<s>
The	O
MIPS	B-Device
Magnum	I-Device
was	O
a	O
line	O
of	O
computer	B-Device
workstations	I-Device
designed	O
by	O
MIPS	B-Device
Computer	O
Systems	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
and	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
MIPS	B-Device
series	O
of	O
RISC	B-Architecture
microprocessors	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
Magnum	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
March	O
,	O
1990	O
,	O
and	O
production	O
of	O
various	O
models	O
continued	O
until	O
1993	O
when	O
SGI	O
bought	O
MIPS	B-Device
Technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SGI	O
cancelled	O
the	O
MIPS	B-Device
Magnum	I-Device
line	O
to	O
promote	O
their	O
own	O
workstations	B-Device
including	O
the	O
entry-level	O
SGI	B-Operating_System
Indy	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
early	O
,	O
R3000-based	O
Magnum	O
series	O
ran	O
only	O
RISC/os	B-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
variant	O
of	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
Unix	I-Operating_System
,	O
but	O
the	O
subsequent	O
Magnum	O
workstations	B-Device
based	O
on	O
the	O
Jazz	B-Device
architecture	B-General_Concept
ran	O
both	O
RISC/os	B-Operating_System
and	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
these	O
proprietary	O
operating	O
systems	O
,	O
both	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
and	O
NetBSD	B-Device
have	O
been	O
ported	O
to	O
the	O
Jazz-based	O
MIPS	B-Device
Magnum	I-Device
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
models	O
of	O
MIPS	B-Device
Magnum	I-Device
were	O
rebadged	O
and	O
sold	O
by	O
Groupe	O
Bull	O
and	O
Olivetti	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
headless	O
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
without	O
a	O
framebuffer	B-Algorithm
or	O
video	O
card	O
)	O
versions	O
were	O
marketed	O
as	O
servers	B-Application
under	O
the	O
name	O
"	O
MIPS	B-Device
Millennium	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MIPS	B-Device
Magnum	I-Device
3000	O
has	O
a	O
25	O
or	O
33	O
MHz	O
MIPS	B-Device
R3000A	B-Device
microprocessor	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MIPS	B-Device
Magnum	I-Device
R4000	B-General_Concept
PC-50	O
has	O
a	O
MIPS	B-Device
R4000PC	O
processor	O
with	O
only	O
16	O
kB	O
L1	O
cache	B-General_Concept
(	O
but	O
no	O
L2	O
cache	B-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
running	O
at	O
an	O
external	O
clock	O
rate	O
of	O
50	O
MHz	O
(	O
which	O
was	O
internally	O
doubled	O
in	O
the	O
microprocessor	B-Architecture
to	O
100	O
MHz	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MIPS	B-Device
Magnum	I-Device
R4000	B-General_Concept
SC-50	O
is	O
identical	O
to	O
the	O
Magnum	O
R4000PC	O
,	O
but	O
includes	O
one	O
megabyte	O
of	O
secondary	B-General_Concept
cache	I-General_Concept
in	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
primary	O
cache	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
main	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
MIPS	B-Device
Magnum	I-Device
3000	O
accepted	O
30-pin	O
true-parity	B-Error_Name
,	O
80ns	O
SIMMs	B-General_Concept
up	O
to	O
a	O
maximum	O
of	O
128	O
MB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MIPS	B-Device
Magnum	I-Device
R4000	B-General_Concept
accepted	O
eight	O
72-pin	O
true-parity	B-Error_Name
SIMMs	B-General_Concept
,	O
up	O
to	O
a	O
maximum	O
of	O
256	O
MB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MIPS	B-Device
Magnum	I-Device
R4000	B-General_Concept
(	O
both	O
the	O
R4000	B-General_Concept
PC-50	O
and	O
R4000	B-General_Concept
SC-50	O
)	O
includes	O
a	O
single	O
on-board	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
bus	O
using	O
the	O
on-board	O
NCR	O
53c94	O
fast-narrow	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
chipset	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
internal	O
cable	O
with	O
four	O
50-pin	O
connections	O
links	O
internal	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
devices	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
interfaces	O
external	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
devices	O
via	O
an	O
endlink	O
mounted	O
on	O
the	O
rear	O
of	O
the	O
case	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MIPS	B-Device
Magnum	I-Device
R4000	B-General_Concept
includes	O
an	O
on-board	O
SONIC	B-Device
Ethernet	O
chipset	O
and	O
an	O
AUI	B-Protocol
Ethernet	O
connector	O
mounted	O
on	O
the	O
case	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
video	O
output	O
for	O
the	O
Magnum	O
R4000	B-General_Concept
consists	O
of	O
a	O
proprietary	O
framebuffer	B-Algorithm
available	O
as	O
a	O
custom	O
full-length	O
option	O
card	O
—	O
the	O
G364	B-Device
