<s>
MacApp	B-Operating_System
is	O
the	O
object	B-Language
oriented	I-Language
application	B-Application
framework	I-Application
for	O
Apple	O
Computer	O
's	O
discontinued	O
classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Released	O
in	O
1985	O
,	O
it	O
transitioned	O
from	O
Object	B-Language
Pascal	I-Language
to	O
C++	B-Language
in	O
1991	O
's	O
version	O
3.0	O
release	O
,	O
which	O
offered	O
support	O
for	O
much	O
of	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
's	O
new	O
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MacApp	B-Operating_System
was	O
used	O
for	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
major	O
applications	O
,	O
including	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Photoshop	I-Operating_System
and	O
SoftPress	B-Operating_System
Freeway	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
's	O
MFC	B-Language
and	O
Borland	O
's	O
OWL	B-Language
were	O
both	O
based	O
directly	O
on	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
concepts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
this	O
period	O
,	O
Symantec	O
's	O
Think	O
Class	O
Library/Think	O
Pascal	B-Application
had	O
become	O
a	O
serious	O
competitor	O
to	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
,	O
offering	O
a	O
simpler	O
model	O
in	O
a	O
much	O
higher-performance	O
integrated	B-Application
development	I-Application
environment	I-Application
(	O
IDE	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Symantec	O
was	O
slow	O
to	O
respond	O
to	O
the	O
move	O
to	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
platform	I-Architecture
in	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
,	O
and	O
when	O
Metrowerks	O
first	O
introduced	O
their	O
CodeWarrior/PowerPlant	O
system	O
in	O
1994	O
,	O
it	O
rapidly	O
displaced	O
both	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
and	O
Think	O
as	O
the	O
primary	O
development	O
platforms	O
on	O
the	O
Mac	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
Apple	O
used	O
CodeWarrior	B-Operating_System
as	O
its	O
primary	O
development	O
platform	O
during	O
the	O
Copland	B-Application
era	O
in	O
the	O
mid-1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MacApp	B-Operating_System
had	O
a	O
brief	O
reprieve	O
between	O
2000	O
and	O
2001	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
system	O
for	O
transitioning	O
to	O
the	O
Carbon	B-Operating_System
system	O
in	O
MacOS	B-Application
X	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
MacApp	B-Operating_System
was	O
a	O
direct	O
descendant	O
of	O
the	O
Lisa	O
Toolkit	O
,	O
Apple	O
's	O
first	O
effort	O
in	O
designing	O
an	O
object-oriented	B-Language
application	B-Application
framework	I-Application
,	O
led	O
by	O
Larry	O
Tesler	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Toolkit	O
was	O
written	O
in	O
a	O
custom	O
language	O
known	O
as	O
Clascal	B-Language
,	O
which	O
added	O
object-oriented	B-Language
techniques	O
to	O
the	O
Pascal	B-Application
language	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lisa	O
Programmer	O
's	O
Workshop	O
became	O
in	O
1985	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Operating_System
Programmer	I-Operating_System
's	I-Operating_System
Workshop	I-Operating_System
,	O
or	O
MPW	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
part	O
of	O
this	O
process	O
,	O
Clascal	B-Language
was	O
updated	O
to	O
become	O
Object	B-Language
Pascal	I-Language
and	O
Lisa	O
Toolkit	O
offered	O
design	O
notes	O
for	O
what	O
became	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Writing	O
a	O
Mac	O
program	O
without	O
an	O
application	B-Application
framework	I-Application
is	O
not	O
an	O
easy	O
task	O
,	O
but	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
the	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programming	I-Language
field	O
was	O
still	O
relatively	O
new	O
and	O
considered	O
somewhat	O
suspect	O
by	O
many	O
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MacApp	B-Operating_System
was	O
perhaps	O
the	O
first	O
truly	O
usable	O
framework	O
in	O
all	O
meanings	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MacApp	B-Operating_System
2.0	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
1989	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
Apple	O
announced	O
it	O
was	O
dropping	O
MPW	O
Pascal	B-Application
support	O
in	O
1992	O
,	O
this	O
version	O
did	O
n't	O
get	O
updated	O
,	O
not	O
even	O
with	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
support	O
,	O
and	O
Pascal	B-Application
developers	O
were	O
left	O
out	O
on	O
their	O
own	O
to	O
port	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
2.0	O
to	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
this	O
point	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
,	O
the	O
market	O
was	O
