<s>
MUSIC-N	B-Application
refers	O
to	O
a	O
family	O
of	O
computer	B-Application
music	I-Application
programs	O
and	O
programming	O
languages	O
descended	O
from	O
or	O
influenced	O
by	O
MUSIC	O
,	O
a	O
program	O
written	O
by	O
Max	O
Mathews	O
in	O
1957	O
at	O
Bell	O
Labs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
computer-controlled	O
music	O
was	O
generated	O
in	O
Australia	O
by	O
programmer	B-Application
Geoff	O
Hill	O
on	O
the	O
CSIRAC	B-Device
computer	O
which	O
was	O
designed	O
and	O
built	O
by	O
Trevor	O
Pearcey	O
and	O
Maston	O
Beard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
CSIRAC	B-Device
produced	O
sound	O
by	O
sending	O
raw	O
pulses	O
to	O
the	O
speaker	O
,	O
it	O
did	O
not	O
produce	O
standard	O
digital	O
audio	O
with	O
PCM	B-Algorithm
samples	O
,	O
like	O
the	O
MUSIC-series	O
of	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
MUSIC-N	B-Application
derivative	O
programs	O
have	O
a	O
(	O
more-or-less	O
)	O
common	O
design	O
,	O
made	O
up	O
of	O
a	O
library	B-Library
of	O
functions	O
built	O
around	O
simple	O
signal-processing	O
and	O
synthesis	O
routines	O
(	O
written	O
as	O
"	O
opcodes	O
"	O
or	O
unit	B-Application
generators	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
simple	O
opcodes	O
are	O
then	O
constructed	O
by	O
the	O
user	O
into	O
an	O
instrument	O
(	O
usually	O
through	O
a	O
text-based	O
instruction	O
file	O
,	O
but	O
increasingly	O
through	O
a	O
graphical	B-Application
interface	I-Application
)	O
that	O
defines	O
a	O
sound	O
which	O
is	O
then	O
"	O
played	O
"	O
by	O
a	O
second	O
file	O
(	O
called	O
the	O
score	O
)	O
which	O
specifies	O
notes	O
,	O
durations	O
,	O
pitches	O
,	O
amplitudes	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
parameters	O
relevant	O
to	O
the	O
musical	O
informatics	O
of	O
the	O
piece	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
notable	O
exception	O
is	O
ChucK	B-Application
,	O
which	O
unifies	O
audio-rate	O
and	O
control-rate	O
timing	O
into	O
a	O
single	O
framework	O
,	O
allowing	O
arbitrarily	O
fine	O
time	O
granularity	O
and	O
also	O
one	O
mechanism	O
to	O
manage	O
both	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MUSIC-N	B-Application
and	O
derived	O
software	O
are	O
mostly	O
available	O
as	O
complete	O
self-contained	O
programs	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
have	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
user-interfaces	B-Application
,	O
from	O
text	O
-	O
to	O
GUI-based	O
ones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
aspect	O
,	O
Csound	B-Application
and	O
RTcmix	O
have	O
since	O
evolved	O
to	O
work	O
effectively	O
as	O
software	B-Library
libraries	I-Library
which	O
can	O
be	O
accessed	O
through	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
frontends	O
and	O
programming	O
languages	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
C	B-Language
,	O
C++	B-Language
,	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
Tcl	B-Operating_System
,	O
Lua	B-Language
,	O
Lisp	B-Language
,	O
</s>
<s>
Scheme	B-Language
,	O
etc.	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
other	O
music	O
systems	O
such	O
as	O
Pure	B-Language
Data	I-Language
,	O
Max/MSP	B-Application
and	O
plugin	O
frameworks	O
LADSPA	B-Language
and	O
VST	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
Mathews	O
 '	O
implementations	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
using	O
pre-calculated	O
arrays	O
for	O
waveform	O
and	O
envelope	O
storage	O
,	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
scheduler	O
that	O
runs	O
in	O
musical	O
time	O
rather	O
than	O
at	O
audio	O
rate	O
)	O
are	O
the	O
norm	O
for	O
most	O
hardware	O
and	O
software	O
synthesis	O
and	O
audio	O
DSP	B-General_Concept
systems	O
today	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Any	O
other	O
computer	O
synthesis	B-Language
language	I-Language
that	O
relies	O
on	O
a	O
modular	B-Architecture
system	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Reaktor	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MUSIC	O
IV	O
was	O
a	O
computer	B-Application
music	I-Application
synthesis	O
software	B-Architecture
package	I-Architecture
written	O
by	O
Max	O
Mathews	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MUSIC	O
IV	O
was	O
further	O
expanded	O
by	O
Godfrey	O
Winham	O
and	O
Hubert	O
Howe	O
into	O
MUSIC	O
IVB	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
into	O
MUSIC	O
IVBF	O
,	O
a	O
more	O
portable	O
version	O
written	O
in	O
FORTRAN	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
precursor	O
to	O
CSound	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
MUSIC	O
IV	O
allows	O
the	O
programmer	B-Application
to	O
enter	O
a	O
musical	O
score	O
as	O
a	O
text	B-General_Concept
file	I-General_Concept
and	O
have	O
each	O
note	O
played	O
with	O
a	O
particular	O
"	O
musical	O
instrument	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
software	O
algorithm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
instruments	O
are	O
supplied	O
in	O
the	O
package	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
programmer	B-Application
can	O
supply	O
new	O
instruments	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
FORTRAN	B-Application
code	O
,	O
to	O
be	O
compiled	B-Language
and	O
called	O
by	O
the	O
MUSIC	O
IV	O
package	O
to	O
generate	O
output	O
.	O
</s>
