<s>
Loops	O
can	O
be	O
created	O
using	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
music	O
technologies	O
including	O
turntables	O
,	O
digital	O
samplers	O
,	O
looper	B-Application
pedals	I-Application
,	O
synthesizers	O
,	O
sequencers	O
,	O
drum	O
machines	O
,	O
tape	O
machines	O
,	O
and	O
delay	O
units	O
,	O
and	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
programmed	O
using	O
computer	B-Application
music	I-Application
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Royalty-free	O
loops	O
can	O
be	O
purchased	O
and	O
downloaded	O
for	O
music	O
creation	O
from	O
companies	O
like	O
The	O
Loop	O
Loft	O
,	O
Native	O
Instruments	O
,	O
Splice	B-Operating_System
and	O
Output	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Loops	O
are	O
supplied	O
in	O
either	O
MIDI	O
or	O
Audio	O
file	O
formats	O
such	O
as	O
WAV	O
,	O
REX2	O
,	O
AIFF	O
and	O
MP3	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
A	O
drum	B-Application
loop	I-Application
is	O
technically	O
a	O
short	O
recording	O
of	O
multiple	O
drum	O
materials	O
which	O
has	O
been	O
edited	O
to	O
loop	O
seamlessly	O
(	O
to	O
loop	O
smoothly	O
and	O
continuously	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
drum	B-Application
loop	I-Application
repeats	O
until	O
an	O
exact	O
duration	O
is	O
satisfied	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
to	O
break	O
a	O
single	O
loop	O
to	O
another	O
,	O
you	O
might	O
want	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
drum	O
fill	O
which	O
could	O
also	O
be	O
a	O
seamless	O
loop.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
dub	O
producer	O
,	O
Sylvan	O
Morris	O
,	O
developed	O
a	O
slapback	O
echo	B-Protocol
effect	O
by	O
using	O
both	O
mechanical	O
and	O
handmade	O
tape	O
loops	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
commercial	O
drum	B-Application
loop	I-Application
was	O
created	O
for	O
the	O
Song	O
“	O
Stayin’	O
Alive	O
”	O
for	O
the	O
movie	O
Saturday	O
Night	O
Fever	O
by	O
Albhy	O
Galuten	O
and	O
Karl	O
Richardson	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
Jeff	O
Porcaro	O
of	O
the	O
band	O
TOTO	O
came	O
to	O
work	O
with	O
Galuten	O
and	O
Gibb	O
on	O
a	O
Bee	O
Gees	O
record	O
,	O
he	O
was	O
shown	O
the	O
technique	O
of	O
creating	O
drum	B-Application
loops	I-Application
with	O
analog	O
tape	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Porcaro	O
subsequently	O
went	O
back	O
to	O
California	O
where	O
he	O
used	O
the	O
method	O
he	O
had	O
learned	O
to	O
create	O
the	O
drum	B-Application
loop	I-Application
that	O
was	O
used	O
by	O
Toto	O
as	O
the	O
foundation	O
of	O
the	O
song	O
Africa	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Their	O
approach	O
to	O
sampling	O
was	O
a	O
precursor	O
to	O
the	O
contemporary	O
approach	O
of	O
constructing	O
music	O
by	O
cutting	O
fragments	O
of	O
sounds	O
and	O
looping	B-Application
them	O
using	O
computer	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
album	O
was	O
produced	O
using	O
Toshiba-EMI	O
'	O
s	O
LMD-649	O
digital	O
PCM	B-Algorithm
sampler	O
,	O
which	O
engineer	O
Kenji	O
Murata	O
custom-built	O
for	O
YMO	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
loop	O
can	O
be	O
created	O
by	O
a	O
looper	B-Application
pedal	I-Application
,	O
a	O
device	O
that	O
records	O
the	O
signal	O
from	O
a	O
guitar	O
or	O
other	O
audio	O
source	O
and	O
then	O
plays	O
the	O
recorded	O
passage	O
over	O
and	O
over	O
again	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
,	O
dedicated	O
digital	O
devices	O
were	O
invented	O
specifically	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
live	B-Application
looping	I-Application
,	O
i.e.	O
</s>