moving	O
towards	O
C++	B-Language
,	O
and	O
the	O
beta	O
version	O
of	O
Apple	O
C++	B-Language
compiler	O
appeared	O
in	O
1989	O
,	O
around	O
the	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
2.0	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
Apple	O
was	O
deep	O
in	O
the	O
effort	O
to	O
release	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
had	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
major	O
new	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
decision	O
was	O
made	O
to	O
transition	O
to	O
an	O
entirely	O
new	O
version	O
of	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
,	O
3.0	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
use	O
C++	B-Language
in	O
place	O
of	O
Object	B-Language
Pascal	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
move	O
was	O
subject	O
to	O
a	O
long	O
and	O
heated	O
debate	O
between	O
proponents	O
of	O
Object	B-Language
Pascal	I-Language
and	O
C++	B-Language
in	O
the	O
Usenet	B-Application
and	O
other	O
forums	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
then	O
downsized	O
the	O
entire	O
developer	O
tools	O
group	O
,	O
leaving	O
both	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
and	O
MPW	O
understaffed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Their	O
first	O
attempt	O
was	O
Bedrock	B-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
class	O
library	O
created	O
in	O
partnership	O
with	O
Symantec	O
that	O
ran	O
on	O
the	O
Mac	O
and	O
Windows	O
,	O
which	O
died	O
a	O
lingering	O
death	O
as	O
both	O
parties	O
eventually	O
gave	O
up	O
on	O
working	O
with	O
the	O
other	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
reasons	O
for	O
their	O
problems	O
was	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
,	O
which	O
was	O
itself	O
developed	O
into	O
a	O
cross-platform	O
system	O
that	O
competed	O
directly	O
with	O
Bedrock	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
were	O
some	O
attempts	O
to	O
position	O
Bedrock	B-Operating_System
as	O
an	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
platform	O
,	O
but	O
nothing	O
ever	O
came	O
of	O
this	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
these	O
developments	O
were	O
taking	O
place	O
,	O
MPW	O
and	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
were	O
largely	O
ignored	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
when	O
Bedrock	B-Operating_System
failed	O
and	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
found	O
a	O
lukewarm	O
reception	O
,	O
the	O
Mac	O
was	O
left	O
with	O
tools	O
that	O
were	O
now	O
almost	O
a	O
decade	O
old	O
and	O
could	O
not	O
compete	O
with	O
the	O
newer	O
products	O
from	O
third	O
parties	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
competing	O
frameworks	O
grew	O
into	O
real	O
competitors	O
to	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
First	O
Symantec	O
's	O
TCL	O
garnered	O
a	O
following	O
,	O
but	O
then	O
Metrowerks	O
 '	O
PowerPlant	B-Library
generally	O
took	O
over	O
the	O
entire	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
core	O
developers	O
of	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
continued	O
to	O
work	O
on	O
the	O
system	O
at	O
a	O
low	O
activity	O
level	O
throughout	O
the	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
all	O
of	O
Apple	O
's	O
"	O
official	O
"	O
cross-platform	O
projects	O
collapsed	O
,	O
in	O
late	O
1996	O
the	O
team	O
announced	O
that	O
they	O
would	O
be	O
providing	O
a	O
cross-platform	O
version	O
of	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Soon	O
after	O
,	O
Apple	O
purchased	O
NeXT	O
and	O
announced	O
that	O
OpenStep	B-Operating_System
would	O
be	O
Apple	O
's	O
primary	O
development	O
platform	O
moving	O
forward	O
,	O
under	O
the	O
name	O
Cocoa	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cocoa	B-Operating_System
was	O
already	O
cross-platform	O
,	O
at	O
that	O
time	O
having	O
already	O
been	O
ported	O
to	O
about	O
six	O
platforms	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
far	O
more	O
advanced	O
than	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
WWDC'98	O
,	O
Steve	O
Jobs	O
announced	O
that	O
the	O
negative	O
feedback	O
about	O
the	O
move	O
to	O
Cocoa	B-Operating_System
was	O
being	O
addressed	O
through	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
Carbon	B-Operating_System
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Carbon	B-Operating_System
would	O
allow	O
existing	O
Mac	O
programs	O
to	O
run	O
natively	O
under	O
the	O
new	O
operating	O
system	O
,	O
after	O
some	O
conversion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Metrowerks	O
announced	O
they	O
would	O
be	O
porting	O
their	O
PowerPlant	B-Library
framework	O
to	O
Carbon	B-Operating_System
,	O
but	O
no	O
similar	O
announcement	O
was	O
made	O
by	O
Apple	O
