<s>
Loongson	B-Language
(	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
a	O
family	O
of	O
general-purpose	O
,	O
MIPS	O
architecture-compatible	O
microprocessors	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
the	O
Chinese	O
fabless	B-Algorithm
company	O
(	O
Loongson	B-Language
Technology	I-Language
)	O
that	O
develops	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Godson	O
processors	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
MIPS	B-Device
architecture	I-Device
,	O
were	O
initially	O
developed	O
at	O
the	O
Institute	O
of	O
Computing	O
Technology	O
(	O
ICT	O
)	O
,	O
Chinese	O
Academy	O
of	O
Sciences	O
(	O
CAS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
Loongson	B-Language
chip	O
was	O
started	O
in	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
the	O
company	O
was	O
commercialised	O
as	O
a	O
separate	O
entity	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
April	O
2010	O
Loongson	B-Language
Technology	I-Language
Corporation	O
Limited	O
was	O
formally	O
established	O
and	O
settled	O
in	O
Zhongguancun	O
,	O
Beijing	O
,	O
China	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
Loongson	B-Language
is	O
a	O
fabless	B-Algorithm
designer	O
,	O
STMicroelectronics	O
fabricates	O
and	O
markets	O
the	O
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
South	O
China	O
Morning	O
Post	O
reported	O
that	O
since	O
2020	O
,	O
Loongson	B-Language
has	O
partnered	O
with	O
UnionTech	O
and	O
Sunway	B-Device
to	O
develop	O
and	O
promote	O
the	O
Debian	O
Linux-based	O
Deepin	B-Application
operating	O
system	O
to	O
reduce	O
Chinese	O
computers	O
dependency	O
on	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2021	O
,	O
Loongson	B-Language
filed	O
for	O
an	O
initial	O
public	O
offering	O
on	O
the	O
Shanghai	O
Stock	O
Exchange	O
STAR	O
Market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Details	O
from	O
this	O
time	O
suggested	O
Loongson	B-Language
needing	O
annual	O
funding	O
,	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
10	O
years	O
of	O
its	O
existence	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
company	O
only	O
broke	O
even	O
in	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2023	O
,	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Department	O
of	O
Commerce	O
added	O
Loongson	B-Language
to	O
the	O
Bureau	O
of	O
Industry	O
and	O
Security	O
's	O
Entity	O
List	O
for	O
acquisition	O
of	O
American	O
technology	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
People	O
's	O
Liberation	O
Army	O
(	O
PLA	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Loongson	B-Language
began	O
by	O
using	O
the	O
MIPS64	B-Device
instruction	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
(	O
ISA	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
internal	O
microarchitecture	B-General_Concept
was	O
independently	O
developed	O
by	O
ICT	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
STMicroelectronics	O
bought	O
a	O
MIPS	O
license	O
for	O
Loongson	B-Language
,	O
and	O
thus	O
the	O
processor	O
can	O
be	O
promoted	O
as	O
MIPS-based	O
or	O
MIPS-compatible	O
instead	O
of	O
MIPS-like	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2009	O
,	O
ICT	O
licensed	O
the	O
MIPS32	O
and	O
MIPS64	B-Device
architectures	O
directly	O
from	O
MIPS	O
Technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2011	O
,	O
Loongson	B-Language
Technology	I-Language
Corp	O
.	O
Ltd	O
.	O
licensed	O
the	O
MIPS32	O
and	O
MIPS64	B-Device
architectures	O
from	O
MIPS	O
Technologies	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
for	O
continued	O
development	O
of	O
MIPS-based	O
Loongson	B-Language
CPU	O
cores	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Loongson	B-Language
3A2000	O
in	O
2015	O
saw	O
the	O
adoption	O
of	O
1.0	O
,	O
an	O
expanded	O
instruction	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
that	O
is	O
a	O
superset	O
of	O
MIPS64	B-Device
release	O
2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
binary	O
translation	O
instructions	O
have	O
the	O
specific	O
benefit	O
of	O
speeding	O
up	O
Intel	B-Operating_System
x86	I-Operating_System
CPU	O
emulation	O
at	O
a	O
cost	O
of	O
5%	O
of	O
the	O
total	O
die	O
area	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
instructions	O
help	O
a	O
QEMU	B-Application
hypervisor	O
translate	O
instructions	O
from	O
x86	B-Operating_System
to	O
MIPS	O
with	O
only	O
a	O
reported	O
30%	O
performance	O
penalty	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Loongson	B-Language
moved	O
to	O
their	O
own	O
processor	O
instruction	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
(	O
ISA	O
)	O
in	O
2021	O
with	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
Loongson	B-Language
3	O
5000	O
