<s>
Mapper	B-Language
originated	O
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
based	O
on	O
some	O
work	O
in	O
the	O
1960s	O
,	O
It	O
has	O
been	O
functionally	O
enhanced	O
and	O
kept	O
current	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
available	O
on	O
Sperry	O
's	O
Univac	O
1108	O
,	O
implementations	O
now	O
also	O
exist	O
for	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
,	O
Sun	B-Application
Solaris	I-Application
and	O
Linux	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GUI	B-Application
on	O
Windows	O
is	O
the	O
most	O
advanced	O
of	O
these	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MAPPER	B-Language
(	O
MAintain	O
,	O
Prepare	O
,	O
and	O
Produce	O
Executive	O
Reports	O
)	O
(	O
alternatively	O
nicknamed	O
"	O
Most	O
Amazing	O
Programming	O
Product	O
Ever	O
Released	O
"	O
by	O
enthusiasts	O
)	O
—	O
officially	O
renamed	O
BIS	O
(	O
Business	B-Language
Information	I-Language
Server	I-Language
)	O
but	O
still	O
called	O
MAPPER	B-Language
by	O
many	O
users	O
—	O
began	O
as	O
an	O
internal	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
initially	O
called	O
CRT	O
RPS	O
(	O
Report	O
Processing	O
System	O
)	O
,	O
to	O
differentiate	O
it	O
from	O
RPG	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
MAPPER	B-Language
became	O
a	O
popular	O
solution	O
in	O
the	O
Government	O
sector	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
User	O
group	O
communities	O
formed	O
like	O
the	O
New	O
England	O
MAPPER	B-Language
Users	O
Group	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
MAPPER	B-Language
was	O
conceived	O
by	O
Louis	O
Schlueter	O
in	O
1967	O
and	O
presented	O
in	O
a	O
whitepaper	O
in	O
February	O
1968	O
entitled	O
418	O
Report	O
Processing	O
System	O
to	O
management	O
and	O
accepted	O
for	O
development	O
immediately	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CRT	O
RPS	O
was	O
renamed	O
MAPPER	B-Language
in	O
1975	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
written	O
in	O
Assembler	B-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
mid	O
1980s	O
,	O
Sperry	O
actively	O
marketed	O
MAPPER	B-Language
,	O
including	O
advertising	O
featuring	O
"	O
MAPPER	B-Language
Man	O
"	O
,	O
the	O
self-empowered	O
executive	O
end-user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
Scandinavian	O
countries	O
,	O
Sperry	O
had	O
a	O
MAPPER	B-Language
song	O
—	O
"	O
Do	O
it	O
the	O
MAPPER	B-Language
way	O
!	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Under	O
Sperry	O
Corp	O
,	O
a	O
MAPPER	B-Language
System	O
Controlled	O
eight	O
Factories	O
,	O
proving	O
Major	O
Application	O
Design	O
by	O
USERS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MAPPER	B-Language
system	O
supported	O
over	O
1,300	O
applications	O
,	O
99	O
percent	O
of	O
which	O
were	O
designed	O
by	O
non	O
DP	O
(	O
Data	O
Processing	O
Department	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Average	O
MAPPER	B-Language
system	O
response	O
times	O
for	O
the	O
manual	O
functions	O
and	O
RUN	O
executions	O
was	O
~	O
0.4	O
seconds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Besides	O
the	O
MAPPER	B-Language
service	O
,	O
background	O
batch	O
COBOL	O
applications	O
and	O
transaction	O
processing	O
were	O
also	O
done	O
on	O
the	O
mainframe	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MAPPER	B-Language
Systems	O
were	O
translated	O
in	O
15	O
languages	O
,	O
including	O
Chinese	O
and	O
Japanese	O
(	O
which	O
was	O
expanded	O
to	O
23	O
in	O
total	O
)	O
and	O
installed	O
worldwide	O
in	O
a	O
customer	O
base	O
worth	O
over	O
$3	O
Billion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sperry	O
MAPPER	B-Language
System	O
profits	O
caused	O
the	O
$7	O
Billion	O
Unisys	O
Merger	O
with	O
Burroughs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
forceful	O
takeover	O
has	O
been	O
seen	O
as	O
the	O
downfall	O
of	O
MAPPER	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
And	O
the	O
name	O
was	O
changed	O
to	O
BIS	O
(	O
Business	B-Language
Information	I-Language
Server	I-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
an	O
example	O
,	O
Japan	O
had	O
a	O
boom	O
in	O
all	O
its	O
industry	O
manufacturing	O
because	O
of	O
500	O
Mainframes	O
with	O
MAPPER	B-Language
on	O
it	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
1989	O
survey	O
by	O
Unisys	O
showed	O
that	O
140	O
of	O
224	O
UNIVAC	O
1100	O
customers	O
were	O
using	O
MAPPER	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2006	O
,	O
there	O
were	O
more	O
than	O
600	O
sites	O
using	O
MAPPER	B-Language
for	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interesting	O
to	O
note	O
that	O
MAPPER	B-Language
was	O
essentially	O
the	O
first	O
blockchain	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
LOG	O
Ledger	O
and	O
function	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
record	O
of	O
all	O
transactions	O
;	O
who	O
did	O
what	O
,	O
when	O
and	O
where	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
early	O
description	O
of	O
MAPPER	B-Language
was	O
the	O
paper	O
"	O
MAPPER	B-Language
Was	O
the	O
First	O
User-command	O
Language	O
"	O
presented	O
at	O
the	O
USE	O
technical	O
conference	O
in	O
March	O
1983	O
by	O
Michael	O
Nicoll-Griffith	O
of	O
Canadian	O
Pacific	O
Consulting	O
Services	O
and	O
published	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
USE	O
proceedings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MAPPER	B-Language
use	O
requires	O
that	O
the	O
community	O
have	O
a	O
MAPPER	B-Language
Coordinator	O
,	O
who	O
has	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
privileged	O
tools	O
to	O
