
Store	I-Application
run	O
within	O
a	O
sandbox	O
,	O
restricting	O
their	O
ability	O
to	O
exchange	O
information	O
with	O
other	O
applications	O
or	O
modify	O
the	O
core	O
operating	O
system	O
and	O
its	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
has	O
been	O
cited	O
as	O
an	O
advantage	O
,	O
by	O
allowing	O
users	O
to	O
install	O
apps	O
with	O
confidence	O
that	O
they	O
should	O
not	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
damage	O
their	O
system	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
as	O
a	O
disadvantage	O
due	O
to	O
blocking	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
App	I-Application
Store	I-Application
's	O
use	O
for	O
professional	O
applications	O
that	O
require	O
elevated	O
privileges	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
produces	O
macOS	B-Application
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
are	O
included	O
with	O
macOS	B-Application
and	O
some	O
sold	O
separately	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
includes	O
iWork	B-Application
,	O
Final	B-Application
Cut	I-Application
Pro	I-Application
,	O
Logic	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
,	O
iLife	B-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
database	O
application	O
FileMaker	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Numerous	O
other	O
developers	O
also	O
offer	O
software	B-Operating_System
for	I-Operating_System
macOS	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2018	O
,	O
Apple	O
introduced	O
an	O
application	O
layer	O
,	O
codenamed	O
Marzipan	O
,	O
to	O
port	O
iOS	B-Application
apps	O
to	O
macOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
macOS	B-Device
Mojave	I-Device
included	O
ports	O
of	O
four	O
first-party	O
iOS	B-Application
apps	O
including	O
Home	B-Operating_System
and	O
News	B-Application
,	O
and	O
it	O
was	O
announced	O
that	O
the	O
API	B-Application
would	O
be	O
available	O
for	O
third-party	O
developers	O
to	O
use	O
from	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
,	O
in	O
macOS	B-Device
Catalina	I-Device
,	O
the	O
application	O
layer	O
was	O
made	O
available	O
to	O
third-party	O
developers	O
as	O
Mac	B-Device
Catalyst	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Operating	O
system	O
Supported	O
systems	O
RAM	B-Architecture
requirement	O
10.0	B-Operating_System
–	O
10.2	B-Operating_System
G3	O
,	O
G4	O
and	O
G5	O
iBook	B-Device
and	O
PowerBook	B-Device
,	O
Power	B-Device
Mac	I-Device
and	O
iMac(except PowerBook G3 "Kanga" )	O
128	O
MB	O
10.3	B-Operating_System
Macs	B-Device
with	O
a	O
New	B-Device
World	I-Device
ROM	I-Device
10.4	B-Application
Macs	B-Device
with	O
built-in	O
FireWire	B-Protocol
and	O
either	O
a	O
New	B-Device
World	I-Device
ROM	I-Device
or	O
Intel	O
processor	O
256	O
MB	O
10.5	B-Application
Select	O
G4	O
,	O
G5	O
,	O
and	O
Intel	B-Device
Macs	I-Device
(	O
32-bit	O
or	O
64-bit	B-Device
)	O
at	O
867	O
MHz	O
or	O
fasterClassic	O
support	O
dropped	O
from	O
10.5	B-Application
and	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
512	O
MB	O
10.6	B-Device
Intel	B-Device
Macs	I-Device
(	O
32-bit	O
or	O
64-bit	B-Device
)	O
1	O
GB	O
10.7	B-Application
Intel	B-Device
Macs	I-Device
(	O
64-bit	B-Device
)	O
Rosetta	B-Operating_System
support	O
dropped	O
from	O
10.7	B-Application
and	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tools	O
such	O
as	O
XPostFacto	B-Application
and	O
patches	O
applied	O
to	O
the	O
installation	O
media	O
have	O
been	O
developed	O
by	O
third	O
parties	O
to	O
enable	O
installation	O
of	O
newer	O
versions	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
macOS	I-Operating_System
on	O
systems	O
not	O
officially	O
supported	O
by	O
Apple	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
includes	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
pre-G3	O
Power	B-Device
Macintosh	I-Device
systems	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
made	O
to	O
run	O
up	O
to	O
and	O
including	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
10.2	I-Operating_System
Jaguar	I-Operating_System
,	O
all	O
G3-based	O
Macs	B-Device
which	O
can	O
run	O
up	O
to	O
and	O
including	O
Tiger	B-Application
,	O
and	O
sub-867MHz	O
G4	O
Macs	B-Device
can	O
run	O
Leopard	B-Application
by	O
removing	O
the	O
restriction	O
from	O
the	O
installation	O
DVD	O
or	O
entering	O
a	O
command	O
in	O
the	O
Mac	B-Device
's	O
Open	B-Architecture
Firmware	I-Architecture
interface	O
to	O
tell	O
the	O
Leopard	B-Application
Installer	O
that	O
it	O
has	O
a	O
clock	O
rate	O
of	O
867MHz	O
or	O
greater	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
most	O
Mac	B-Device
hardware	O
components	O
,	O
or	O
components	O
similar	O
to	O
those	O
,	O
since	O
the	O
Intel	O
transition	O
are	O
available	O
for	O
purchase	O
,	O
some	O
technology-capable	O
groups	O
have	O
developed	O
software	O
to	O
install	O
macOS	B-Application
on	O
non-Apple	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
are	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
Hackintoshes	B-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
portmanteau	O
of	O
the	O
words	O
"	O
hack	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
Macintosh	B-Device
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Psystar	O
,	O
a	O
business	O
that	O
attempted	O
to	O
profit	O
from	O
selling	O
macOS	B-Application
on	O
non-Apple	O
certified	O
hardware	O
,	O
was	O
sued	O
by	O
Apple	O
in	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2002	O
,	O
eWeek	O
announced	O
a	O
rumor	O
that	O
Apple	O
had	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
code-named	O
Marklar	O
,	O
which	O
ran	O
on	O
Intel	B-Operating_System
x86	I-Operating_System
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
idea	O
behind	O
Marklar	O
was	O
to	O
keep	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
running	O
on	O
an	O
alternative	O
platform	O
should	O
Apple	O
become	O
dissatisfied	O
with	O
the	O
progress	O
of	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
platform	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
6	O
,	O
2005	O
,	O
Steve	O
Jobs	O
announced	O
in	O
his	O
keynote	B-Protocol
address	O
at	O
WWDC	O
that	O
Apple	O
would	O
be	O
making	O
the	O
transition	O
from	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
to	O
Intel	O
processors	O
over	O
the	O
following	O
two	O
years	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
would	O
support	O
both	O
platforms	O
during	O
the	O
transition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jobs	O
also	O
confirmed	O
rumors	O
that	O
Apple	O
had	O
versions	O
of	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
running	O
on	O
Intel	O
processors	O
for	O
most	O
of	O
its	O
developmental	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intel-based	B-Device
Macs	I-Device
would	O
run	O
a	O
new	O
recompiled	B-Language
version	O
of	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
along	O
with	O
Rosetta	B-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
binary	O
translation	O
layer	O
which	O
enables	O
software	O
