<s>
Long-term	O
or	O
"	O
continuous	O
"	O
video-electroencephalography	O
(	O
EEG	B-Application
)	O
monitoring	O
is	O
a	O
diagnostic	O
technique	O
commonly	O
used	O
in	O
patients	O
with	O
epilepsy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
involves	O
the	O
long-term	O
hospitalization	O
of	O
the	O
patient	O
,	O
typically	O
for	O
days	O
or	O
weeks	O
,	O
during	O
which	O
brain	O
waves	O
are	O
recorded	O
via	O
EEG	B-Application
and	O
physical	O
actions	O
are	O
continuously	O
monitored	O
by	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
epileptic	O
patients	O
,	O
this	O
technique	O
is	O
typically	O
used	O
to	O
capture	O
brain	B-Application
activity	I-Application
during	O
seizures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
standard	O
EEG-testing	O
,	O
long-term	B-Algorithm
video-EEG	I-Algorithm
monitoring	I-Algorithm
techniques	O
developed	O
from	O
techniques	O
in	O
1875	O
by	O
Richard	O
Caton	O
in	O
Liverpool	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additional	O
developments	O
made	O
using	O
animal	O
subjects	O
persisted	O
through	O
the	O
early	O
1900s	O
including	O
the	O
work	O
of	O
Vladimir	O
Vladimirovich	O
Pravdich-Neminsky	O
in	O
1912	O
,	O
Napoleon	O
Cybulski	O
and	O
Jelenska-Macieszyna	O
in	O
1914	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
by	O
Hans	O
Berger	O
in	O
1924	O
with	O
the	O
first	O
human	O
EEG	B-Application
recording	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
developments	O
lead	O
to	O
the	O
modern	O
EEG	B-Application
techniques	O
which	O
allow	O
for	O
non-invasive	O
measurements	O
using	O
externally	O
placed	O
EEG	B-Application
caps	O
and	O
were	O
established	O
by	O
William	O
Grey	O
Walter	O
in	O
the	O
1950s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
these	O
easy	O
uses	O
and	O
techniques	O
,	O
a	O
longer-term	O
method	O
of	O
EEG	B-Application
monitoring	O
was	O
developed	O
called	O
long-term	B-Algorithm
video-EEG	I-Algorithm
monitoring	I-Algorithm
which	O
applies	O
these	O
same	O
brain-wave	O
monitoring	O
techniques	O
in	O
a	O
long-duration	O
test	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
test	O
format	O
allows	O
at-home	O
or	O
extended	O
monitoring	O
in	O
clinics	O
and	O
hospitals	O
where	O
the	O
standard	O
EEG	B-Application
monitoring	O
was	O
previously	O
unable	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
either	O
case	O
,	O
these	O
EEG	B-Application
measuring	O
techniques	O
allow	O
one	O
to	O
non-invasively	O
measure	O
action	B-Algorithm
potentials	I-Algorithm
of	O
groups	O
of	O
neurons	O
within	O
the	O
brain	O
using	O
transducers	O
called	O
electrodes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
final	O
signal	O
can	O
then	O
be	O
displayed	O
on	O
an	O
external	O
computer	O
screen	O
as	O
a	O
visual	O
representation	O
of	O
the	O
EEG	B-Application
signals	O
measured	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
EEG	B-Application
techniques	O
can	O
sum	O
these	O
cellular	O
responses	O
either	O
temporally	O
or	O
spatially	O
and	O
help	O
determine	O
which	O
areas	O
of	O
the	O
brain	O
are	O
active	O
during	O
specific	O
activities	O
or	O
due	O
to	O
specific	O
stimuli	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Long-term	B-Algorithm
video-EEG	I-Algorithm
monitoring	I-Algorithm
is	O
utilized	O
in	O
the	O
localization	O
of	O
epileptogenic	O
zones	O
which	O
are	O
the	O
areas	O
of	O
the	O
cortex	O
of	O
the	O
brain	O
responsible	O
for	O
epileptic	O
seizures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Long-term	B-Algorithm
video-EEG	I-Algorithm
monitoring	I-Algorithm
is	O
similar	O
to	O
EEG	B-Application
in	O
that	O
the	O
brain	O
waves	O
are	O
periodically	O
monitored	O
and	O
analyzed	O
by	O
a	O
neurologist	O
,	O
typically	O
one	O
trained	O
in	O
clinical	O
neurophysiology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
results	O
from	O
the	O
EEG	B-Application
and	O
video	O
monitoring	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
characterize	O
episodic	O
disruptions	O
in	O
brain	O
function	O
and	O
its	O
physical	O
manifestations	O
;	O
many	O
recordings	O
show	O
symptoms	O
of	O
epileptic	O
seizures	O
over	O
time	O
and	O
how	O
