<s>
Logic	B-Application
in	I-Application
computer	I-Application
science	I-Application
covers	O
the	O
overlap	O
between	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
logic	O
and	O
that	O
of	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Logic	O
plays	O
a	O
fundamental	O
role	O
in	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
some	O
other	O
major	O
areas	O
of	O
theoretical	O
overlap	O
between	O
logic	O
and	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
frame	B-Application
problem	I-Application
is	O
a	O
basic	O
problem	O
that	O
must	O
be	O
overcome	O
when	O
using	O
first-order	O
logic	O
to	O
represent	O
the	O
goals	O
and	O
state	O
of	O
an	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
agent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
intimately	O
tied	O
to	O
many	O
aspects	O
of	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
:	O
type	O
systems	O
for	O
programming	O
languages	O
,	O
the	O
theory	O
of	O
transition	O
systems	O
,	O
models	O
of	O
programming	O
languages	O
and	O
the	O
theory	O
of	O
programming	O
language	O
semantics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
applications	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
term	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
was	O
the	O
Logic	O
Theorist	O
system	O
developed	O
by	O
Allen	O
Newell	O
,	O
J	O
.	O
C	O
.	O
Shaw	O
,	O
and	O
Herbert	O
Simon	O
in	O
1956	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
has	O
always	O
been	O
a	O
strong	O
influence	O
from	O
mathematical	O
logic	O
on	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
(	O
AI	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ron	O
Brachman	O
has	O
described	O
first-order	O
logic	O
(	O
FOL	O
)	O
as	O
the	O
metric	O
by	O
which	O
all	O
AI	B-Application
knowledge	O
representation	O
formalisms	O
should	O
be	O
evaluated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
IF	O
THEN	O
rules	O
used	O
in	O
expert	B-Application
systems	I-Application
approximate	O
to	O
a	O
very	O
limited	O
subset	O
of	O
FOL	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
rule-based	B-Language
systems	O
can	O
support	O
high-performance	O
computation	O
,	O
especially	O
if	O
they	O
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
optimization	O
algorithms	O
and	O
compilation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
projects	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Knowledge	B-Application
Based	I-Application
Software	I-Application
Assistant	I-Application
and	O
Programmer	O
's	O
Apprentice	O
programs	O
applied	O
logical	O
theory	O
to	O
validate	O
the	O
correctness	O
of	O
software	O
specifications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Frame	O
languages	O
such	O
as	O
KL-ONE	B-Language
have	O
a	O
rigid	O
semantics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Definitions	O
in	O
KL-ONE	B-Language
can	O
be	O
directly	O
mapped	O
to	O
set	O
theory	O
and	O
the	O
predicate	O
calculus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Classifier	O
technology	O
is	O
built	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
languages	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Web	B-Language
Ontology	I-Language
Language	I-Language
to	O
allow	O
a	O
logical	O
semantic	O
level	O
on	O
to	O
the	O
existing	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Temporal	O
logic	O
is	O
used	O
for	O
reasoning	O
in	O
concurrent	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
