<s>
The	O
logogen	B-General_Concept
model	I-General_Concept
of	O
1969	O
is	O
a	O
model	O
of	O
speech	B-Application
recognition	I-Application
that	O
uses	O
units	O
called	O
"	O
logogens	B-General_Concept
"	O
to	O
explain	O
how	O
humans	O
comprehend	O
spoken	O
or	O
written	O
words	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Logogens	B-General_Concept
are	O
a	O
vast	O
number	O
of	O
specialized	O
recognition	O
units	O
,	O
each	O
able	O
to	O
recognize	O
one	O
specific	O
word	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
word	O
logogen	B-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
traced	O
back	O
to	O
the	O
Greek-language	O
word	O
logos	B-Device
,	O
which	O
means	O
"	O
word	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
genus	O
,	O
which	O
means	O
"	O
birth	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
British	O
scientist	O
John	O
Morton	O
's	O
logogen	B-General_Concept
model	I-General_Concept
was	O
designed	O
to	O
explain	O
word	O
recognition	O
using	O
a	O
new	O
type	O
of	O
unit	O
known	O
as	O
a	O
logogen	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
critical	O
element	O
of	O
this	O
theory	O
is	O
the	O
involvement	O
of	O
lexicons	B-Application
,	O
or	O
specialized	O
aspects	O
of	O
memory	O
that	O
include	O
semantic	O
and	O
phonemic	O
information	O
about	O
each	O
item	O
that	O
is	O
contained	O
in	O
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
given	O
lexicon	B-Application
consists	O
of	O
many	O
smaller	O
,	O
abstract	O
items	O
known	O
as	O
logogens	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Logogens	B-General_Concept
contain	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
properties	O
about	O
given	O
word	O
such	O
as	O
their	O
appearance	O
,	O
sound	O
,	O
and	O
meaning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Logogens	B-General_Concept
do	O
not	O
store	O
words	O
within	O
themselves	O
,	O
but	O
rather	O
they	O
store	O
information	O
that	O
is	O
specifically	O
necessary	O
for	O
retrieval	O
of	O
whatever	O
word	O
is	O
being	O
searched	O
for	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
given	O
logogen	B-General_Concept
will	O
become	O
activated	O
by	O
psychological	O
stimuli	O
or	O
contextual	O
information	O
(	O
words	O
)	O
that	O
is	O
consistent	O
with	O
the	O
properties	O
of	O
that	O
specific	O
logogen	B-General_Concept
and	O
when	O
the	O
logogen	B-General_Concept
's	O
activation	O
level	O
rises	O
to	O
or	O
above	O
its	O
threshold	O
level	O
,	O
the	O
pronunciation	O
of	O
the	O
given	O
word	O
is	O
sent	O
to	O
the	O
output	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
this	O
occurs	O
,	O
whichever	O
of	O
the	O
words	O
 '	O
activation	O
levels	O
reaches	O
the	O
threshold	O
level	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
that	O
word	O
that	O
is	O
then	O
sent	O
to	O
the	O
output	O
system	O
with	O
the	O
subject	O
remaining	O
unaware	O
of	O
any	O
partially	O
excited	O
logogens	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
also	O
assumed	O
that	O
the	O
analysis	O
of	O
phonetic	O
input	O
can	O
only	O
become	O
available	O
to	O
other	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
by	O
process	O
of	O
how	O
the	O
input	O
affects	O
the	O
logogen	B-General_Concept
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Finally	O
,	O
Marslen-Wilson	O
and	O
Welch	O
assume	O
that	O
the	O
first	O
syllable	B-General_Concept
of	O
a	O
given	O
word	O
will	O
increase	O
the	O
activation	O
level	O
of	O
a	O
given	O
logogen	B-General_Concept
more	O
than	O
those	O
of	O
the	O
latter	O
syllables	B-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
supported	O
the	O
data	O
found	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
logogen	B-General_Concept
model	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
help	O
linguists	O
explain	O
particular	O
occurrences	O
in	O
the	O
human	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most-helpful	O
application	O
of	O
the	O
model	O
is	O
to	O
show	O
how	O
one	O
accesses	O
words	O
and	O
their	O
meanings	O
in	O
the	O
lexicon	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
word-frequency	O
effect	O
is	O
best	O
explained	O
by	O
the	O
logogen	B-General_Concept
model	I-General_Concept
in	O
that	O
words	O
(	O
or	O
logogens	B-General_Concept
)	O
that	O
have	O
a	O
higher	O
frequency	O
(	O
or	O
are	O