framebuffer	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
G364	O
includes	O
a	O
SUN	O
13W3-style	O
output	O
(	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
converted	O
to	O
the	O
more	O
common	O
VGA	B-Protocol
pin-out	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
capable	O
of	O
pixel	O
screen	B-General_Concept
resolutions	I-General_Concept
of	O
640x480	O
,	O
800x600	B-General_Concept
,	O
1024x768	O
,	O
or	O
1280x1024	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
it	O
is	O
a	O
simple	O
framebuffer	B-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
G364	O
does	O
not	O
include	O
any	O
accelerated	B-Architecture
graphics	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MIPS	B-Device
Magnum	I-Device
R4000	B-General_Concept
also	O
includes	O
two	O
standard	O
RS-232-capable	O
serial	B-Protocol
ports	I-Protocol
and	O
an	O
IBM	O
AT-compatible	O
parallel	B-Device
port	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
the	O
MIPS	B-Device
Magnum	I-Device
R4000	B-General_Concept
had	O
an	O
IBM	O
AT-compatible	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
controller	O
and	O
a	O
single	O
floppy	B-Device
drive	I-Device
bay	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MIPS	B-Device
Magnum	I-Device
3000	O
used	O
a	O
MIPS	B-Device
R3000	I-Device
processor	O
and	O
a	O
custom	O
,	O
proprietary	O
motherboard	B-Device
which	O
incorporated	O
the	O
TURBOchannel	B-Device
bus	O
(	O
it	O
is	O
noted	O
that	O
DEC	O
also	O
manufactured	O
the	O
DECstation	B-Device
line	O
of	O
workstations	B-Device
running	O
Ultrix	B-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
also	O
used	O
MIPS	B-Device
processors	O
and	O
the	O
TURBOchannel	B-Device
bus	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Magnum	O
3000	O
ran	O
only	O
RISC/os	B-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
was	O
MIPS	B-Device
Computer	O
Systems	O
,	O
Inc.	O
'	O
s	O
proprietary	O
port	O
of	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
Unix	I-Operating_System
including	O
some	O
System	B-Operating_System
V	I-Operating_System
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
later	O
Magnums	O
,	O
the	O
MIPS	B-Device
Magnum	I-Device
R4000PC	O
and	O
MIPS	B-Device
Magnum	I-Device
R4000SC	O
,	O
also	O
used	O
a	O
MIPS	B-Device
microprocessor	B-Architecture
—	O
the	O
MIPS	B-General_Concept
R4000	I-General_Concept
,	O
a	O
full	O
64-bit	O
microprocessor	B-Architecture
available	O
either	O
in	O
a	O
low-cost	O
version	O
(	O
the	O
R4000PC	O
)	O
having	O
16	O
kB	O
of	O
L1	O
cache	B-General_Concept
but	O
no	O
L2	O
cache	B-General_Concept
,	O
or	O
a	O
higher-performance	O
version	O
(	O
the	O
R4000SC	O
)	O
with	O
1	O
MB	O
of	O
secondary	B-General_Concept
cache	I-General_Concept
in	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
16	O
kB	O
of	O
primary	O
cache	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
MIPS	B-Device
Computer	O
Systems	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
had	O
co-founded	O
the	O
Advanced	B-Device
Computing	I-Device
Environment	I-Device
consortium	O
with	O
Silicon	O
Graphics	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
Motorola	O
and	O
others	O
,	O
the	O
MIPS	B-Device
Magnum	I-Device
R4000	B-General_Concept
was	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
MIPS	B-Device
 '	O
entry	O
into	O
the	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
workstation	I-Device
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
because	O
MIPS	B-Device
Computer	O
Systems	O
,	O
Inc.	O
'	O
s	O
in-house	O
effort	O
to	O
design	O
a	O
MIPS-based	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
system	O
had	O
met	O
delays	O
,	O
MIPS	B-Device
Technologies	O
abandoned	O
its	O
in-house	O
efforts	O
and	O
instead	O
licensed	O
the	O
Jazz	B-Device
design	O
which	O
Microsoft	O
had	O
developed	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
to	O
facilitate	O
the	O
porting	O
and	O
development	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
(	O
it	O
was	O
first	O
developed	O
on	O
the	O
MIPS	B-Device
architecture	I-Device
,	O
and	O
was	O
only	O
later	O
ported	O
to	O
the	O
Intel	B-General_Concept
386	I-General_Concept
,	O
Alpha	B-Device
,	O
and	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
architectures	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
such	O
,	O
the	O
MIPS	B-Device
Magnum	I-Device
R4000	B-General_Concept
(	O
and	O
indeed	O
all	O
Jazz-based	O
systems	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Acer	B-Device
PICA	I-Device
,	O
NEC	B-Device
RISCstation	I-Device
,	O
Olivetti	O
M700	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
incorporated	O
many	O
features	O
more	O
common	O
to	O
Intel-based	O
PC	B-Device
's	I-Device
than	O
to	O
the	O
commercial	O
UNIX	B-Device