monitor	O
and	O
tune	O
the	O
development	O
and	O
control	O
abuses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MAPPER	B-Language
has	O
over	O
150	O
functions	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
manually	O
,	O
nearly	O
each	O
has	O
a	O
corresponding	O
script	O
command	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MAPPER	B-Language
was	O
so	O
easy	O
to	O
learn	O
and	O
use	O
that	O
many	O
users	O
became	O
"	O
RUN	O
"	O
developers	O
who	O
created	O
applications	O
that	O
ran	O
all	O
their	O
data	O
processing	O
requirements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
appears	O
similar	O
to	O
a	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Excel	I-Application
spreadsheet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Reports	O
are	O
organized	O
into	O
"	O
drawers	O
"	O
of	O
identically-structured	O
reports	O
,	O
and	O
groups	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
8	O
drawers	O
form	O
a	O
"	O
cabinet	O
"	O
(	O
4000	O
total	O
per	O
MAPPER	B-Language
system	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
"	O
Core	O
MAPPER	B-Language
"	O
platforms	O
(	O
Windows/Unix/Linux	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
drawer	O
size	O
must	O
be	O
a	O
multiple	O
of	O
2	O
:	O
on	O
the	O
1100/2200	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
an	O
odd	O
number	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
major	O
difference	O
from	O
spreadsheets	O
is	O
that	O
MAPPER	B-Language
reports	O
have	O
no	O
built-in	O
calculation	O
capability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
important	O
difference	O
is	O
that	O
MAPPER	B-Language
data	O
is	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
visible-record	O
data	O
;	O
what	O
you	O
see	O
is	O
literally	O
what	O
you	O
get	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
older	O
versions	O
of	O
MAPPER	B-Language
,	O
security	O
was	O
applied	O
at	O
a	O
cabinet	O
level	O
–	O
with	O
current	O
versions	O
,	O
security	O
has	O
a	O
finer	O
granularity	O
and	O
is	O
applied	O
at	O
drawer	O
level	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
And	O
in	O
this	O
way	O
MAPPER	B-Language
was	O
essentially	O
calling	O
macros	O
;	O
the	O
first	O
of	O
its	O
kind	O
also	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
operation	O
of	O
MAPPER	B-Language
,	O
the	O
data	O
is	O
not	O
obtained	O
by	O
a	O
program	O
that	O
"	O
reads	O
"	O
them	O
,	O
but	O
waits	O
for	O
user	O
action	O
,	O
aside	O
from	O
background	O
jobs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Being	O
written	O
in	O
"	O
re-entrant	B-Operating_System
code	I-Operating_System
"	O
,	O
any	O
command	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
many	O
thousands	O
of	O
different	O
users	O
concurrently	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
of	O
these	O
,	O
mandated	O
by	O
the	O
Santa	O
Fe	O
Railroad	O
,	O
was	O
a	O
repeat	O
command	O
capability	O
,	O
called	O
a	O
"	O
Run	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
similar	O
in	O
concept	O
to	O
an	O
Excel	B-Application
macro	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
the	O
manual	O
SORT	O
and	O
the	O
run-language	O
element	O
@SOR	O
will	O
invoke	O
the	O
same	O
compiled	O
re-entrant	B-Operating_System
code	I-Operating_System
module	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
using	O
network	O
connections	O
,	O
two	O
or	O
more	O
MAPPER	B-Language
systems	O
can	O
process	O
cooperatively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MAPPER	B-Language
handles	O
data	O
or	O
text	O
message	O
traffic	O
between	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	O
data	O
retrieval	O
commands	O
can	O
be	O
issued	O
with	O
full	O
SQL	O
syntax	O
on	O
external	O
databases	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
results	O
used	O
in	O
further	O
MAPPER	B-Language
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MAPPER	B-Language
can	O
run	O
websites	O
with	O
its	O
own	O
.asp	O
front	O
end	O
,	O
has	O
an	O
integrated	O
JavaScript	B-Language
engine	O
,	O
can	O
produce	O
XML	B-Protocol
for	O
B2B	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
able	O
to	O
manipulate	O
SOAP	B-Application
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
's	O
even	O
coverage	O
of	O
"	O
average	O
salaries	O
by	O
job	O
title	O
and	O
skillset	O
"	O
at	O
SimplyHired	O
,	O
BIS/MAPPER	O
use	O
includes	O
end-user-written	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
progenitor	O
of	O
MAPPER	B-Language
,	O
Louis	O
Schlueter	O
,	O
is	O
in	O
his	O
90s	O
and	O
is	O
still	O
actively	O
engaged	O
in	O
revitalizing	O
interest	O
in	O
this	O
remarkable	O
system	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
legacy	O
is	O
carried	O
on	O
with	O
his	O
son	O
Mathew	O
Schlueter	O
who	O
has	O
been	O
programming	O
and	O
promoting	O
MAPPER	B-Language
for	O
over	O
40	O
years	O
,	O
consulting	O
for	O
many	O
big-name	O
companies	O
and	O
organizations	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
Defense	O
Intelligence	O
Agencies	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
using	O
it	O
in	O
all	O
of	O
his	O
own	O
numerous	O
business	O
and	O
humanitarian	O
ventures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
future	O
of	O
MAPPER	B-Language
is	O
still	O
unfolding	O
,	O
as	O
to-date	O
there	O
are	O
at	O
least	O
two	O
planned	O
revisions	O
under	O
development	O
,	O
with	O
major	O
upgrades	O
in	O
the	O
works	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
release	O
that	O
runs	O
on	O
Android	O
mobile	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
