<s>
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
is	O
a	O
discontinued	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
program	I-Application
from	O
Lotus	O
Software	O
(	O
later	O
part	O
of	O
IBM	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
killer	O
application	O
of	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
,	O
was	O
hugely	O
popular	O
in	O
the	O
1980s	O
,	O
and	O
significantly	O
contributed	O
to	O
the	O
success	O
of	O
IBM	O
PC-compatibles	O
in	O
the	O
business	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
,	O
VisiCalc	B-Application
,	O
had	O
helped	O
launch	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
as	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
personal	O
computers	O
in	O
business	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
IBM	O
's	O
entry	O
into	O
the	O
market	O
,	O
VisiCalc	B-Application
was	O
slow	O
to	O
respond	O
,	O
and	O
when	O
they	O
did	O
,	O
they	O
launched	O
what	O
was	O
essentially	O
a	O
straight	O
port	O
of	O
their	O
existing	O
system	O
despite	O
the	O
greatly	O
expanded	O
hardware	O
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lotus	O
's	O
solution	O
was	O
marketed	O
as	O
a	O
three-in-one	O
integrated	O
solution	O
:	O
it	O
handled	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
calculations	O
,	O
database	O
functionality	O
,	O
and	O
graphical	O
charts	O
,	O
hence	O
the	O
name	O
"	O
1-2-3	O
"	O
,	O
though	O
how	O
much	O
database	O
capability	O
the	O
product	O
actually	O
had	O
was	O
debatable	O
,	O
given	O
the	O
sparse	O
memory	O
left	O
over	O
after	O
launching	O
1-2-3	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
quickly	O
overtook	O
VisiCalc	B-Application
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
Multiplan	B-Device
and	O
SuperCalc	B-Application
,	O
the	O
two	O
VisiCalc	B-Application
competitors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
was	O
the	O
state-of-the-art	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
and	O
the	O
standard	O
throughout	O
the	O
1980s	O
and	O
into	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
,	O
part	O
of	O
an	O
unofficial	O
set	O
of	O
three	O
stand-alone	O
office	O
automation	O
products	O
that	O
included	O
dBase	B-Application
and	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
,	O
to	O
build	O
a	O
complete	O
business	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lotus	O
Software	O
had	O
their	O
own	O
word	B-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
named	O
Lotus	B-Application
Manuscript	I-Application
,	O
which	O
was	O
to	O
some	O
extent	O
acclaimed	O
in	O
academia	O
,	O
but	O
did	O
not	O
catch	O
the	O
interest	O
of	O
the	O
business	O
,	O
nor	O
the	O
consumer	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
acceptance	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
3.0	I-Application
in	O
1990	O
,	O
the	O
market	O
for	O
desktop	O
software	O
grew	O
even	O
more	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
None	O
of	O
the	O
major	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
developers	O
had	O
seriously	O
considered	O
the	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
GUI	B-Application
)	O
to	O
supplement	O
their	O
DOS	B-Device
offerings	O
,	O
and	O
so	O
they	O
responded	O
slowly	O
to	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
own	O
GUI-based	O
products	O
Excel	B-Application
and	O
Word	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
VisiCalc	B-Application
was	O
launched	O
in	O
1979	O
on	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
and	O
immediately	O
became	O
a	O
best-seller	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compared	O
to	O
earlier	O
programs	O
,	O
VisiCalc	B-Application
allowed	O
one	O
to	O
easily	O
construct	O
free-form	O
calculation	O
systems	O
for	O
practically	O
any	O
purpose	O
,	O
the	O
limitations	O
being	O
primarily	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
memory	O
and	O
speed	O
of	O
the	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
application	O
was	O
so	O
compelling	O
that	O
there	O
were	O
numerous	O
stories	O
of	O
people	O
buying	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
machines	O
to	O
run	O
the	O
program	O
(	O
see	O
article	O