compiled	B-Language
for	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
to	O
run	O
on	O
Intel	B-Device
Mac	I-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
was	O
included	O
with	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
versions	O
up	O
to	O
version	O
10.6.8	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
dropped	O
support	O
for	O
Classic	O
mode	O
on	O
the	O
new	O
Intel	B-Device
Macs	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Third	O
party	O
emulation	O
software	O
such	O
as	O
Mini	B-Application
vMac	I-Application
,	O
Basilisk	B-Application
II	I-Application
and	O
SheepShaver	B-Application
provided	O
support	O
for	O
some	O
early	O
versions	O
of	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
new	O
version	O
of	O
Xcode	B-Operating_System
and	O
the	O
underlying	O
command-line	B-Application
compilers	B-Language
supported	O
building	O
universal	B-Operating_System
binaries	I-Operating_System
that	O
would	O
run	O
on	O
either	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerPC-only	O
software	O
is	O
supported	O
with	O
Apple	O
's	O
official	O
binary	O
translation	O
software	O
,	O
Rosetta	B-Operating_System
,	O
though	O
applications	O
eventually	O
had	O
to	O
be	O
rewritten	O
to	O
run	O
properly	O
on	O
the	O
newer	O
versions	O
released	O
for	O
Intel	O
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
initially	O
encouraged	O
developers	O
to	O
produce	O
universal	B-Operating_System
binaries	I-Operating_System
with	O
support	O
for	O
both	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
and	O
Intel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerPC	B-Architecture
binaries	O
suffer	O
a	O
performance	O
penalty	O
when	O
run	O
on	O
Intel	B-Device
Macs	I-Device
through	O
Rosetta	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moreover	O
,	O
some	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
software	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
extensions	O
and	O
System	B-Operating_System
Preferences	I-Operating_System
plugins	O
,	O
are	O
not	O
supported	O
on	O
Intel	B-Device
Macs	I-Device
at	O
all	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Plugins	O
for	O
Safari	B-Application
need	O
to	O
be	O
compiled	B-Language
for	O
the	O
same	O
platform	O
as	O
Safari	B-Application
,	O
so	O
when	O
Safari	B-Application
is	O
running	O
on	O
Intel	O
,	O
it	O
requires	O
plug-ins	O
that	O
have	O
been	O
compiled	B-Language
as	O
Intel-only	O
or	O
universal	B-Operating_System
binaries	I-Operating_System
,	O
so	O
PowerPC-only	O
plug-ins	O
will	O
not	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
Intel	B-Device
Macs	I-Device
can	O
run	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
,	O
Intel	O
,	O
and	O
universal	B-Operating_System
binaries	I-Operating_System
,	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
Macs	B-Device
support	O
only	O
universal	O
and	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
builds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Support	O
for	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
platform	I-Architecture
was	O
dropped	O
following	O
the	O
transition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2009	O
,	O
Apple	O
announced	O
at	O
WWDC	O
that	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
10.6	I-Device
Snow	I-Device
Leopard	I-Device
would	O
drop	O
support	O
for	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
processors	I-Architecture
and	O
be	O
Intel-only	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rosetta	B-Operating_System
continued	O
to	O
be	O
offered	O
as	O
an	O
optional	O
download	O
or	O
installation	O
choice	O
in	O
Snow	B-Device
Leopard	I-Device
before	O
it	O
was	O
discontinued	O
with	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
10.7	I-Application
Lion	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
new	O
versions	O
of	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
first	O
-	O
and	O
third-party	O
software	O
increasingly	O
required	O
Intel	O
processors	O
,	O
including	O
new	O
versions	O
of	O
iLife	B-Application
,	O
iWork	B-Application
,	O
Aperture	B-Operating_System
and	O
Logic	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rumors	O
of	O
Apple	O
shifting	O
Macs	B-Device
to	O
the	O
ARM	B-Architecture
processors	O
used	O
by	O
iOS	B-Application
devices	O
began	O
circulating	O
as	O
early	O
as	O
2011	O
,	O
and	O
ebbed	O
and	O
flowed	O
throughout	O
the	O
2010s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
officially	O
announced	O
its	O
shift	O
to	O
processors	B-Device
designed	I-Device
in-house	I-Device
on	O
June	O
22	O
,	O
2020	O
,	O
at	O
WWDC	O
2020	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
transition	O
planned	O
to	O
last	O
for	O
two	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
release	O
of	O
macOS	B-Application
to	O
support	O
ARM	B-Architecture
is	O
macOS	B-Operating_System
Big	I-Operating_System
Sur	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Big	B-Operating_System
Sur	I-Operating_System
and	O
later	O
versions	O
support	O
Universal	O
2	O
binaries	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
applications	O
consisting	O
of	O
both	O
Intel	O
(	O
x86-64	B-Device
)	O
and	O
Apple	B-Device
silicon	I-Device
(	O
AArch64	B-Architecture
)	O
binaries	O
;	O
when	O
launched	O
,	O
only	O
the	O
appropriate	O
binary	O
is	O
run	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
Intel	O
binaries	O
can	O
be	O
run	O
on	O
Apple	O
silicon-based	O
Macs	B-Device
using	O
the	O
Rosetta	B-Operating_System
2	O
binary	O
translation	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
change	O
in	O
processor	O
architecture	O
allows	O
Macs	B-Device
with	O
ARM	B-Architecture
processors	O
to	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
run	O
iOS	B-Application
and	O
iPadOS	B-Operating_System
apps	O
natively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
major	O
differences	O
between	O
the	O
classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
and	O
the	O
current	O
macOS	B-Application
was	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
Aqua	B-Application
,	O
a	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
with	O
water-like	O
elements	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
first	O
major	O
release	O
of	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Every	O
window	O
element	O
,	O
text	O
,	O
graphic	O
,	O
or	O
widget	O
is	O
drawn	O
on-screen	O
using	O
spatial	B-Algorithm
anti-aliasing	I-Algorithm
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
soft	O
edges	O
,	O
translucent	O
colors	O
,	O
and	O
pinstripes	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
hardware	O
design	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
iMacs	B-Device
,	O
brought	O
more	O
texture	O
and	O
color	O
to	O
the	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
when	O
compared	O
to	O
what	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
9	I-Operating_System
and	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
Server	I-Operating_System
1.0	I-Operating_System