severe/frequent	O
the	O
seizures	O
become	O
over	O
a	O
given	O
period	O
of	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
purposes	O
of	O
long-term	B-Algorithm
video-EEG	I-Algorithm
monitoring	I-Algorithm
include	O
discovering	O
where	O
in	O
the	O
brain	O
seizures	O
begin	O
for	O
a	O
given	O
patient	O
,	O
the	O
severity	O
of	O
the	O
seizures	O
(	O
measured	O
according	O
to	O
a	O
scaled	O
order	O
)	O
,	O
determining	O
the	O
frequency	O
of	O
the	O
seizures	O
,	O
the	O
duration	O
and	O
prominence	O
of	O
physical	O
activity	O
during	O
the	O
seizure	O
(	O
which	O
may	O
be	O
indicator	O
of	O
status	O
epilepticus	O
,	O
prolonged	O
seizures	O
or	O
increased	O
frequency	O
of	O
seizures	O
without	O
a	O
return	O
to	O
an	O
otherwise	O
normal	O
state	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
distinguishing	O
epileptic	O
seizures	O
from	O
psychogenic	O
non-epileptic	O
seizures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
adults	O
,	O
long-term	B-Algorithm
EEG	I-Algorithm
monitoring	O
typically	O
involves	O
one	O
of	O
three	O
procedures	O
which	O
include	O
long-term	B-Algorithm
video-EEG	I-Algorithm
monitoring	I-Algorithm
,	O
sleep-deprived	O
EEG	B-Application
monitoring	O
,	O
and	O
24-hour	O
ambulatory	O
monitoring	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Long-term	B-Algorithm
video-EEG	I-Algorithm
monitoring	I-Algorithm
typically	O
lasts	O
from	O
a	O
few	O
hours	O
to	O
several	O
days	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Depending	O
on	O
the	O
needs	O
of	O
the	O
patient	O
where	O
sleep-deprived	O
and	O
ambulatory	O
EEG	B-Application
monitoring	O
are	O
often	O
used	O
to	O
further	O
investigate	O
symptoms	O
of	O
epilepsy	O
when	O
a	O
standard	O
EEG	B-Application
reading	O
returns	O
inconclusive	O
results	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
sometimes	O
all	O
three	O
procedures	O
of	O
long-term	B-Algorithm
EEG	I-Algorithm
monitoring	O
are	O
utilized	O
for	O
a	O
single	O
patient	O
due	O
to	O
niche	O
results	O
found	O
in	O
each	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Video-EEG	O
(	O
LTVER	O
)	O
specializes	O
in	O
recording	O
of	O
seizures	O
for	O
topographic	O
diagnosis	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
for	O
diagnosis	O
of	O
paroxysmal	O
clinical	O
events	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sleep-deprived	O
EEG	B-Application
monitoring	O
diagnosis	O
specific	O
EEG	B-Application
abnormalities	O
for	O
syndromic	O
classification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lastly	O
,	O
Ambulatory	O
EEG	B-Application
focuses	O
on	O
monitoring/	O
quantification	O
of	O
EEG	B-Application
abnormalities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Long-term	B-Algorithm
video-EEG	I-Algorithm
monitoring	I-Algorithm
is	O
typically	O
used	O
in	O
cases	O
of	O
drug-resistant	O
epilepsy	O
to	O
examine	O
symptoms	O
before	O
surgery	O
and	O
is	O
also	O
used	O
to	O
more	O
precisely	O
diagnose	O
a	O
patient	O
when	O
episodes	O
become	O
more	O
frequent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
perform	O
long-term	B-Algorithm
video-EEG	I-Algorithm
monitoring	I-Algorithm
appropriately	O
,	O
a	O
patient	O
is	O
admitted	O
into	O
a	O
hospital	O
or	O
clinic	O
,	O
where	O
epileptic	O
seizures	O
may	O
be	O
induced	O
using	O
sleep	O
deprivation	O
techniques	O
or	O
temporarily	O
ceasing	O
the	O
patient	O
's	O
use	O
of	O
antiepileptic	O
drugs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
changes	O
in	O
seizure	O
behavior	O
can	O
in	O
turn	O
lead	O
to	O
the	O
patient	O
experiencing	O
a	O
higher	O
risk	O
of	O
injuries	O
due	O
to	O
uncontrolled	O
mental	O
behavior	O
such	O
as	O
aggression	O
,	O
psychosis	B-Application
,	O
self-inflicted	O
injury	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
seizure-related	O
injuries	O
including	O
falls	O
and	O
status	O
epilepticus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Finally	O
,	O
other	O
safety	O
concerns	O
of	O
patients	O
under	O
observation	O
using	O
long-term	B-Algorithm
video-EEG	I-Algorithm
monitoring	I-Algorithm
include	O
technical	O
problems	O
with	O
the	O
equipment	O
used	O
such	O
as	O
electrode	O
degradation	O