Killer	O
application	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VisiCalc	B-Application
's	O
runaway	O
success	O
on	O
the	O
Apple	O
led	O
to	O
direct	O
bug	B-General_Concept
compatible	I-General_Concept
ports	O
to	O
other	O
platforms	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
Atari	B-Device
8-bit	I-Device
family	I-Device
,	O
Commodore	B-Device
PET	I-Device
and	O
many	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
included	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
when	O
it	O
launched	O
in	O
1981	O
,	O
where	O
it	O
quickly	O
became	O
another	O
best-seller	O
,	O
with	O
an	O
estimated	O
300,000	O
sales	O
in	O
the	O
first	O
six	O
months	O
on	O
the	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
were	O
well-known	O
problems	O
with	O
VisiCalc	B-Application
,	O
and	O
several	O
competitors	O
appeared	O
to	O
address	O
some	O
of	O
these	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
early	O
example	O
was	O
1980	O
's	O
SuperCalc	B-Application
,	O
which	O
solved	O
the	O
problem	O
of	O
circular	O
references	O
,	O
while	O
a	O
slightly	O
later	O
example	O
was	O
Microsoft	B-Device
Multiplan	I-Device
from	O
1981	O
,	O
which	O
offered	O
larger	O
sheets	O
and	O
other	O
improvements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
spite	O
of	O
these	O
,	O
and	O
others	O
,	O
VisiCalc	B-Application
continued	O
to	O
outsell	O
them	O
all	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Lotus	O
Development	O
Corporation	O
was	O
founded	O
by	O
Mitchell	O
Kapor	O
,	O
a	O
friend	O
of	O
the	O
developers	O
of	O
VisiCalc	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
1-2-3	O
was	O
originally	O
written	O
by	O
Jonathan	O
Sachs	O
,	O
who	O
had	O
written	O
two	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
programs	I-Application
previously	O
while	O
working	O
at	O
Concentric	O
Data	O
Systems	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
To	O
aid	O
its	O
growth	O
both	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
and	O
possibly	O
elsewhere	O
,	O
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
became	O
the	O
very	O
first	O
computer	O
software	O
to	O
use	O
television	O
consumer	O
advertising	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
was	O
released	O
on	O
26	O
January	O
1983	O
,	O
and	O
immediately	O
overtook	O
Visicalc	B-Application
in	O
sales	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
Microsoft	B-Device
Multiplan	I-Device
,	O
it	O
stayed	O
very	O
close	O
to	O
the	O
model	O
of	O
VisiCalc	B-Application
,	O
including	O
the	O
"	O
A1	O
"	O
letter	O
and	O
number	O
cell	O
notation	O
,	O
and	O
slash-menu	O
structure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
cleanly	O
programmed	O
,	O
relatively	O
bug-free	O
,	O
gained	O
speed	O
from	O
being	O
written	O
completely	O
in	O
x86	B-Language
assembly	I-Language
language	I-Language
(	O
this	O
remained	O
the	O
case	O
for	O
all	O
DOS	B-Device
versions	O
until	O
3.0	O
,	O
when	O
Lotus	O
switched	O
to	O
C	B-Language
)	O
and	O
wrote	O
directly	O
to	O
video	O
memory	O
rather	O
than	O
use	O
the	O
slow	O
DOS	B-Device
and/or	O
BIOS	O
text	O
output	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
this	O
early	O
stage	O
,	O
the	O
only	O
video	O
boards	O
available	O
for	O
the	O
PC	O
were	O
IBM	O
's	O
Color/Graphics	B-Device
Adapter	I-Device
and	O
Monochrome	B-Device
Display	I-Device
and	I-Device
Printer	I-Device
Adapter	I-Device
,	O
the	O
latter	O
not	O
supporting	O
any	O
graphics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
because	O
the	O
two	O
video	O
boards	O
used	O
different	O
RAM	O
and	O
port	O
addresses	O
,	O
both	O
could	O
be	O
installed	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
machine	O
and	O
so	O
Lotus	O
took	O
advantage	O
of	O
this	O
by	O
supporting	O
a	O
"	O
split	O
"	O
screen	O
mode	O
whereby	O
the	O
user	O
could	O
display	O
the	O
worksheet	O
portion	O
of	O
1-2-3	O
on	O
the	O
sharper	O
monochrome	O
video	O
and	O
the	O
graphics	O
on	O
the	O
CGA	B-Device
display	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
initial	O
release	O
of	O
1-2-3	O
supported	O
only	O
three	O
video	O
setups	O
:	O
CGA	B-Device
,	O
MDA	B-Device
(	O
in	O
which	O
case	O
the	O
graph	O
maker	O
was	O
not	O