'	O
s	O
"	O
Platinum	B-Operating_System
"	O
appearance	O
had	O
offered	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Siracusa	O
,	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
Aqua	B-Application
and	O
its	O
departure	O
from	O
the	O
then	O
conventional	O
look	O
"	O
hit	O
like	O
a	O
ton	O
of	O
bricks.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Bruce	O
Tognazzini	O
(	O
who	O
founded	O
the	O
original	O
Apple	O
Human	O
Interface	O
Group	O
)	O
said	O
that	O
the	O
Aqua	B-Application
interface	I-Application
in	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
10.0	I-Operating_System
represented	O
a	O
step	O
backwards	O
in	O
usability	O
compared	O
with	O
the	O
original	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Third-party	O
developers	O
started	O
producing	O
skins	B-Application
for	O
customizable	O
applications	O
and	O
other	O
operating	O
systems	O
which	O
mimicked	O
the	O
Aqua	B-Application
appearance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
has	O
continued	O
to	O
change	O
aspects	O
of	O
the	O
macOS	B-Application
appearance	O
and	O
design	O
,	O
particularly	O
with	O
tweaks	O
to	O
the	O
appearance	O
of	O
windows	O
and	O
the	O
menu	O
bar	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2012	O
,	O
Apple	O
has	O
sold	O
many	O
of	O
its	O
Mac	B-Device
models	O
with	O
high-resolution	O
Retina	B-Operating_System
displays	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
macOS	B-Application
and	O
its	O
APIs	B-Application
have	O
extensive	O
support	O
for	O
resolution-independent	O
development	O
on	O
supporting	O
high-resolution	O
displays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
human	B-Application
interface	I-Application
guidelines	I-Application
published	O
by	O
Apple	O
for	O
macOS	B-Application
are	O
followed	O
by	O
many	O
applications	O
,	O
giving	O
them	O
consistent	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
and	O
keyboard	O
shortcuts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
new	O
services	O
for	O
applications	O
are	O
included	O
,	O
which	O
include	O
spelling	O
and	O
grammar	O
checkers	O
,	O
special	O
characters	O
palette	O
,	O
color	O
picker	O
,	O
font	O
chooser	O
and	O
dictionary	O
;	O
these	O
global	O
features	O
are	O
present	O
in	O
every	O
Cocoa	B-Operating_System
application	O
,	O
adding	O
consistency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
graphics	O
system	O
OpenGL	B-Application
composites	O
windows	O
onto	O
the	O
screen	O
to	O
allow	O
hardware-accelerated	O
drawing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
technology	O
,	O
introduced	O
in	O
version	O
10.2	B-Operating_System
,	O
is	O
called	O
Quartz	B-Operating_System
Extreme	O
,	O
a	O
component	O
of	O
Quartz	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Quartz	B-Operating_System
's	O
internal	O
imaging	O
model	O
correlates	O
well	O
with	O
the	O
Portable	B-Application
Document	I-Application
Format	I-Application
(	O
PDF	B-Application
)	O
imaging	O
model	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
easy	O
to	O
output	O
PDF	B-Application
to	O
multiple	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
side	O
result	O
,	O
PDF	B-Application
viewing	O
and	O
creating	O
PDF	B-Application
documents	I-Application
from	O
any	O
application	O
are	O
built-in	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Reflecting	O
its	O
popularity	O
with	O
design	O
users	O
,	O
macOS	B-Application
also	O
has	O
system	O
support	O
for	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
professional	O
video	O
and	O
image	O
formats	O
and	O
includes	O
an	O
extensive	O
pre-installed	O
font	O
library	O
,	O
featuring	O
many	O
prominent	O
brand-name	O
designs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Finder	B-Application
is	O
a	O
file	O
browser	O
allowing	O
quick	O
access	O
to	O
all	O
areas	O
of	O
the	O
computer	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
been	O
modified	O
throughout	O
subsequent	O
releases	O
of	O
macOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Quick	B-Operating_System
Look	I-Operating_System
has	O
been	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Finder	B-Application
since	O
version	B-Application
10.5	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Spotlight	B-Application
,	O
a	O
file	O
searching	O
technology	O
which	O
has	O
been	O
integrated	O
into	O
the	O
Finder	B-Application
since	O
version	B-Application
10.4	I-Application
,	O
allows	O
rapid	O
real-time	O
searches	O
of	O
data	O
files	O
;	O
mail	B-Operating_System
messages	B-Protocol
;	O
photos	B-Application
;	O
and	O
other	O
information	O
based	O
on	O
item	O
properties	O
(	O
metadata	O
)	O
or	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
macOS	B-Application
makes	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
Dock	O
,	O
which	O
holds	O
file	O
and	O
folder	O
shortcuts	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
minimized	O
windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
added	O
Exposé	O
in	O
version	B-Operating_System
10.3	I-Operating_System
(	O
called	O
Mission	O
Control	O
since	O
version	B-Application
10.7	I-Application
)	O
,	O
a	O
feature	O
which	O
includes	O
three	O
functions	O
to	O
help	O
accessibility	O
between	O
windows	O
and	O
desktop	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FileVault	O
is	O
optional	O
encryption	O
of	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
files	O
with	O
the	O
128-bit	O
Advanced	B-Algorithm
Encryption	I-Algorithm
Standard	I-Algorithm
(	O
AES-128	B-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Features	O
introduced	O
in	O
version	B-Application
10.4	I-Application
include	O
Automator	O
,	O
an	O
application	O
designed	O
to	O
create	O
an	O
automatic	O
workflow	O
for	O
different	O
tasks	O
;	O
Dashboard	B-Application
,	O
a	O
full-screen	O
group	O
of	O
small	O
applications	O
called	O
desktop	O
widgets	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
called	O
up	O
and	O
dismissed	O
in	O
one	O
keystroke	O
;	O
and	O
Front	B-Operating_System
Row	I-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
media	O
viewer	O
interface	O
accessed	O
by	O
the	O
Apple	B-Operating_System
Remote	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sync	O
Services	O
allows	O
applications	O
to	O
access	O
a	O
centralized	O
extensible	O
database	O
for	O
various	O
elements	O
of	O
user	O
data	O
,	O
including	O
calendar	B-Language
and	O
contact	O
items	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
system	O
icons	O
are	O
scalable	O
up	O
to	O
512×512	O
pixels	O
as	O
of	O
version	B-Application
10.5	I-Application
to	O
accommodate	O
various	O
places	O
where	O
they	O
appear	O
in	O
larger	O
size	O
,	O
including	O
for	O
example	O
the	O
Cover	O
Flow	O
view	O
,	O
a	O
three-dimensional	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
included	O
with	O
iTunes	B-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
Finder	B-Application
,	O
and	O
other	O
Apple	O
products	O
for	O
visually	O
skimming	O
through	O
files	O
and	O
digital	O
media	O
libraries	O
via	O