more	O
common	O
)	O
have	O
a	O
lower	O
threshold	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
means	O
that	O
they	O
require	O
less	O
perceptual	O
power	O
in	O
the	O
brain	O
to	O
be	O
recognized	O
and	O
decoded	O
from	O
the	O
lexicon	B-Application
and	O
are	O
recognized	O
faster	O
than	O
those	O
words	O
that	O
are	O
less	O
common	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
model	O
also	O
conveys	O
that	O
specific	O
concrete	O
words	O
are	O
recalled	O
better	O
because	O
they	O
use	O
images	O
and	O
logogens	B-General_Concept
,	O
whereas	O
abstract	O
words	O
are	O
not	O
as	O
easily	O
recalled	O
well	O
because	O
they	O
only	O
use	O
logogens	B-General_Concept
,	O
hence	O
showing	O
the	O
difference	O
in	O
thresholds	O
between	O
these	O
two	O
types	O
of	O
words	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
time	O
of	O
its	O
conception	O
,	O
Morton	O
's	O
logogen	B-General_Concept
model	I-General_Concept
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
influential	O
models	O
in	O
springing	O
up	O
other	O
parallel	O
word	O
access	O
models	O
and	O
served	O
as	O
the	O
essential	O
basis	O
for	O
these	O
subsequent	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
despite	O
the	O
advantages	O
that	O
the	O
logogen	B-General_Concept
theory	O
presents	O
,	O
it	O
also	O
displays	O
some	O
negative	O
facets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
First	O
and	O
foremost	O
,	O
the	O
logogen	B-General_Concept
model	I-General_Concept
does	O
not	O
explain	O
all	O
occurrences	O
in	O
language	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
new	O
words	O
or	O
non-words	O
into	O
a	O
person	O
's	O
lexicon	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
this	O
model	O
does	O
a	O
reasonable	O
job	O
of	O
understanding	O
the	O
underlying	O
semantics	O
of	O
many	O
aspects	O
in	O
psycholinguistics	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
some	O
flaws	O
that	O
have	O
been	O
pointed	O
out	O
in	O
the	O
logogen	B-General_Concept
model	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
been	O
argued	O
that	O
the	O
prior	O
stimulus	O
patterns	O
that	O
have	O
been	O
seen	O
in	O
the	O
logogen	B-General_Concept
theory	O
are	O
not	O
centrally	O
localized	O
in	O
the	O
logogen	B-General_Concept
itself	O
but	O
are	O
actually	O
distributed	O
throughout	O
the	O
different	O
pathways	O
over	O
which	O
the	O
stimulus	O
is	O
being	O
processed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
What	O
this	O
directs	O
at	O
is	O
that	O
the	O
notion	O
and	O
proliferation	O
of	O
logogens	B-General_Concept
was	O
due	O
to	O
modality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
essence	O
,	O
the	O
logogen	B-General_Concept
is	O
unnecessary	O
in	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
attaining	O
the	O
title	O
of	O
being	O
a	O
recognition	O
unit	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
variety	O
of	O
pathways	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
open	O
to	O
,	O
not	O
just	O
logogens	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
many	O
psychologists	O
,	O
the	O
logogen	B-General_Concept
model	I-General_Concept
does	O
not	O
meet	O
the	O
functional	O
or	O
representational	O
adequacy	O
that	O
a	O
theory	O
should	O
include	O
to	O
sufficiently	O
comprehend	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
another	O
criticism	O
is	O
that	O
the	O
logogen	B-General_Concept
theory	O
was	O
supposed	O
to	O
predict	O
that	O
stimulus	O
degradation	O
should	O
affect	O
priming	O
and	O
word	O
frequency	O
in	O
humans	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
though	O
the	O
logogen	B-General_Concept
theory	O
has	O
many	O
unfilled	O
holes	O
,	O
Morton	O
was	O
a	O
revolutionary	O
of	O
his	O
field	O
whose	O
speculation	O
and	O
research	O
has	O
opened	O
up	O
a	O
remarkable	O
era	O
of	O
psycholinguistics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
items	O
are	O
drawn	O
from	O
the	O
lexicon	B-Application
on	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
similarity	O
to	O
the	O
sensory	O
trace	O
,	O
which	O
help	O
with	O
the	O
identity	O
of	O
the	O
stimulus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
logogen	B-General_Concept
has	O
a	O
threshold	O
(	O
for	O
identification	O
)	O
and	O
words	O
with	O
higher	O
frequencies	O
have	O
lower	O
thresholds	O
.	O
</s>