available	O
)	O
or	O
dual-monitor	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
a	O
few	O
months	O
later	O
support	O
was	O
added	O
for	O
Hercules	O
Computer	O
Technology	O
's	O
Hercules	B-Device
Graphics	I-Device
Adapter	I-Device
which	O
was	O
a	O
clone	O
of	O
the	O
MDA	B-Device
that	O
allowed	O
bitmap	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ability	O
to	O
have	O
high-resolution	O
text	O
and	O
graphics	O
capabilities	O
(	O
at	O
the	O
expense	O
of	O
color	O
)	O
proved	O
extremely	O
popular	O
and	O
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
is	O
credited	O
with	O
popularizing	O
the	O
Hercules	B-Device
graphics	I-Device
card	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Subsequent	O
releases	O
of	O
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
supported	O
more	O
video	O
standards	O
as	O
time	O
went	O
on	O
,	O
including	O
EGA	O
,	O
AT&	O
T/Olivetti	O
,	O
and	O
VGA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Significantly	O
,	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
PCjr/Tandy	O
modes	O
was	O
never	O
added	O
and	O
users	O
of	O
those	O
machines	O
were	O
limited	O
to	O
CGA	B-Device
graphics	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
reliance	O
on	O
the	O
specific	O
hardware	O
of	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
led	O
to	O
1-2-3	O
being	O
utilized	O
as	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
two	O
stress	O
test	O
applications	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
Microsoft	B-Operating_System
Flight	I-Operating_System
Simulator	I-Operating_System
,	O
for	O
true	O
100%	O
compatibility	O
when	O
PC	O
clones	O
appeared	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1-2-3	O
required	O
two	O
disk	O
drives	O
and	O
at	O
least	O
192K	O
of	O
memory	O
,	O
which	O
made	O
it	O
incompatible	O
with	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PCjr	I-Device
;	O
Lotus	O
produced	O
a	O
version	O
for	O
the	O
PCjr	B-Device
that	O
was	O
on	O
two	O
cartridges	O
but	O
otherwise	O
identical	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
early	O
1984	O
the	O
software	O
was	O
a	O
killer	O
app	O
for	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
and	O
compatibles	O
,	O
while	O
hurting	O
sales	O
of	O
computers	O
that	O
could	O
not	O
run	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Let	O
's	O
not	O
say	O
'	O
PC	O
compatible	O
,	O
'	O
or	O
even	O
'	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
compatible.	O
'	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
software	O
company	O
promised	O
that	O
its	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
had	O
"	O
the	O
power	O
of	O
1-2-3	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
spreadsheets	B-Application
use	O
large	O
amounts	O
of	O
memory	O
,	O
1‐2‐3	O
helped	O
popularize	O
greater	O
RAM	O
capacities	O
in	O
PCs	O
,	O
and	O
especially	O
the	O
advent	O
of	O
expanded	B-Device
memory	I-Device
,	O
which	O
allowed	O
greater	O
than	O
640k	O
to	O
be	O
accessed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
inspired	O
imitators	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
of	O
which	O
was	O
Mosaic	O
Software	O
's	O
"	O
The	O
Twin	O
"	O
,	O
written	O
in	O
the	O
fall	O
of	O
1985	O
largely	O
in	O
the	O
C	B-Language
language	I-Language
,	O
followed	O
by	O
VP-Planner	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
backed	O
by	O
Adam	O
Osborne	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
success	O
of	O
lawsuits	O
which	O
claimed	O
that	O
the	O
very	O
"	O
look	B-Application
and	I-Application
feel	I-Application
"	O
of	O
a	O
program	O
were	O
covered	O
,	O
Lotus	O
sought	O
to	O
ban	O
any	O
program	O
which	O
had	O
a	O
compatible	O
command	O
and	O
menu	O
structure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
when	O
it	O
sued	O
Borland	O
over	O
its	O
Quattro	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
spreadsheet	B-Application
in	O
Lotus	O
v	O
.	O
Borland	O
,	O
a	O
6-year	O
battle	O
that	O
ended	O
at	O
the	O
Supreme	O
Court	O
in	O
1996	O
,	O
the	O
final	O
ruling	O
appeared	O
to	O
support	O
narrowing	O
the	O
applicability	O
of	O
copyright	O
law	O
to	O
software	O
;	O
this	O
is	O
because	O
the	O
lower	O
court	O
's	O