cover	O
artwork	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
version	O
also	O
introduced	O
Spaces	O
,	O
a	O
virtual	B-Application
desktop	I-Application
implementation	O
which	O
enables	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
have	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
desktop	O
and	O
display	O
them	O
in	O
an	O
Exposé-like	O
interface	O
;	O
an	O
automatic	O
backup	B-Application
technology	O
called	O
Time	B-Operating_System
Machine	I-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
view	O
and	O
restore	O
previous	O
versions	O
of	O
files	O
and	O
application	O
data	O
;	O
and	O
Screen	O
Sharing	O
was	O
built	O
in	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
more	O
recent	O
releases	O
,	O
Apple	O
has	O
developed	O
support	O
for	O
emoji	B-Application
characters	O
by	O
including	O
the	O
proprietary	B-Application
Apple	B-Protocol
Color	I-Protocol
Emoji	I-Protocol
font	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
has	O
also	O
connected	O
macOS	B-Application
with	O
social	O
networks	O
such	O
as	O
Twitter	B-Application
and	O
Facebook	B-Application
through	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
share	O
buttons	O
for	O
content	O
such	O
as	O
pictures	O
and	O
text	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
has	O
brought	O
several	O
applications	O
and	O
features	O
that	O
originally	O
debuted	O
in	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
its	O
mobile	O
operating	O
system	O
,	O
to	O
macOS	B-Application
in	O
recent	O
releases	O
,	O
notably	O
the	O
intelligent	B-Protocol
personal	I-Protocol
assistant	I-Protocol
Siri	B-Application
,	O
which	O
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
version	B-Operating_System
10.12	I-Operating_System
of	O
macOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
39	O
system	O
languages	O
available	O
in	O
macOS	B-Application
for	O
the	O
user	O
at	O
the	O
moment	O
of	O
installation	O
;	O
the	O
system	O
language	O
is	O
used	O
throughout	O
the	O
entire	O
operating	O
system	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
macOS	B-Application
can	O
be	O
updated	O
using	O
the	O
Software	O
Update	O
settings	O
pane	O
in	O
System	B-Operating_System
Settings	I-Operating_System
or	O
the	O
softwareupdate	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
utility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Until	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
10.8	I-Operating_System
Mountain	I-Operating_System
Lion	I-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
separate	O
Software	O
Update	O
application	O
performed	O
this	O
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Mountain	B-Operating_System
Lion	I-Operating_System
and	O
later	O
,	O
this	O
was	O
merged	O
into	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
App	I-Application
Store	I-Application
application	O
,	O
although	O
the	O
underlying	O
update	O
mechanism	O
remains	O
unchanged	O
and	O
is	O
fundamentally	O
different	O
from	O
the	O
download	O
mechanism	O
used	O
when	O
purchasing	O
an	O
App	B-Application
Store	I-Application
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
macOS	B-Device
10.14	I-Device
Mojave	I-Device
,	O
the	O
updating	O
function	O
was	O
moved	O
again	O
to	O
the	O
Software	O
Update	O
settings	O
pane	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
Macs	B-Device
receive	O
six	O
or	O
seven	O
years	O
of	O
macOS	B-Application
updates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
a	O
new	O
major	O
release	O
of	O
macOS	B-Application
,	O
the	O
previous	O
two	O
releases	O
still	O
receive	O
occasional	O
updates	O
,	O
but	O
many	O
security	O
vulnerabilities	O
are	O
only	O
patched	O
in	O
the	O
latest	O
macOS	B-Application
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
exception	O
of	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
Server	I-Operating_System
1.0	I-Operating_System
and	O
the	O
original	O
public	O
beta	O
,	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
versions	O
were	O
named	O
after	O
big	O
cats	O
until	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
10.9	I-Operating_System
Mavericks	I-Operating_System
,	O
when	O
Apple	O
switched	O
to	O
using	O
California	O
locations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
its	O
release	O
,	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
10.0	I-Operating_System
was	O
code	O
named	O
"	O
Cheetah	B-Operating_System
"	O
internally	O
at	O
Apple	O
,	O
and	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
10.1	I-Operating_System
was	O
code	O
named	O
internally	O
as	O
"	O
Puma	B-Operating_System
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
immense	O
buzz	O
surrounding	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
10.2	I-Operating_System
,	O
codenamed	O
"	O
Jaguar	B-Operating_System
"	O
,	O
Apple	O
's	O
product	O
marketing	O
began	O
openly	O
using	O
the	O
code	O
names	O
to	O
promote	O
the	O
operating	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
10.3	I-Operating_System
was	O
marketed	O
as	O
"	O
Panther	B-Operating_System
"	O
,	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
10.4	I-Application
as	O
"	O
Tiger	B-Application
"	O
,	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
10.5	I-Application
as	O
"	O
Leopard	B-Application
"	O
,	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
10.6	I-Device
as	O
"	O
Snow	B-Device
Leopard	I-Device
"	O
,	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
10.7	I-Application
as	O
"	O
Lion	B-Application
"	O
,	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
10.8	I-Operating_System
as	O
"	O
Mountain	B-Operating_System
Lion	I-Operating_System
"	O
,	O
and	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
10.9	I-Operating_System
as	O
"	O
Mavericks	B-Operating_System
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Panther	B-Operating_System
"	O
,	O
"	O
Tiger	B-Application
"	O
and	O
"	O
Leopard	B-Application
"	O
are	O
registered	O
as	O
trademarks	O
of	O
Apple	O
,	O
but	O
"	O
Cheetah	B-Operating_System
"	O
,	O
"	O
Puma	B-Operating_System
"	O
and	O
"	O
Jaguar	B-Operating_System
"	O
have	O
never	O
been	O
registered	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	O
retailer	O
Tiger	B-Application
Direct	O
sued	O
Apple	O
for	O
its	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
name	O
"	O
Tiger	B-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
May	O
16	O
,	O
2005	O
,	O
a	O
US	O
federal	O
court	O
in	O
the	O
Southern	O
District	O
of	O
Florida	O
ruled	O
that	O
Apple	O
's	O
use	O
did	O
not	O
infringe	O
on	O
Tiger	B-Application
Direct	O
's	O
trademark	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
13	B-Operating_System
,	O
2000	O
,	O
Apple	O
released	O
a	O
$29.95	O
"	O
preview	O
"	O
version	O
of	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
,	O
internally	O
codenamed	O
Kodiak	O
,	O
to	O
gain	O
feedback	O
from	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
PB	O
"	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
was	O
known	O
,	O
marked	O
the	O
first	O
public	O