and	O
restraints	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
human	O
use	O
for	O
diagnostic	O
purposes	O
,	O
long-term	B-Algorithm
video-EEG	I-Algorithm
monitoring	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
relatively	O
safe	O
procedure	O
compared	O
to	O
other	O
invasive	O
brain-monitoring	O
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
despite	O
long-term	B-Algorithm
video-EEG	I-Algorithm
monitoring	I-Algorithm
being	O
a	O
generally	O
non-invasive	O
procedure	O
,	O
there	O
still	O
exists	O
the	O
potential	O
for	O
adverse	O
events	O
to	O
occur	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
seizures	O
have	O
become	O
more	O
easily	O
monitored	O
by	O
neurologists	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
patients	O
,	O
EEGs	B-Application
and	O
long-term	O
video-EEGs	O
have	O
become	O
the	O
standard	O
for	O
both	O
hospital	O
and	O
home-care	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
data	O
and	O
information	O
logs	O
of	O
these	O
EEGs	B-Application
provide	O
insight	O
to	O
a	O
patient	O
's	O
condition	O
that	O
may	O
be	O
otherwise	O
improperly	O
recorded	O
or	O
noticed	O
and	O
can	O
allow	O
for	O
a	O
sense	O
of	O
security	O
and	O
control	O
for	O
the	O
individual/caregiver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
long-term	B-Algorithm
EEG	I-Algorithm
thus	O
allows	O
for	O
full	O
episodic	O
events	O
to	O
be	O
recorded	O
so	O
as	O
to	O
give	O
semiological	O
clues	O
that	O
are	O
needed	O
to	O
define	O
the	O
epileptogenic	O
zone	O
in	O
the	O
brain	O
where	O
these	O
events	O
are	O
occurring	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At-home	O
long-term	B-Algorithm
video-EEG	I-Algorithm
monitoring	I-Algorithm
reduces	O
the	O
financial	O
burden	O
,	O
since	O
the	O
individual	O
is	O
no	O
longer	O
at	O
a	O
hospital	O
,	O
or	O
place	O
of	O
care	O
,	O
for	O
long	O
periods	O
of	O
time	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
allowing	O
for	O
possible	O
epileptic	O
triggers	O
to	O
remain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
,	O
long-term	B-Algorithm
video-EEG	I-Algorithm
monitoring	I-Algorithm
may	O
record	O
non-cerebral	O
signals	O
from	O
throughout	O
the	O
body	O
such	O
as	O
biological	O
and	O
extra-physiological	O
artifacts	O
and	O
thus	O
makes	O
the	O
data	O
logs	O
susceptible	O
to	O
displaying	O
false	O
positives	O
that	O
can	O
result	O
in	O
false	O
seizure	O
reports	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Having	O
long-term	B-Algorithm
video-EEG	I-Algorithm
monitoring	I-Algorithm
sessions	O
in	O
a	O
clinical	O
setting	O
provides	O
a	O
controlled	O
environment	O
that	O
allows	O
the	O
health	O
professional	O
to	O
most	O
efficiently	O
collect	O
data	O
,	O
monitor	O
seizure	O
inducing	O
procedures	O
,	O
and	O
keep	O
the	O
equipment	O
functioning	O
properly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
involving	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
long-term	B-Algorithm
video-EEG	I-Algorithm
monitoring	I-Algorithm
has	O
mostly	O
involved	O
animal	O
models	O
which	O
allows	O
for	O
neuronal	O
activity	O
to	O
be	O
better	O
understood	O
by	O
using	O
methods	O
that	O
may	O
involve	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
psychoactive	O
drugs	O
or	O
inducing	O
states	O
that	O
would	O
not	O
be	O
ethical	O
to	O
induce	O
in	O
humans	O
experimentally	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Current	O
research	O
being	O
performed	O
using	O
long-term	B-Algorithm
video-EEG	I-Algorithm
monitoring	I-Algorithm
mostly	O
focuses	O
on	O
the	O
mouse	O
model	O
known	O
as	O
C57BL/6J	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
induce	O
behavioral	O
convulsive	O
(	O
CS	O
)	O
and	O
electrographic-nonconvulsive	O
(	O
NCS	O
)	O
seizures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
these	O
mice	O
are	O
monitored	O
,	O
factors	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
length	O
of	O
the	O
episode	O
,	O
spike	B-Algorithm
amplitude	O
,	O
interspike	O
interval	O
,	O
and	O
spike	B-Algorithm
frequency	O
can	O
all	O
be	O
closely	O
observed	O
to	O
see	O
how	O
CS	O
and	O
NCS	O
develop	O
over	O
the	O
trial	O
.	O
</s>