workstations	I-Device
of	O
the	O
era	O
—	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
Magnum	O
R4000	B-General_Concept
included	O
an	O
EISA	B-Device
bus	I-Device
,	O
used	O
IBM	B-Protocol
PS/2	I-Protocol
-compatible	O
keyboards	O
and	O
mice	O
,	O
and	O
used	O
commodity	O
chipset	O
components	O
whose	O
control	O
registers	O
were	O
mapped	O
to	O
memory	O
locations	O
set	O
forth	O
in	O
the	O
IBM	B-Operating_System
AT	I-Operating_System
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MIPS	B-Device
Magnum	I-Device
R4000	B-General_Concept
ran	O
either	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
(	O
beginning	O
with	O
version	O
3.1	O
)	O
when	O
equipped	O
with	O
the	O
little-endian	O
ARC	B-Device
firmware	B-Application
,	O
or	O
RISC/os	B-Operating_System
when	O
MIPS	B-Device
Computer	O
Systems	O
,	O
Inc.	O
'	O
s	O
proprietary	O
big-endian	O
firmware	B-Application
(	O
the	O
"	O
MIPS	B-Device
Monitor	O
"	O
)	O
was	O
installed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
firmware	B-Application
could	O
be	O
switched	O
between	O
ARC	B-Device
or	O
MIPS	B-Device
Monitor	O
by	O
loading	O
either	O
one	O
into	O
the	O
Magnum	O
's	O
Flash	O
memory/NVRAM	O
from	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
,	O
and	O
thus	O
the	O
Magnum	O
R4000	B-General_Concept
could	O
dual-boot	B-Operating_System
between	O
Windows	O
or	O
Unix	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MIPS	B-Device
Magnum	I-Device
R4000	B-General_Concept
was	O
supported	O
by	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
from	O
version	O
3.1	O
(	O
released	O
in	O
1993	O
)	O
through	O
version	O
4.0	O
(	O
released	O
in	O
1996	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
support	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
for	O
all	O
MIPS	B-Device
systems	O
ended	O
after	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
version	O
4.0	O
,	O
and	O
useful	O
software	O
for	O
Windows/MIPS	O
—	O
either	O
from	O
Microsoft	O
or	O
third-party	O
vendors	O
—	O
was	O
very	O
scarce	O
even	O
when	O
MIPS	B-Device
was	O
supported	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
never	O
ported	O
its	O
own	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Office	I-Application
suite	I-Application
to	O
MIPS	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MIPS	B-Device
Magnum	I-Device
3000	O
,	O
unlike	O
the	O
MIPS	B-Device
Magnum	I-Device
R4000	B-General_Concept
,	O
was	O
not	O
able	O
to	O
run	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
Magnums	O
could	O
run	O
RISC/os	B-Operating_System
,	O
MIPS	B-Device
Computer	O
System	O
,	O
Inc.	O
'	O
s	O
proprietary	O
port	O
of	O
UNIX	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Running	O
RISC/os	B-Operating_System
on	O
the	O
MIPS	B-Device
Magnum	I-Device
R4000	B-General_Concept
requires	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
big-endian	O
MIPS	B-Device
Monitor	O
firmware	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MIPS	B-Device
Magnum	I-Device
can	O
run	O
NetBSD	B-Device
,	O
and	O
it	O
also	O
ran	O
OpenBSD	B-Operating_System
at	O
one	O
point	O
,	O
but	O
lack	O
of	O
developer	O
interest	O
and	O
proper	O
resources	O
lead	O
to	O
the	O
termination	O
of	O
the	O
arch	O
's	O
support	O
prior	O
to	O
the	O
December	O
1	O
,	O
1998	O
2.4	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
earlier	O
,	O
RISC/os	B-Operating_System
-only	O
MIPS	B-Device
Magnum	I-Device
3000	O
machines	O
,	O
the	O
correct	O
port	O
is	O
NetBSD/mipsco	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
later	O
,	O
Windows	O
NT-capable	O
MIPS	B-Device
Magnum	I-Device
R4000	B-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
correct	O
port	O
is	O
NetBSD/arc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MIPS	B-Device
Magnum	I-Device
R4000	B-General_Concept
was	O
among	O
the	O
earliest	O
supported	O
machines	O
in	O
the	O
effort	O
to	O
port	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
to	O
MIPS	B-Device
,	O
with	O
initial	O
support	O
begun	O
April	O
,	O
1995	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Support	O
for	O
the	O
Magnum	O
R4000	B-General_Concept
became	O
stable	O
in	O
the	O
2.1	O
development	O
tree	O
(	O
around	O
1999	O
)	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
Magnum	O
in	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
has	O
atrophied	O
since	O
then	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
QEMU	B-Application
PC	O
emulator	O
version	O
0.9.1	O
can	O
emulate	O
the	O
MIPS	B-Device
Magnum	I-Device
(	O
and	O
Acer	B-Device
Pica	I-Device
61	O
)	O
using	O
the	O
"	O
-M	O
"	O
parameter	O
("-	O
M	O
magnum	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
-M	O
pica61	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