availability	O
of	O
the	O
Aqua	B-Application
interface	I-Application
and	O
Apple	O
made	O
many	O
changes	O
to	O
the	O
UI	O
based	O
on	O
customer	O
feedback	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
Public	I-Operating_System
Beta	I-Operating_System
expired	O
and	O
ceased	O
to	O
function	O
in	O
Spring	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
March	O
24	O
,	O
2001	O
,	O
Apple	O
released	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
10.0	I-Operating_System
(	O
internally	O
codenamed	O
Cheetah	B-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Simply	O
releasing	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
was	O
received	O
by	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
community	O
as	O
a	O
great	O
accomplishment	O
,	O
for	O
attempts	O
to	O
overhaul	O
the	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
had	O
been	O
underway	O
since	O
1996	O
,	O
and	O
delayed	O
by	O
countless	O
setbacks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
that	O
year	O
on	O
September	O
25	O
,	O
2001	O
,	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
10.1	I-Operating_System
(	O
internally	O
codenamed	O
Puma	B-Operating_System
)	O
was	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
released	O
10.1	O
as	O
a	O
free	B-Application
upgrade	O
CD	O
for	O
10.0	B-Operating_System
users	O
,	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
US$129	O
boxed	O
version	O
for	O
people	O
running	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
9	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
discovered	O
that	O
the	O
upgrade	O
CDs	O
were	O
full	O
install	O
CDs	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
with	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
9	I-Operating_System
systems	O
by	O
removing	O
a	O
specific	O
file	O
;	O
Apple	O
later	O
re-released	O
the	O
CDs	O
in	O
an	O
actual	O
stripped-down	O
format	O
that	O
did	O
not	O
facilitate	O
installation	O
on	O
such	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
7	O
,	O
2002	O
,	O
Apple	O
announced	O
that	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
was	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
default	O
operating	O
system	O
for	O
all	O
Macintosh	B-Device
products	O
by	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
that	O
month	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
August	O
23	O
,	O
2002	O
,	O
Apple	O
followed	O
up	O
with	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
10.2	I-Operating_System
Jaguar	I-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
first	O
release	O
to	O
use	O
its	O
code	O
name	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
branding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
brought	O
great	O
raw	O
performance	O
improvements	O
,	O
a	O
sleeker	O
look	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
powerful	O
user-interface	O
enhancements	O
(	O
over	O
150	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
Apple	O
)	O
,	O
including	O
Quartz	B-Operating_System
Extreme	O
for	O
compositing	O
graphics	O
directly	O
on	O
an	O
ATI	B-Device
Radeon	I-Device
or	O
Nvidia	O
GeForce2	O
MX	O
AGP-based	O
video	O
card	O
with	O
at	O
least	O
16MB	O
of	O
VRAM	O
,	O
a	O
system-wide	O
repository	O
for	O
contact	O
information	O
in	O
the	O
new	O
Address	B-Operating_System
Book	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
an	O
instant	O
messaging	O
client	O
named	O
iChat	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Happy	O
Mac	B-Device
which	O
had	O
appeared	O
during	O
the	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
startup	O
sequence	O
for	O
almost	O
18	O
years	O
was	O
replaced	O
with	O
a	O
large	O
grey	O
Apple	O
logo	O
with	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
v10.2	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
v10.3	I-Operating_System
Panther	I-Operating_System
was	O
released	O
on	O
October	O
24	O
,	O
2003	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
significantly	O
improved	O
performance	O
and	O
incorporated	O
the	O
most	O
extensive	O
update	O
yet	O
to	O
the	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Panther	B-Operating_System
included	O
as	O
many	O
or	O
more	O
new	O
features	O
as	O
Jaguar	B-Operating_System
had	O
the	O
year	O
before	O
,	O
including	O
an	O
updated	O
Finder	B-Application
,	O
incorporating	O
a	O
brushed-metal	O
interface	O
,	O
Fast	O
user	O
switching	O
,	O
Exposé	O
(	O
Window	O
manager	O
)	O
,	O
FileVault	O
,	O
Safari	B-Application
,	O
iChat	B-Protocol
AV	I-Protocol
(	O
which	O
added	O
video	B-Application
conferencing	I-Application
features	O
to	O
iChat	B-Protocol
)	O
,	O
improved	O
Portable	B-Application
Document	I-Application
Format	I-Application
(	O
PDF	B-Application
)	O
rendering	O
and	O
much	O
greater	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
interoperability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Support	O
for	O
some	O
early	O
G3	O
computers	O
such	O
as	O
"	O
beige	O
"	O
Power	B-Device
Macs	I-Device
and	O
"	O
WallStreet	O
"	O
PowerBooks	B-Device
was	O
discontinued	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
10.4	I-Application
Tiger	I-Application
was	O
released	O
on	O
April	O
29	O
,	O
2005	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
stated	O
that	O
Tiger	B-Application
contained	O
more	O
than	O
200	O
new	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
with	O
Panther	B-Operating_System
,	O
certain	O
older	O
machines	O
were	O
no	O
longer	O
supported	O
;	O
Tiger	B-Application
requires	O
a	O
Mac	B-Device
with	O
256MB	O
and	O
a	O
built-in	O
FireWire	B-Protocol
port	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
the	O
new	O
features	O
,	O
Tiger	B-Application
introduced	O
Spotlight	B-Application
,	O
Dashboard	B-Application
,	O
Smart	O
Folders	O
,	O
updated	O
Mail	B-Operating_System
program	O
with	O
Smart	O
Mailboxes	O
,	O
QuickTime	B-Application
7	I-Application
,	O
Safari	B-Application
2	O
,	O
Automator	O
,	O
VoiceOver	B-Operating_System
,	O
Core	B-Operating_System
Image	I-Operating_System
and	O
Core	B-Operating_System
Video	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
initial	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
TV	I-Device
used	O
a	O
modified	O
version	O
of	O
Tiger	B-Application
with	O
a	O
different	O
graphical	B-Application
interface	I-Application
and	O
fewer	O
applications	O
and	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
10	O
,	O
2006	O
,	O
Apple	O
released	O
the	O
first	O
Intel-based	B-Device
Macs	I-Device
along	O
with	O
the	O
10.4.4	B-Application
update	O
to	O
Tiger	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
operating	O
system	O
functioned	O
identically	O
on	O
the	O
PowerPC-based	O
Macs	B-Device
and	O
the	O
new	O
Intel-based	O
machines	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
exception	O
of	O
the	O
Intel	O
release	O
lacking	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
Classic	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
10.5	I-Application
Leopard	I-Application
was	O
released	O