decision	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
not	O
a	O
copyright	O
violation	O
to	O
merely	O
have	O
a	O
compatible	O
command	O
menu	O
or	O
language	O
was	O
upheld	O
,	O
but	O
only	O
via	O
stalemate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
1-2-3	O
menu	O
structure	O
(	O
example	O
,	O
slash	O
File	O
Erase	O
)	O
was	O
itself	O
an	O
advanced	O
version	O
of	O
single	O
letter	O
menus	O
introduced	O
in	O
VisiCalc	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
's	O
early	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
Multiplan	B-Device
eventually	O
gave	O
way	O
to	O
Excel	B-Application
,	O
which	O
debuted	O
on	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
in	O
1985	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
arrived	O
on	O
PCs	O
with	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
2.x	O
in	O
1987	O
,	O
but	O
as	O
Windows	B-Application
was	O
not	O
yet	O
popular	O
,	O
it	O
posed	O
no	O
serious	O
threat	O
to	O
Lotus	O
's	O
stranglehold	O
on	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
sales	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
3	O
of	O
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
,	O
fully	O
converted	O
from	O
its	O
original	O
macro	O
assembler	B-Language
to	O
the	O
more	O
portable	O
C	B-Language
language	I-Language
,	O
was	O
delayed	O
by	O
more	O
than	O
a	O
year	O
as	O
the	O
totally	O
new	O
1-2-3	O
had	O
to	O
be	O
made	O
portable	O
across	O
platforms	O
and	O
fully	O
compatible	O
with	O
existing	O
macro	O
sets	O
and	O
file	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
inability	O
to	O
fit	O
the	O
larger	O
code	O
size	O
of	O
compiled	O
C	B-Language
into	O
lower-powered	O
machines	O
forced	O
the	O
company	O
to	O
split	O
its	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
offerings	O
,	O
with	O
1-2-3	O
release	O
3	O
only	O
for	O
higher-end	O
machines	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
new	O
version	O
2.2	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
2.01	O
assembler	B-Language
code	I-Language
base	O
,	O
available	O
for	O
PCs	O
without	O
extended	B-Device
memory	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
,	O
Windows	B-Application
grew	O
in	O
popularity	O
,	O
and	O
along	O
with	O
it	O
,	O
Excel	B-Application
,	O
which	O
gradually	O
displaced	O
Lotus	O
from	O
its	O
leading	O
position	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
planned	O
total	O
revamp	O
of	O
1-2-3	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
fell	O
apart	O
,	O
and	O
all	O
that	O
the	O
company	O
could	O
manage	O
,	O
was	O
a	O
Windows	B-Application
adaptation	O
of	O
their	O
existing	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
with	O
no	O
changes	O
except	O
using	O
a	O
graphical	B-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
'	O
s	O
intended	O
successor	O
,	O
Lotus	B-Application
Symphony	I-Application
,	O
was	O
Lotus	O
's	O
entry	O
into	O
the	O
anticipated	O
"	O
integrated	B-Application
software	I-Application
"	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
intended	O
to	O
expand	O
the	O
rudimentary	O
all-in-one	O
1-2-3	O
into	O
a	O
fully-fledged	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
,	O
graph	O
,	O
database	O
and	O
word	B-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
for	O
DOS	B-Device
,	O
but	O
none	O
of	O
the	O
integrated	O
packages	O
ever	O
really	O
succeeded	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
migrated	O
to	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
platform	O
,	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
Lotus	B-Operating_System
SmartSuite	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
's	O
continued	O
development	O
and	O
marketing	O
of	O
Lotus	B-Operating_System
SmartSuite	I-Operating_System
and	O
OS/2	B-Application
during	O
the	O
1990s	O
placed	O
it	O
in	O
direct	O
competition	O
with	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Office	I-Application
and	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
,	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
"	O
punished	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
Company	O
with	O
higher	O
prices	O
,	O
a	O
late	O
license	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