regarding	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
this	O
period	O
there	O
remained	O
a	O
core	O
of	O
loyal	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
users	O
who	O
grew	O
increasingly	O
frustrated	O
at	O
Apple	O
's	O
behaviour	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
,	O
during	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
Cocoa	B-Operating_System
,	O
this	O
had	O
grown	O
to	O
outright	O
dismissal	O
of	O
the	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Things	O
were	O
so	O
bad	O
that	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
users	O
went	O
so	O
far	O
as	O
to	O
organize	O
their	O
own	O
meeting	O
at	O
WWDC	O
'	O
98	O
under	O
an	O
assumed	O
name	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
avoid	O
having	O
Apple	O
staffers	O
refuse	O
them	O
a	O
room	O
to	O
meet	O
in	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
ongoing	O
support	O
was	O
noticed	O
within	O
Apple	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
late	O
1999	O
a	O
"	O
new	O
"	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
team	O
,	O
consisting	O
of	O
members	O
who	O
had	O
worked	O
on	O
it	O
all	O
along	O
,	O
was	O
tasked	O
with	O
releasing	O
out	O
a	O
new	O
version	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Included	O
was	O
the	O
new	O
Apple	O
Class	O
Suites	O
(	O
ACS	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
thinner	O
layer	O
of	O
C++	B-Language
wrappers	O
for	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
new	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
features	O
being	O
introduced	O
from	O
OpenStep	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
support	O
for	O
building	O
in	O
Project	O
Builder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MacApp	B-Operating_System
3.0	O
Release	O
XV	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
28	O
August	O
2001	O
to	O
the	O
delight	O
of	O
many	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
in	O
October	O
the	O
product	O
was	O
killed	O
once	O
again	O
,	O
this	O
time	O
forever	O
,	O
and	O
support	O
for	O
existing	O
versions	O
of	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
officially	O
ended	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Carbon-compliant	O
PowerPlant	B-Library
X	O
did	O
not	O
ship	O
until	O
2004	O
,	O
and	O
today	O
Cocoa	B-Operating_System
is	O
almost	O
universal	O
for	O
both	O
MacOS	B-Application
and	O
iOS	O
programming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MacApp	B-Operating_System
is	O
being	O
kept	O
alive	O
by	O
a	O
dedicated	O
group	O
of	O
developers	O
who	O
have	O
maintained	O
and	O
enhanced	O
the	O
framework	O
since	O
Apple	O
stopped	O
supporting	O
it	O
in	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MacApp	B-Operating_System
has	O
been	O
updated	O
to	O
fully	O
support	O
Carbon	B-Operating_System
Events	O
,	O
Universal	O
Binaries	O
,	O
Unicode	O
Text	O
,	O
MLTE	O
control	O
,	O
DataBrowser	O
control	O
,	O
FSRefs	O
,	O
XML	O
parsing	O
,	O
Custom	O
Controls	O
,	O
Composite	O
Window	O
,	O
Drawer	O
Window	O
,	O
HIView	O
Window	O
and	O
Custom	O
Windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MacApp	B-Operating_System
also	O
has	O
C++	B-Language
wrapper	O
classes	O
for	O
HIObject	O
and	O
HIView	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
the	O
Pascal	B-Application
version	O
,	O
based	O
mainly	O
on	O
MacApp-2	O
,	O
has	O
been	O
ported	O
to	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	O
and	O
Xcode	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
MacApp	B-Operating_System
supports	O
the	O
Xcode	B-Operating_System
IDE	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
fact	O
at	O
WWDC	O
2005	O
,	O
after	O
Apple	O
announced	O
the	O
transition	O
to	O
Intel	O
CPUs	O
,	O
it	O
took	O
a	O
single	O
developer	O
48	O
hours	O
to	O
update	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
and	O
the	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
example	O
apps	O
to	O
support	O
Universal	O
Binaries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
description	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
3.0	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
a	O
more	O
advanced	O
underlying	O
model	O
than	O
the	O
earlier	O
2.0	O
and	O
differed	O
in	O
many	O
significant	O
ways	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
itself	O
has	O
a	O
very	O
simple	O
event	O
handing	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MacApp	B-Operating_System
provided	O
a	O
solution	O
to	O
this	O
problem	O
using	O
the	B-Language
command	I-Language
pattern	I-Language
,	O
in	O
which	O
user	O
actions	O
are	O
encapsulated	O
in	O
objects	O
containing	O
event	O
details	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
sent	O
to	O
the	O
proper	O
object	O
to	O
carry	O