on	O
October	O
26	O
,	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
called	O
by	O
Apple	O
"	O
the	O
largest	O
update	O
of	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Leopard	B-Application
supports	O
both	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
-	O
and	O
Intel	O
x86-based	O
Macintosh	B-Device
computers	I-Device
;	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
G3	O
processor	O
was	O
dropped	O
and	O
the	O
G4	O
processor	O
required	O
a	O
minimum	O
clock	O
rate	O
of	O
867MHz	O
,	O
and	O
at	O
least	O
512MB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
to	O
be	O
installed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
single	O
DVD	O
works	O
for	O
all	O
supported	O
Macs	B-Device
(	O
including	O
64-bit	B-Device
machines	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
features	O
include	O
a	O
new	O
look	O
,	O
an	O
updated	O
Finder	B-Application
,	O
Time	B-Operating_System
Machine	I-Operating_System
,	O
Spaces	O
,	O
Boot	B-Application
Camp	I-Application
pre-installed	O
,	O
full	O
support	O
for	O
64-bit	B-Device
applications	O
(	O
including	O
graphical	B-Application
applications	O
)	O
,	O
new	O
features	O
in	O
Mail	B-Operating_System
and	O
iChat	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
new	O
security	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Leopard	B-Application
is	O
an	O
Open	O
Brand	O
UNIX	B-Application
03	O
registered	O
product	O
on	O
the	O
Intel	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
also	O
the	O
first	O
BSD-based	B-Operating_System
OS	O
to	O
receive	O
UNIX	B-Application
03	O
certification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Leopard	B-Application
dropped	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
Classic	O
Environment	O
and	O
all	O
Classic	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
the	O
final	O
version	O
of	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
to	O
support	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
10.6	I-Device
Snow	I-Device
Leopard	I-Device
was	O
released	O
on	O
August	O
28	O
,	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rather	O
than	O
delivering	O
big	O
changes	O
to	O
the	O
appearance	O
and	O
end	O
user	O
functionality	O
like	O
the	O
previous	O
releases	O
of	O
,	O
Snow	B-Device
Leopard	I-Device
focused	O
on	O
"	O
under	O
the	O
hood	O
"	O
changes	O
,	O
increasing	O
the	O
performance	O
,	O
efficiency	O
,	O
and	O
stability	O
of	O
the	O
operating	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
most	O
users	O
,	O
the	O
most	O
noticeable	O
changes	O
were	O
:	O
the	O
disk	O
space	O
that	O
the	O
operating	O
system	O
frees	O
up	O
after	O
a	O
clean	O
install	O
compared	O
to	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
10.5	I-Application
Leopard	I-Application
,	O
a	O
more	O
responsive	O
Finder	B-Application
rewritten	O
in	O
Cocoa	B-Operating_System
,	O
faster	O
Time	B-Operating_System
Machine	I-Operating_System
backups	B-Application
,	O
more	O
reliable	O
and	O
user-friendly	O
disk	O
ejects	O
,	O
a	O
more	O
powerful	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Preview	O
application	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
a	O
faster	O
Safari	B-Application
web	I-Application
browser	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Snow	B-Device
Leopard	I-Device
only	O
supported	O
machines	O
with	O
Intel	O
CPUs	O
,	O
required	O
at	O
least	O
1GB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
dropped	O
default	O
support	O
for	O
applications	O
built	O
for	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
architecture	O
(	O
Rosetta	B-Operating_System
could	O
be	O
installed	O
as	O
an	O
additional	O
component	O
to	O
retain	O
support	O
for	O
PowerPC-only	O
applications	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Snow	B-Device
Leopard	I-Device
also	O
featured	O
new	O
64-bit	B-Device
technology	O
capable	O
of	O
supporting	O
greater	O
amounts	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
improved	O
support	O
for	O
multi-core	O
processors	O
through	O
Grand	B-Operating_System
Central	I-Operating_System
Dispatch	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
advanced	O
GPU	O
performance	O
with	O
OpenCL	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
10.6.6	O
update	O
introduced	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
App	I-Application
Store	I-Application
,	O
Apple	O
's	O
digital	O
distribution	O
platform	O
for	O
macOS	B-Application
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS	B-Application
X	I-Application
10.7	I-Application
Lion	I-Application
was	O
released	O
on	O
July	O
20	O
,	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
brought	O
developments	O
made	O
in	O
Apple	O
's	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
an	O
easily	O
navigable	O
display	O
of	O
installed	O
applications	O
called	O
Launchpad	O
and	O
a	O
greater	O
use	O
of	O
multi-touch	B-Application
gestures	O
,	O
to	O
the	O
Mac	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
release	O
removed	O
Rosetta	B-Operating_System
,	O
making	O
it	O
incompatible	O
with	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Changes	O
made	O
to	O
the	O
GUI	B-Application
include	O
auto-hiding	O
scrollbars	O
that	O
only	O
appear	O
when	O
they	O
are	O
used	O
,	O
and	O
Mission	O
Control	O
which	O
unifies	O
Exposé	O
,	O
Spaces	O
,	O
Dashboard	B-Application
,	O
and	O
full-screen	O
applications	O
within	O
a	O
single	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
also	O
made	O
changes	O
to	O
applications	O
:	O
they	O
resume	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
state	O
as	O
they	O
were	O
before	O
they	O
were	O
closed	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
iOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
10.8	I-Operating_System
Mountain	I-Operating_System
Lion	I-Operating_System
was	O
released	O
on	O
July	O
25	O
,	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
Lion	B-Application
the	O
previous	O
year	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
of	O
the	O
annual	O
rather	O
than	O
two-yearly	O
updates	O
to	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
(	O
and	O
later	O
macOS	B-Application
)	O
,	O
which	O
also	O
closely	O
aligned	O
with	O
the	O
annual	O
iOS	B-Application
operating	O
system	O
updates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
incorporates	O
some	O
features	O
seen	O
in	O
iOS	B-Application
5	O
,	O
which	O
include	O
Game	B-Operating_System
Center	I-Operating_System
,	O
support	O
for	O
iMessage	O
in	O
the	O
new	O
Messages	B-Protocol
messaging	O
application	O
,	O
and	O
Reminders	O
as	O
a	O
to-do	O
list	O
app	O
separate	O
from	O
iCal	B-Language
(	O
which	O
is	O
renamed	O
as	O
Calendar	B-Language
,	O
like	O
the	O
iOS	B-Application
app	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
includes	O
support	O
for	O
storing	O
iWork	B-Application
documents	O
in	O
iCloud	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Notification	B-Operating_System
Center	I-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