95	I-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
withholding	O
of	O
technical	O
and	O
marketing	O
support.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
did	O
not	O
grant	O
IBM	O
the	O
OEM	O
rights	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
95	I-Application
until	O
15	O
minutes	O
prior	O
to	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
95	I-Application
on	O
24	O
August	O
1995	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
this	O
uncertainty	O
,	O
IBM	O
machines	O
were	O
sold	O
without	O
Windows	B-Application
95	I-Application
,	O
while	O
Compaq	O
,	O
HP	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
companies	O
sold	O
machines	O
with	O
Windows	B-Application
95	I-Application
from	O
day	O
one	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
11	O
June	O
2013	O
,	O
IBM	O
announced	O
it	O
would	O
withdraw	O
the	O
Lotus	O
brand	O
:	O
IBM	O
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
Millennium	O
Edition	O
V9.x	O
,	O
IBM	B-Operating_System
Lotus	I-Operating_System
SmartSuite	I-Operating_System
9.x	O
V9.8.0	O
,	O
and	O
Organizer	O
V6.1.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
name	O
"	O
1-2-3	O
"	O
stemmed	O
from	O
the	O
product	O
's	O
integration	O
of	O
three	O
main	O
capabilities	O
:	O
along	O
with	O
its	O
core	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
functionality	O
,	O
1-2-3	O
also	O
offered	O
integral	O
charting/graphing	O
and	O
rudimentary	O
database	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Justifying	O
text	O
in	O
a	O
range	O
into	O
paragraphs	O
allowed	O
it	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
primitive	O
word	B-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
also	O
user-friendly	O
,	O
introducing	O
an	O
early	O
instance	O
of	O
context-sensitive	B-Protocol
help	I-Protocol
accessed	O
by	O
the	O
F1	O
key	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Macros	O
in	O
version	O
one	O
and	O
add-ins	O
(	O
introduced	O
in	O
version	O
2.0	O
)	O
contributed	O
much	O
to	O
1-2-3	O
'	O
s	O
popularity	O
,	O
allowing	O
dozens	O
of	O
outside	O
vendors	O
to	O
sell	O
macro	O
packages	O
and	O
add-ins	O
ranging	O
from	O
dedicated	O
financial	O
worksheets	O
like	O
F9	B-Application
to	O
full-fledged	O
word	B-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
single-tasking	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
,	O
1-2-3	O
was	O
sometimes	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
complete	O
office	O
suite	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
major	O
graphics	O
standards	O
were	O
supported	O
;	O
initially	O
CGA	B-Device
and	O
Hercules	O
,	O
and	O
later	O
EGA	O
,	O
AT&T	O
,	O
and	O
VGA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
versions	O
supported	O
multiple	O
worksheets	O
and	O
were	O
written	O
in	O
C	B-Language
.	O
The	O
charting/graphing	O
routines	O
were	O
written	O
in	O
Forth	B-Application
by	O
Jeremy	O
Sagan	O
(	O
son	O
of	O
Carl	O
Sagan	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
printing	O
routines	O
by	O
Paul	O
Funk	O
(	O
founder	O
of	O
Funk	O
Software	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
editions	O
of	O
1-2-3	O
for	O
DOS	B-Device
were	O
primarily	O
written	O
in	O
x86	B-Language
assembly	I-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Release	O
1	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
release	O
for	O
DOS-based	O
PCs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Release	O
1A	O
in	O
April	O
1983	O
Officially	O
supported	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
,	O
unofficially	O
supported	O
the	O
IBM	O
extended	O
character	O
set	O
(	O
but	O
not	O
LICS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Release	O
2	O
brought	O
add-in	O
support	O
,	O
better	O
memory	O
management	O
and	O
expanded	B-Device
memory	I-Device
support	O
,	O
supported	O
x87	B-Application
math	I-Application
coprocessors	I-Application
,	O
and	O
introduced	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
Lotus	O
International	O
Character	O
Set	O
(	O
LICS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Japanese	O
version	O
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
Release	O
2J	O
for	O