them	O
out	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
the	O
role	O
of	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
's	O
internal	O
machinery	O
to	O
take	O
the	O
basic	O
OS	O
events	O
,	O
translate	O
them	O
into	O
semantically	O
higher-level	O
commands	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
route	O
the	O
command	O
to	O
the	O
proper	O
object	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Not	O
only	O
did	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
relieve	O
the	O
author	O
of	O
having	O
to	O
write	O
this	O
code	O
,	O
which	O
every	O
program	O
requires	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
as	O
a	O
side-effect	O
this	O
design	O
cleanly	O
separated	O
code	O
into	O
commands	O
,	O
user-facing	O
actions	O
,	O
and	O
their	O
handlers	O
,	O
the	O
internal	O
code	O
that	O
did	O
the	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Factoring	O
of	O
a	O
program	O
was	O
particularly	O
important	O
in	O
later	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
,	O
starting	O
with	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
introduced	O
the	O
Apple	B-Operating_System
Events	I-Operating_System
system	O
,	O
which	O
expanded	O
the	O
original	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
's	O
event	O
system	O
with	O
a	O
much	O
richer	O
one	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
sent	O
between	O
applications	O
,	O
not	O
just	O
from	O
the	O
OS	O
to	O
a	O
particular	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
combined	O
with	O
the	O
AppleScript	B-Application
system	O
which	O
allowed	O
these	O
Events	O
to	O
be	O
generated	O
from	O
scripting	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
3.0	O
,	O
Apple	B-Operating_System
Events	I-Operating_System
were	O
decoded	O
into	O
the	O
same	O
commands	O
as	O
if	O
they	O
had	O
been	O
initiated	O
by	O
direct	O
user	O
actions	O
,	O
meaning	O
that	O
the	O
developer	O
did	O
n't	O
have	O
to	O
write	O
much	O
,	O
if	O
any	O
,	O
code	O
to	O
directly	O
handle	O
Apple	B-Operating_System
Events	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
a	O
major	O
problem	O
for	O
developers	O
using	O
earlier	O
systems	O
,	O
including	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
2.0	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
no	O
such	O
separation	O
and	O
often	O
led	O
to	O
Apple	B-Operating_System
Event	I-Operating_System
support	O
being	O
left	O
out	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
keeping	O
with	O
its	O
role	O
as	O
an	O
application	B-Application
framework	I-Application
,	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
also	O
included	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
pre-rolled	O
objects	O
covering	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
basic	O
Mac	O
GUI	B-Application
—	O
windows	O
,	O
menus	O
,	O
dialogs	O
and	O
similar	O
widgets	O
were	O
all	O
represented	O
within	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unfortunately	O
,	O
Apple	O
typically	O
supplied	O
lightweight	O
wrappers	O
over	O
existing	O
internal	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
code	O
instead	O
of	O
providing	O
systems	O
that	O
were	O
usable	O
in	O
the	O
"	O
real	O
world	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
lack	O
of	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
professional	O
quality	O
GUI	B-Application
objects	O
can	O
be	O
considered	O
one	O
of	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
's	O
biggest	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
problem	O
has	O
been	O
addressed	O
with	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
R16	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MacApp	B-Operating_System
R16	O
uses	O
standard	O
Carbon	B-Operating_System
controls	O
for	O
all	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
GUI	B-Application
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
Carbon	B-Operating_System
introduced	O
the	O
Multilingual	O
Text	O
Engine	O
(	O
MLTE	O
)	O
for	O
full	O
Unicode	O
text	O
and	O
long-document	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Photoshop	I-Operating_System
was	O
originally	O
written	O
with	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
1.1.1	O
,	O
in	O
Object	B-Language
Pascal	I-Language
,	O
and	O
later	O
ported	O
to	O
C++	B-Language
and	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
3.0	O
for	O
Photoshop	B-Operating_System
2.5	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
cancellation	O
by	O
Apple	O
,	O
maintenance	O
was	O
taken	O
over	O
internally	O
by	O
the	O
Photoshop	B-Operating_System
development	O
team	O
,	O
ported	O
to	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
transformed	O
to	O
be	O
shared	O
with	O
the	O
Windows	O
platform	O
port	O
.	O
</s>