series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Loongson	B-Language
developer	O
described	O
it	O
as	O
"	O
a	O
...	O
new	O
RISC	B-Architecture
ISA	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
bit	O
like	O
MIPS	O
or	O
RISC-V	B-Device
.	O
LoongArch	O
includes	O
a	O
reduced	O
32-bit	O
version	O
(	O
LA32R	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
standard	O
32-bit	O
version	O
(	O
LA32S	O
)	O
and	O
a	O
64-bit	O
version	O
(	O
LA64	O
)	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
stated	O
rationale	O
was	O
to	O
make	O
Loongson	B-Language
and	O
China	O
not	O
dependent	O
on	O
foreign	O
technology	O
or	O
authorisation	O
to	O
develop	O
their	O
processor	O
capability	O
,	O
whilst	O
not	O
infringing	O
on	O
any	O
technology	O
patents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2021	O
,	O
Linux	B-Application
maintainers	O
complained	O
that	O
submitted	O
LoongArch	O
code	O
is	O
"	O
a	O
...	O
blind	O
copy	O
of	O
the	O
MIPS	O
code	O
...	O
"	O
,	O
however	O
"	O
only	O
with	O
a	O
different	O
name	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
LoongArch	O
manual	O
,	O
the	O
ISA	O
uses	O
MIPS	O
's	O
privilege	O
model	O
and	O
IRQ	O
mechanism	O
,	O
with	O
other	O
parts	O
mostly	O
following	O
RISC-V	B-Device
'	O
s	O
practice	O
:	O
the	O
delay	B-General_Concept
slot	I-General_Concept
is	O
removed	O
and	O
the	O
instruction	O
encoding	O
is	O
changed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Register	O
reported	O
in	O
November	O
2021	O
that	O
the	O
suspicion	O
that	O
LoongArch	O
combines	O
the	O
best	O
parts	O
of	O
MIPS	O
and	O
RISC-V	B-Device
,	O
along	O
with	O
custom	O
instructions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Commentary	O
from	O
Tom	O
's	O
Hardware	O
re-states	O
the	O
issue	O
that	O
the	O
Linux	B-Application
kernel	O
code	O
for	O
LoongArch	O
is	O
the	O
"	O
same	O
code	O
it	O
used	O
for	O
its	O
MIPS-based	O
chips	O
"	O
;	O
they	O
further	O
note	O
that	O
Loongson	B-Language
"	O
fails	O
to	O
demonstrate	O
advantages	O
of	O
its	O
architecture	O
even	O
on	O
paper	O
to	O
software	O
developers	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
LoongArch	O
microarchitecture	B-General_Concept
is	O
poorly	O
documented	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
community	O
speculating	O
around	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
the	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
community	O
noted	O
the	O
similarities	O
of	O
LoongArch	O
to	O
MIPS	O
and	O
RISC-V	B-Device
,	O
and	O
that	O
previous	O
Linux	B-Application
kernel	O
submissions	O
were	O
identical	O
to	O
MIPS	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2022	O
the	O
developers	O
had	O
submitted	O
patches	O
to	O
allow	O
compilation	O
to	O
LoongArch	O
within	O
LLVM	B-Application
15.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Loongson	B-Language
has	O
three	O
main	O
families	O
of	O
processor	O
cores	O
,	O
some	O
of	O
which	O
are	O
available	O
as	O
IP	B-Architecture
cores	I-Architecture
:	O
</s>
<s>
GS2xx	O
:	O
high-end	O
embedded	O
MIPS32	O
(	O
GS232/GS232E	O
)	O
or	O
MIPS64	B-Device
(	O
GS264	O
)	O
cores	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
L1	B-General_Concept
=	O
16KB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GS	O
232	O
is	O
mainly	O
used	O
for	O
Godson-1	B-Language
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
L1	B-General_Concept
=	O
16	O
KB	O
,	O
L2	O
=	O
4	O
MB	O
shared	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Out-of-order	B-General_Concept
issue	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
GS464	O
series	O
:	O
MIPS64	B-Device
core	O
with	O
four-way	O
superscalar	B-General_Concept
out-of-order	B-General_Concept
issue	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
design	O
originated	O
from	O
the	O
Loongson	B-Language
2F	O
processor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
first	O
widely	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
Loongson	B-Language
3A	O
processor	O
,	O
before	O
also	O
being	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
Loongson	B-Language
2	O
series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
core	O
was	O
extended	O
to	O
support	O
LoongISA	O
(	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
MIPS64	B-Device
R2	O
architecture	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Whilst	O
the	O
initial	O
core	O
of	O
the	O
3A5000	O
was	O
noted	O
to	O
be	O
GS464	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
incompatible	O
instruction	B-General_Concept
sets	I-General_Concept
Loongson	B-Language
renamed	O
the	O
3A5000	O
core	O
to	O
LA464	O
in	O
their	O
documentation	O
in	O
August	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
Loongson	B-Language
cores	O
are	O