NEC	B-Operating_System
PC-98	I-Operating_System
computers	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
1986-09-05	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Japanese	O
version	O
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
Release	O
2.1J	O
for	O
NEC	B-Operating_System
PC-98	I-Operating_System
computers	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
October	O
1987	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
version	O
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
Release	O
2.1J	O
+	O
followed	O
in	O
February	O
1989	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Japanese	O
version	O
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
Release	O
2.2J	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
February	O
1990	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Release	O
2.3	O
brought	O
WYSIWYG	B-Application
editing	O
to	O
the	O
2.x	O
line	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Japanese	O
version	O
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
Release	O
2.3J	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
September	O
1991	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Release	O
2.4	O
added	O
icons	O
and	O
additional	O
tools	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
the	O
last	O
release	O
supporting	O
2D	O
(	O
only	O
)	O
spreadsheets	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Japanese	O
version	O
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
Release	O
2.4J	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
September	O
1993	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
1995	O
,	O
Lotus	O
released	O
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
Release	O
2.5J	O
for	O
DOS	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
editions	O
of	O
1-2-3	O
for	O
DOS	B-Device
were	O
primarily	O
written	O
in	O
C	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Release	O
3	O
introduced	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
3D	O
spreadsheets	B-Application
,	O
utilized	O
extended	B-Device
memory	I-Device
,	O
supported	O
having	O
multiple	O
files	O
open	O
simultaneously	O
,	O
and	O
required	O
an	O
80286-based	O
PC	O
or	O
higher	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
introduced	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
Lotus	B-Operating_System
Multi-Byte	I-Operating_System
Character	I-Operating_System
Set	I-Operating_System
(	O
LMBCS	B-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Releases	O
3.1	O
and	O
3.1	O
+	O
added	O
WYSIWYG	B-Application
capabilities	O
,	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
swap	O
to	O
disk	O
allowing	O
for	O
larger	O
files	O
(	O
up	O
to	O
64	O
MB	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
could	O
be	O
run	O
as	O
a	O
DOS	B-Device
program	O
under	O
Windows	B-Application
3.0	I-Application
and	O
OS/2	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Release	O
4	O
was	O
the	O
last	O
release	O
for	O
DOS	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
an	O
upgrade	O
to	O
Release	O
3.4	O
than	O
in	O
line	O
with	O
Release	O
3	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
,	O
it	O
contains	O
an	O
improved	O
interface	O
and	O
new	O
features	O
,	O
including	O
Version	O
Manager	O
,	O
a	O
spell	O
checker	O
,	O
context-sensitive	B-Protocol
help	I-Protocol
,	O
and	O
cell	O
comments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS/2	B-Application
text	O
mode	O
application	O
introduced	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
Lotus	B-Operating_System
Multi-Byte	I-Operating_System
Character	I-Operating_System
Set	I-Operating_System
(	O
LMBCS	B-Operating_System
)	O
together	O
with	O
the	O
Release	O
3.0	O
for	O
DOS	B-Device
in	O
summer	O
1989	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lotus	O
1-2-3/W	O
Release	O
1	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
release	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
,	O
requiring	O
Windows	B-Application
3.0	I-Application
or	O
higher	O
,	O
was	O
16-bit	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
functionally	O
equivalent	O
to	O
Release	O
3.x	O
for	O
DOS	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Japanese	O