makes	O
its	O
debut	O
in	O
Mountain	B-Operating_System
Lion	I-Operating_System
,	O
is	O
a	O
desktop	O
version	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
one	O
in	O
iOS	B-Application
5.0	O
and	O
higher	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mountain	B-Operating_System
Lion	I-Operating_System
also	O
includes	O
more	O
Chinese	O
features	O
including	O
support	O
for	O
Baidu	B-Application
as	O
an	O
option	O
for	O
Safari	B-Application
search	O
engine	O
,	O
QQ	B-Operating_System
,	O
163.com	O
and	O
126.com	O
services	O
for	O
Mail	B-Operating_System
,	O
Contacts	B-Operating_System
and	O
Calendar	B-Language
,	O
Youku	O
,	O
Tudou	O
and	O
Sina	B-Protocol
Weibo	I-Protocol
are	O
integrated	O
into	O
share	O
sheets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
with	O
Mountain	B-Operating_System
Lion	I-Operating_System
,	O
Apple	O
software	O
updates	O
(	O
including	O
the	O
OS	O
)	O
are	O
distributed	O
via	O
the	O
App	B-Application
Store	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
10.9	I-Operating_System
Mavericks	I-Operating_System
was	O
released	O
on	O
October	O
22	O
,	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
a	O
free	B-Application
upgrade	O
to	O
all	O
users	O
running	O
Snow	B-Device
Leopard	I-Device
or	O
later	O
with	O
a	O
64-bit	B-Device
Intel	O
processor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
changes	O
include	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
the	O
previously	O
iOS-only	O
Maps	B-Application
and	O
iBooks	B-Application
applications	O
,	O
improvements	O
to	O
the	O
Notification	B-Operating_System
Center	I-Operating_System
,	O
enhancements	O
to	O
several	O
applications	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
under-the-hood	O
improvements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS	B-Device
X	I-Device
10.10	I-Device
Yosemite	I-Device
was	O
released	O
on	O
October	O
16	O
,	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
features	O
a	O
redesigned	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
similar	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
,	O
intended	O
to	O
feature	O
a	O
more	O
minimal	B-Operating_System
,	O
text-based	O
'	O
flat	O
 '	O
design	O
,	O
with	O
use	O
of	O
translucency	O
effects	O
and	O
intensely	O
saturated	O
colors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
's	O
showcase	O
new	O
feature	O
in	O
Yosemite	B-Device
is	O
Handoff	O
,	O
which	O
enables	O
users	O
with	O
iPhones	B-Device
running	O
iOS	O
8.1	O
or	O
later	O
to	O
answer	O
phone	O
calls	O
,	O
receive	O
and	O
send	O
SMS	O
messages	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
complete	O
unfinished	O
iPhone	B-Device
emails	O
on	O
their	O
Mac	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
OS	O
X	O
10.10.3	O
,	O
Photos	B-Application
replaced	O
iPhoto	B-Operating_System
and	O
Aperture	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
10.11	I-Operating_System
El	I-Operating_System
Capitan	I-Operating_System
was	O
released	O
on	O
September	O
30	O
,	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similar	O
to	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
10.6	I-Device
Snow	I-Device
Leopard	I-Device
,	O
Apple	O
described	O
this	O
release	O
as	O
emphasizing	O
"	O
refinements	O
to	O
the	O
Mac	B-Device
experience	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
improvements	O
to	O
system	O
performance	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Refinements	O
include	O
public	O
transport	O
built	O
into	O
the	O
Maps	B-Application
application	O
,	O
GUI	B-Application
improvements	O
to	O
the	O
Notes	B-Operating_System
application	I-Operating_System
,	O
adopting	O
San	O
Francisco	O
as	O
the	O
system	O
font	O
for	O
clearer	O
legibility	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
System	B-Operating_System
Integrity	I-Operating_System
Protection	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Metal	B-Library
API	I-Library
,	O
first	O
introduced	O
in	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
,	O
was	O
also	O
included	O
in	O
this	O
operating	O
system	O
for	O
"	O
all	O
Macs	B-Device
since	O
2012	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
macOS	B-Operating_System
10.12	I-Operating_System
Sierra	I-Operating_System
was	O
released	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
on	O
September	O
20	O
,	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
features	O
include	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
Siri	B-Application
,	O
Optimized	O
Storage	O
,	O
and	O
updates	O
to	O
Photos	B-Application
,	O
Messages	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
iTunes	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
macOS	B-Operating_System
10.13	I-Operating_System
High	I-Operating_System
Sierra	I-Operating_System
was	O
released	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
on	O
September	O
25	O
,	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
El	I-Operating_System
Capitan	I-Operating_System
and	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
Mountain	I-Operating_System
Lion	I-Operating_System
,	O
High	B-Operating_System
Sierra	I-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
refinement-based	O
update	O
having	O
very	O
few	O
new	O
features	O
visible	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
,	O
including	O
updates	O
to	O
Safari	B-Application
,	O
Photos	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Mail	B-Operating_System
,	O
among	O
other	O
changes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
major	O
change	O
under	O
the	O
hood	O
is	O
the	O
switch	O
to	O
the	O
Apple	B-Application
File	I-Application
System	I-Application
,	O
optimized	O
for	O
the	O
solid-state	O
storage	O
used	O
in	O
most	O
new	O
Mac	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
macOS	B-Device
10.14	I-Device
Mojave	I-Device
was	O
released	O
on	O
September	O
24	O
,	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
update	O
introduced	O
a	O
system-wide	O
dark	B-General_Concept
mode	I-General_Concept
and	O
several	O
new	O
apps	O
lifted	O
from	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
Apple	B-Application
News	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mojave	B-Device
also	O
changed	O
the	O
system	B-Application
software	I-Application
update	O
mechanism	O
from	O
the	O
App	B-Application
Store	I-Application
(	O
where	O
it	O
had	O
been	O
since	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
Mountain	I-Operating_System
Lion	I-Operating_System
)	O
to	O
a	O
new	O
panel	O
in	O
System	B-Operating_System
Preferences	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
App	O
updates	O
remain	O
in	O
the	O
App	B-Application
Store	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
macOS	B-Device
10.15	I-Device
Catalina	I-Device
was	O
released	O
on	O
October	O
7	O
,	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Updates	O
included	O
enhanced	O
voice	O
control	O
,	O
and	O
bundled	O
apps	O
for	O
music	O
,	O
video	O
,	O
and	O
podcasts	O
that	O
together	O