little-endian	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
been	O
noted	O
by	O
the	O
community	O
that	O
the	O
naming	O
of	O
the	O
Loongson	B-Language
microarchitectures	B-General_Concept
is	O
not	O
consistent	O
,	O
with	O
different	O
products	O
being	O
noted	O
to	O
have	O
the	O
same	O
processor	O
core	O
,	O
even	O
though	O
the	O
instructions	O
sets	O
might	O
not	O
be	O
exactly	O
compatible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Loongson	B-Language
has	O
built	O
3	O
processor	O
families	O
from	O
their	O
architectural	O
cores	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
Loongson	B-Language
processor	O
,	O
the	O
Godson-1	B-Language
,	O
was	O
designed	O
in	O
2001	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
2002	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
a	O
32-bit	O
CPU	O
running	O
at	O
a	O
clock	O
speed	O
of	O
266	O
MHz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
fabricated	O
with	O
0.18	O
micron	O
CMOS	O
process	O
,	O
has	O
8KB	O
of	O
data	B-General_Concept
cache	I-General_Concept
,	O
8KB	O
of	O
instruction	O
cache	O
and	O
a	O
64-bit	O
floating-point	O
unit	O
,	O
capable	O
of	O
200	O
double-precision	O
MFLOPS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Godson-1	B-Language
series	O
chips	O
either	O
use	O
the	O
GS132	O
or	O
GS232	O
cores	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Loongson	B-Language
X	O
is	O
a	O
radiation	O
hardened	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
GS232	O
core	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
Godson-1	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Loongson	B-Language
2	O
is	O
a	O
family	O
of	O
MIPS	O
III	O
compatible	O
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
adds	O
64-bit	O
ability	O
to	O
the	O
Loongson	B-Language
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
Loongson	B-Language
2	O
processors	O
migrated	O
to	O
being	O
MIPS64	B-Device
compatible	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
sharing	O
the	O
GS464	O
core	O
with	O
the	O
Loongson	B-Language
3	O
series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
plan	O
for	O
the	O
Godson-2	B-Language
was	O
to	O
develop	O
it	O
from	O
a	O
CPU	O
to	O
a	O
SOC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Loongson	B-Language
3	O
family	O
of	O
processors	O
are	O
"	O
multi	O
...	O
CPU[s]	O
designed	O
for	O
high	O
performance	O
desktops	O
,	O
servers	O
and	O
clusters	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
were	O
designed	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
Loongson	B-Language
processors	O
that	O
had	O
multiple	O
cores	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
the	O
MIPS64	B-Device
ISA	O
with	O
additional	O
extensions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
designers	O
also	O
attempted	O
to	O
optimise	O
x86	B-Operating_System
translation	O
on	O
the	O
chip	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
production	O
processor	O
was	O
the	O
Loongson	B-Language
3A	O
,	O
which	O
used	O
4	O
GS464	O
cores	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
8-core	O
Loongson	B-Language
3B	O
was	O
noted	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
upgraded	O
GS464V	O
core	O
,	O
with	O
extended	O
vector	O
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
improved	O
microarchitecture	B-General_Concept
core	O
allowed	O
better	O
performance	O
,	O
reportedly	O
3	O
times	O
as	O
fast	O
as	O
the	O
3A1000	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
introducing	O
the	O
LoongISA	O
enhanced	O
instruction	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
,	O
Loongson	B-Language
released	O
the	O
3A3000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
used	O
the	O
upgraded	O
GS464EV	O
microarchitecture	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2021	O
the	O
Loongson	B-Language
3	O
5000	O
series	O
was	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
processor	O
series	O
is	O
Loongson	B-Language
's	O
first	O
with	O
their	O
own	O
developed	O
ISA	O
,	O
"	O
LoongArch	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Phoronix	O
reports	O
that	O
the	O
3A5000	O
CPU	O
is	O
"	O
roughly	O
on	O
a	O
par	O
with	O
the	O
likes	O
of	O
the	O
Intel	O
Core	O
i3	O
8109U	O
/	O
Core	O
2	O
Quad	O
Q9500	O
/	O
Core	B-Device
i5	I-Device
750	I-Device
,	O
or	O
Armv8-based	O
Phytium	B-Device
FT-2000	I-Device
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2022	O
Loongson	B-Language
announced	O
their	O
6000	O
series	O
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Loongson	B-Language
processors	O
are	O
mainly	O
designed	O
around	O
using	O
the	O
Linux	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Any	O
operating	O
system	O
supporting	O
the	O
MIPS	B-Device
architecture	I-Device
should	O