version	O
Lotus	O
1-2-3/Windows	O
R1.0J	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
1991-11-15	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
version	O
Lotus	O
1-2-3/Windows	O
R1.1J	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
1992-6-2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Release	O
4	O
was	O
an	O
extensive	O
improvement	O
that	O
added	O
groupware	B-Application
capabilities	O
,	O
improved	O
integration	O
with	O
Lotus	B-Operating_System
Notes	I-Operating_System
,	O
advanced	O
graphics	O
,	O
context-sensitive	O
menus	O
and	O
icons	O
,	O
and	O
in-cell	O
editing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Japanese	O
Lotus	O
1-2-3/Windows	O
Release	O
4J	O
was	O
released	O
1993-07-16	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Release	O
5	O
added	O
additional	O
groupware	B-Application
capabilities	O
,	O
chart	O
maps	O
,	O
and	O
improved	O
database	O
access	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
the	O
last	O
16-bit	O
version	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
3.1x	I-Application
,	O
and	O
was	O
available	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
SmartSuite	B-Operating_System
3.1	O
,	O
4	O
,	O
and	O
4.5	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Japanese	O
version	O
Lotus	O
1-2-3/Windows	O
Release	O
5J	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
1994-09-22	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
97	O
Edition	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
32-bit	O
version	O
,	O
requiring	O
Windows	B-Application
95	I-Application
or	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
4.0	I-Device
,	O
and	O
had	O
a	O
changed	O
interface	O
and	O
support	O
for	O
LotusScript	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Japanese-language	O
version	O
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
97J	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
1997-04-11	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Japanese-language	O
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
98J	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
1998-06-05	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
2000J	O
on	O
1999-07-02	O
,	O
and	O
by	O
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
2001J	O
on	O
2001-07-27	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Millennium	O
Edition	O
(	O
version	O
9.8	O
)	O
contained	O
new	O
functions	O
,	O
improved	O
Y2K	O
support	O
,	O
Internet	O
support	O
,	O
and	O
better	O
Excel	B-Application
compatibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DeskMate	B-Device
Introduced	O
in	O
1989	O
,	O
"	O
Lotus	O
Spreadsheet	B-Application
for	O
DeskMate	B-Device
"	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
not	O
officially	O
called	O
"	O
1-2-3	O
"	O
,	O
supported	O
1-2-3	O
version	O
2.x	O
files	O
,	O
and	O
used	O
windows	B-Application
,	O
on-screen	O
symbols	O
,	O
pull-down	O
menus	O
,	O
dialog	O
boxes	O
and	O
other	O
graphical	B-Application
tools	I-Application
,	O
similar	O
to	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
it	O
did	O
not	O
support	O
add-ins	O
,	O
macros	O
,	O
or	O
expanded	B-Device
memory	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unix	B-Application
A	O
single	O
version	O
for	O
Unix	B-Application
System	O
V/386	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
1990	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
certified	O
for	O
SCO	B-Application
Xenix	I-Application
2.3	O
and	O
SCO	B-Operating_System
Unix	I-Operating_System
3.2.0	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
expected	O
to	O
work	O
on	O
T	O
's	O
plain	O
System	B-Operating_System
V	I-Operating_System
and	O
on	O
ISC	O
's	O
386/ix	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linux	B-Application
In	O
2022	O
,	O
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
was	O
to	O
Linux	B-Application
by	O
Tavis	O
Ormandy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Release	O
1.1	O
supported	O
both	O
SunView	B-Library
and	O
the	O
OpenWindows	O
/	O
OPEN	B-Operating_System
LOOK	I-Operating_System
windowing	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Release	O
1.2	O
supported	O
"	O
Classic	O
"	O
in	O
xterm	O