replace	O
the	O
functions	O
of	O
iTunes	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
use	O
an	O
iPad	O
as	O
an	O
external	O
monitor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Catalina	B-Device
officially	O
dropped	O
support	O
for	O
32-bit	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
macOS	B-Operating_System
Big	I-Operating_System
Sur	I-Operating_System
was	O
announced	O
during	O
the	O
WWDC	O
keynote	B-Protocol
speech	O
on	O
June	O
22	O
,	O
2020	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
was	O
made	O
available	O
to	O
the	O
general	O
public	O
on	O
November	O
12	B-Device
,	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
the	O
major	O
version	O
number	O
of	O
the	O
operating	O
system	O
has	O
been	O
incremented	O
since	O
the	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
Public	I-Operating_System
Beta	I-Operating_System
in	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
brings	O
ARM	B-Architecture
support	O
,	O
new	O
icons	O
,	O
and	O
aesthetic	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
changes	O
to	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
macOS	B-Device
Monterey	I-Device
was	O
announced	O
during	O
the	O
WWDC	O
keynote	B-Protocol
speech	O
on	O
June	O
7	O
,	O
2021	O
,	O
and	O
released	O
on	O
October	O
25	O
,	O
2021	O
,	O
introducing	O
Universal	O
Control	O
(	O
which	O
allows	O
input	O
devices	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
with	O
multiple	O
devices	O
simultaneously	O
)	O
,	O
Focus	O
(	O
which	O
allows	O
selectively	O
limiting	O
notifications	O
and	O
alerts	O
depending	O
on	O
user-defined	O
user/work	O
modes	O
)	O
,	O
Shortcuts	O
(	O
a	O
task	O
automation	O
framework	O
previously	O
only	O
available	O
on	O
iOS	B-Application
and	O
iPadOS	B-Operating_System
expected	O
to	O
replace	O
Automator	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
redesigned	O
Safari	B-Application
Web	I-Application
browser	I-Application
,	O
and	O
updates	O
and	O
improvements	O
to	O
FaceTime	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
macOS	B-Operating_System
Ventura	I-Operating_System
was	O
announced	O
during	O
the	O
WWDC	O
keynote	B-Protocol
speech	O
on	O
June	O
6	O
,	O
2022	O
and	O
released	O
on	O
October	O
24	O
,	O
2022	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
came	O
with	O
the	O
redesigned	O
System	B-Operating_System
Preferences	I-Operating_System
to	O
a	O
more	O
iOS-like	O
settings	O
,	O
and	O
now	O
with	O
the	O
new	O
Weather	O
and	O
Clock	O
app	O
for	O
Mac	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
can	O
use	O
an	O
iPhone	B-Device
as	O
a	O
webcam	O
for	O
video	B-Application
conferencing	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
publishes	O
Apple	O
Platform	O
Security	O
documents	O
to	O
lay	O
out	O
the	O
security	O
protections	O
built	O
into	O
macOS	B-Application
and	O
Mac	B-Device
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
macOS	B-Application
supports	O
additional	O
hardware-based	O
security	O
features	O
on	O
Apple	B-Device
silicon	I-Device
Macs	B-Device
:	O
</s>
<s>
Write	O
xor	O
execute	O
prevents	O
some	O
security	O
vulnerabilities	O
by	O
making	O
memory	B-General_Concept
pages	I-General_Concept
either	O
writable	O
or	O
executable	O
,	O
but	O
not	O
both	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PCIe	O
or	O
Thunderbolt	B-Protocol
devices	O
are	O
prevented	O
by	O
IOMMUs	B-General_Concept
from	O
reading	O
system	O
memory	O
that	O
is	O
not	O
explicitly	O
mapped	O
to	O
them	O
,	O
unlike	O
Intel-based	B-Device
Macs	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
macOS	B-Application
's	O
optional	O
Lockdown	O
Mode	O
disables	O
just-in-time	O
compilation	B-Language
for	O
Safari	B-Application
's	O
JavaScript	B-Language
engine	I-Language
,	O
preventing	O
some	O
vulnerabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
a	O
major	O
release	O
of	O
macOS	B-Application
,	O
Apple	O
usually	O
continues	O
to	O
provide	O
partial	O
security	O
updates	O
for	O
previous	O
two	O
versions	O
,	O
though	O
not	O
all	O
vulnerabilities	O
are	O
patched	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
its	O
earlier	O
years	O
,	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
enjoyed	O
a	O
near-absence	O
of	O
the	O
types	O
of	O
malware	O
and	O
spyware	O
that	O
have	O
affected	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
macOS	B-Application
has	O
a	O
smaller	O
usage	O
share	O
compared	O
to	O
Windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Worms	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
potential	O
vulnerabilities	O
,	O
were	O
noted	O
in	O
2006	O
,	O
which	O
led	O
some	O
industry	O
analysts	O
and	O
anti-virus	O
companies	O
to	O
issue	O
warnings	O
that	O
Apple	O
's	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
is	O
not	O
immune	O
to	O
malware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
2011	O
,	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
experienced	O
a	O
large	O
increase	O
in	O
malware	O
attacks	O
,	O
and	O
malware	O
such	O
as	O
Mac	B-Device
Defender	O
,	O
MacProtector	O
,	O
and	O
MacGuard	O
was	O
seen	O
as	O
an	O
increasing	O
problem	O
for	O
Mac	B-Device
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
announced	O
an	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
update	O
to	O
fix	O
the	O
problem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
releases	O
security	O
updates	O
for	O
macOS	B-Application
regularly	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
signature	O
files	O
containing	O
malware	O
signatures	O
for	O
Xprotect	B-Operating_System
,	O
an	O
anti-malware	O
feature	O
part	O
of	O
File	B-Operating_System
Quarantine	I-Operating_System
present	O
since	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
Snow	I-Device
Leopard	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
macOS	B-Application
is	O
the	O
second-most	O
widely	O
used	O
general-purpose	O
desktop	O
operating	O
system	O
used	O
on	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
following	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
,	O
with	O
a	O
15.33	O
%	O
usage	O
share	O
according	O
to	O
statistics	O
compiled	B-Language
by	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
device	O
company	O
,	O
Apple	O
has	O
mostly	O
promoted	O
macOS	B-Application
to	O
sell	O
Macs	B-Device
,	O
with	O
promotion	O
of	O
macOS	B-Application
updates	O
focused	O
on	O
existing	O
users	O
,	O
promotion	O
at	O
Apple	O
Store	O
and	O
other	O
retail	O
partners	O
,	O
or	O
through	O
events	O
for	O
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
larger	O
scale	O
advertising	O
campaigns	O
,	O
Apple	O
specifically	O
promoted	O
macOS	B-Application
as	O
better	O
for	O
handling	O
media	O
and	O
other	O
home-user	O
applications	O
,	O
and	O
comparing	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
(	O
especially	O
versions	O
Tiger	B-Application
and	O
Leopard	B-Application
)	O
with	O
the	O
heavy	O
criticism	O
Microsoft	O
received	O
for	O
the	O
long-awaited	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