theoretically	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Operating_System
CE	I-Operating_System
was	O
ported	O
to	O
a	O
Loongson-based	O
system	O
with	O
minimal	O
effort	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
Lemote	O
ported	O
an	O
Android	B-Application
distribution	O
to	O
the	O
Loongson	B-Language
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Loongson	B-Language
machines	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
package-building	O
and	O
CI	O
infrastructure	O
of	O
Debian	O
and	O
Golang	B-Application
,	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
partially	O
because	O
of	O
Loongson	B-Language
's	O
status	O
as	O
the	O
only	O
vendor	O
producing	O
application-grade	O
MIPS	O
CPUs	O
for	O
retail	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
February	O
2022	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
3	O
Chinese	O
Linux	B-Application
distributions	O
that	O
support	O
LoongArch	O
:	O
these	O
are	O
Kylin	B-Application
,	O
Loongnix	O
and	O
Unity	O
Operating	O
System	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
efforts	O
to	O
build	O
LoongArch	O
support	O
into	O
community	O
versions	O
of	O
Linux	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GNU	B-Application
Compiler	I-Application
Collection	I-Application
(	O
GCC	B-Application
)	O
is	O
the	O
main	O
compiler	O
for	O
software	O
development	O
on	O
the	O
Loongson	B-Language
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
2021	O
LLVM	B-Application
support	O
was	O
still	O
inadequate	O
due	O
to	O
missing	O
workarounds	O
for	O
Loongson	B-Language
's	O
CPU	O
errata	O
on	O
MIPS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ICT	O
also	O
ported	O
Open64	B-Application
to	O
the	O
Loongson	B-Language
II	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LoongArch	O
is	O
supported	O
by	O
the	O
GCC	B-Application
,	O
LLVM	B-Application
,	O
Golang	B-Application
compilers	O
,	O
and	O
supports	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
JavaScript	B-Language
and	O
.NET	B-Application
virtual	B-Architecture
machines	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
it	O
was	O
reported	O
that	O
Loongson	B-Language
processors	O
had	O
found	O
itself	O
into	O
very	O
few	O
computing	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
processors	O
are	O
mainly	O
used	O
in	O
Chinese	O
computers	O
;	O
in	O
2021	O
it	O
was	O
reported	O
that	O
Loongson	B-Language
supplies	O
CPUs	O
for	O
most	O
desktop	O
computers	O
procured	O
by	O
the	O
Chinese	O
government	O
,	O
and	O
80%	O
of	O
the	O
Chinese	O
government	O
's	O
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2006	O
,	O
a	O
€100	O
Loongson	B-Language
II	O
computer	O
design	O
called	O
Longmeng	O
(	O
Dragon	O
Dream	O
)	O
was	O
announced	O
by	O
Lemote	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2006	O
at	O
Computex'2006	O
,	O
YellowSheepRiver	O
announced	O
the	O
Municator	O
YSR-639	O
,	O
a	O
small	B-Device
form	I-Device
factor	I-Device
computer	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
400MHz	O
Loongson	B-Language
2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2010	O
,	O
Jiangsu	O
province	O
planned	O
to	O
buy	O
1.5	O
million	O
Loongson	B-Language
PCs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2011	O
,	O
Lemote	O
announced	O
the	O
Yeeloong-8133	O
13.3	O
"	O
laptop	O
featuring	O
900MHz	O
,	O
quad-core	O
Loongson-3A/2GQ	O
CPU	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
26	O
December	O
2007	O
,	O
China	O
revealed	O
its	O
first	O
Loongson	B-Language
based	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
in	O
Hefei	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
KD-50-I	O
has	O
a	O
reported	O
peak	O
performance	O
of	O
1	O
TFLOPS	O
,	O
and	O
about	O
350	O
GFLOPS	O
measured	O
by	O
LINPACK	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
was	O
designed	O
by	O
a	O
joint	O
team	O
led	O
by	O
Chen	O
Guoliang	O
at	O
the	O
computer	O
science	O
technology	O
department	O
of	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Science	O
and	O
Technology	O
of	O
China	O
(	O
USCT	O
)	O
and	O
ICT	O
(	O
the	O
secondary	O
contractor	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
KD-50-I	O
is	O
the	O
first	O
Chinese	O
built	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
to	O
utilize	O
domestic	O
Chinese	O
CPUs	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
more	O
than	O
336	O
Loongson-2F	O
CPUs	O
,	O
and	O
nodes	O
interconnected	O
by	O
ethernet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
it	O
was	O
reported	O
that	O
Loongson	B-Language
processors	O
were	O
to	O
be	O
found	O
in	O
the	O
Sunway	B-General_Concept
BlueLight	I-General_Concept
MPP	O
and	O
Dawning	O
6000	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