,	O
"	O
Classic	O
"	O
in	O
X	O
Window	O
,	O
OPEN	B-Operating_System
LOOK	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
OSF/Motif	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenVMS	B-Operating_System
A	O
character	O
cell	O
terminal	O
version	O
of	O
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
was	O
available	O
on	O
OpenVMS	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
HP	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
palmtop	O
PCs	O
A	O
joint	O
collaboration	O
between	O
Hewlett-Packard	O
and	O
Lotus	O
,	O
the	O
HP	B-Device
95LX	I-Device
,	O
HP	B-Device
100LX	I-Device
,	O
HP	B-Device
200LX	I-Device
and	O
HP	B-Device
OmniGo	I-Device
700LX	I-Device
(	O
1991	O
–	O
1994	O
)	O
had	O
ports	O
of	O
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
R2.2	O
and	O
R2.4	O
embedded	O
in	O
ROM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	B-Device
Macintosh	I-Device
Lotus	O
's	O
first	O
truly	O
WYSIWYG	B-Application
spreadsheet	B-Application
,	O
taking	O
full	O
advantage	O
of	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
,	O
had	O
two	O
releases	O
:	O
Release	O
1.0	O
debuted	O
in	O
1991	O
and	O
Release	O
1.1	O
was	O
introduced	O
the	O
following	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
for	O
Macintosh	B-Device
1.0	O
received	O
a	O
4	O
mice	O
rating	O
(	O
out	O
of	O
5	O
)	O
in	O
the	O
March	O
1992	O
issue	O
of	O
MacUser	O
,	O
praising	O
it	O
for	O
being	O
the	O
first	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
on	O
Macintosh	B-Device
to	O
include	O
in-cell	O
editing	O
instead	O
of	O
using	O
the	O
formula	O
bar	O
found	O
in	O
competing	O
products	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
other	O
interface	O
refinements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
user	O
interface	O
provided	O
Macintosh	B-Device
users	O
the	O
advanced	O
charting	O
capabilities	O
of	O
the	O
PC	O
version	O
with	O
a	O
Macintosh	B-Device
user	O
interface	O
,	O
while	O
also	O
offering	O
a	O
"	O
classic	O
"	O
keyboard	O
driven	O
user	O
interface	O
familiar	O
to	O
the	O
users	O
of	O
the	O
DOS	B-Device
version	O
,	O
giving	O
it	O
a	O
mice	O
rating	O
(	O
out	O
of	O
5	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1987	O
,	O
Lotus	O
announced	O
a	O
mainframe	O
version	O
of	O
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
,	O
Lotus	O
1-2-3/M	O
;	O
1-2-3/M	O
was	O
designed	O
for	O
use	O
with	O
IBM	B-Operating_System
3270	I-Operating_System
terminals	O
and	O
ran	O
under	O
both	O
VM/CMS	B-Application
and	O
MVS	B-Application
operating	I-Application
systems	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
file	O
formats	O
use	O
various	O
filename	O
extensions	O
including	O
123	O
,	O
wks	O
,	O
wk1	O
,	O
wk2	O
,	O
wk3	O
,	O
wk4	O
,	O
some	O
of	O
these	O
may	O
open	O
in	O
the	O
desktop	O
applications	O
of	O
Collabora	B-General_Concept
Online	I-General_Concept
,	O
LibreOffice	B-Application
and	O
Apache	B-Application
OpenOffice	I-Application
,	O
these	O
can	O
then	O
be	O
saved	O
into	O
the	O
OpenDocument	B-Application
format	I-Application
or	O
other	O
file	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
previewing	O
1-2-3	O
on	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
in	O
1982	O
,	O
BYTE	B-Application
called	O
it	O
"	O
modestly	O
revolutionary	O
"	O
for	O
elegantly	O
combining	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
,	O
database	O
,	O
and	O
graphing	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PC	O
Magazine	O
in	O
1983	O
called	O
1-2-3	O
"	O
a	O
powerful	O
and	O
impressive	O
program	O
...	O
as	O
a	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
,	O
it	O
's	O
excellent	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
attributed	O
its	O
very	O
fast	O
performance	O
to	O
being	O
written	O
in	O
assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
assumes	O
that	O
1900	O
is	O
a	O
leap	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
bug	O
persists	O
today	O
as	O
its	O
competitor	O
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Excel	I-Application
,	O
still	O
incorporates	O
the	O
bug	O
to	O
ensure	O
compatibility	O
with	O
legacy	O
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
spreadsheets	B-Application
.	O
</s>
