<s>
Logic	B-Application
Theorist	I-Application
is	O
a	O
computer	O
program	O
written	O
in	O
1956	O
by	O
Allen	O
Newell	O
,	O
Herbert	O
A	O
.	O
Simon	O
,	O
and	O
Cliff	O
Shaw	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
program	O
deliberately	O
engineered	O
to	O
perform	O
automated	O
reasoning	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
been	O
described	O
as	O
"	O
the	O
first	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
program	I-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Logic	B-Application
Theorist	I-Application
proved	O
38	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
52	O
theorems	O
in	O
Whitehead	O
and	O
Russell	O
's	O
Principia	O
Mathematica	O
,	O
and	O
for	O
some	O
theorems	O
even	O
found	O
new	O
and	O
more	O
elegant	O
proofs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1955	O
,	O
when	O
Newell	O
and	O
Simon	O
began	O
to	O
work	O
on	O
the	O
Logic	B-Application
Theorist	I-Application
,	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
did	O
not	O
yet	O
exist	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
the	O
term	O
itself	O
(	O
"	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
"	O
)	O
would	O
not	O
be	O
coined	O
until	O
the	O
following	O
summer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Simon	O
was	O
a	O
political	O
scientist	O
who	O
had	O
already	O
produced	O
classic	O
work	O
in	O
the	O
study	O
of	O
how	O
bureaucracies	B-Application
function	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
developed	O
his	O
theory	O
of	O
bounded	O
rationality	O
(	O
for	O
which	O
he	O
would	O
later	O
win	O
a	O
Nobel	O
Prize	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
study	O
of	O
business	O
organizations	O
requires	O
,	O
like	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
,	O
an	O
insight	O
into	O
the	O
nature	O
of	O
human	O
problem	O
solving	O
and	O
decision	O
making	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
Newell	O
,	O
the	O
decisive	O
moment	O
was	O
in	O
1954	O
when	O
Oliver	O
Selfridge	O
came	O
to	O
RAND	O
to	O
describe	O
his	O
work	O
on	O
pattern	B-Language
matching	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
summer	O
of	O
1956	O
,	O
John	O
McCarthy	O
,	O
Marvin	O
Minsky	O
,	O
Claude	O
Shannon	O
and	O
Nathan	O
Rochester	O
organized	O
a	O
conference	O
on	O
the	O
subject	O
of	O
what	O
they	O
called	O
"	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
"	O
(	O
a	O
term	O
coined	O
by	O
McCarthy	O
for	O
the	O
occasion	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Newell	O
and	O
Simon	O
proudly	O
presented	O
the	O
group	O
with	O
the	O
Logic	B-Application
Theorist	I-Application
and	O
were	O
somewhat	O
surprised	O
when	O
the	O
program	O
received	O
a	O
lukewarm	O
reception	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Logic	B-Application
Theorist	I-Application
soon	O
proved	O
38	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
52	O
theorems	O
in	O
chapter	O
2	O
of	O
the	O
Principia	O
Mathematica	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Newell	O
and	O
Simon	O
formed	O
a	O
lasting	O
partnership	O
,	O
founding	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
AI	B-Application
laboratories	O
at	O
the	O
Carnegie	O
Institute	O
of	O
Technology	O
and	O
developing	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
influential	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
programs	I-Application
and	O
ideas	O
,	O
including	O
GPS	O
,	O
Soar	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
their	O
unified	O
theory	O
of	O
cognition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Logic	B-Application
Theorist	I-Application
introduced	O
several	O
concepts	O
that	O
would	O
be	O
central	O
to	O
AI	B-Application
research	I-Application
:	O
</s>
<s>
Reasoning	O
as	O
search	O
Logic	B-Application
Theorist	I-Application
explored	O
a	O
search	B-Data_Structure
tree	I-Data_Structure
:	O
the	O
root	O
was	O
the	O
initial	O
hypothesis	O
,	O
each	O
branch	O
was	O
a	O
deduction	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
rules	O
of	O
logic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Heuristics	B-Algorithm
Newell	O
and	O
Simon	O
realized	O
that	O
the	O
search	B-Data_Structure
tree	I-Data_Structure
would	O
grow	O
exponentially	O
and	O
that	O
they	O
needed	O
to	O
"	O
trim	O
"	O
some	O
branches	O
,	O
using	O
"	O
rules	O
of	O
thumb	O
"	O
to	O
determine	O
which	O
pathways	O
were	O
unlikely	O
to	O
lead	O
to	O
a	O
solution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
called	O
these	O
ad	O
hoc	O
rules	O
"	O
heuristics	B-Algorithm
"	O
,	O
using	O
a	O
term	O
introduced	O
by	O
George	O
Pólya	O
in	O
his	O
classic	O
book	O
on	O
mathematical	O
proof	O
,	O
How	O
to	O
Solve	O
It	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Heuristics	B-Algorithm
would	O
become	O
an	O
important	O
area	O
of	O
research	O
in	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
and	O
remains	O
an	O
important	O
method	O
to	O
overcome	O
the	O
intractable	O
combinatorial	O
explosion	O
of	O
exponentially	O
growing	O
searches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
List	B-Language
processing	I-Language
To	O
implement	O
Logic	B-Application
Theorist	I-Application
on	O
a	O
computer	O
,	O
the	O
three	O
researchers	O
developed	O
a	O
programming	O
language	O
,	O
IPL	B-Language
,	O
which	O
used	O
the	O
same	O
form	O
of	O
symbolic	O
list	B-Language
processing	I-Language
that	O
would	O
later	O
form	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
McCarthy	O
's	O
Lisp	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
,	O
an	O
important	O
language	O
still	O
used	O
by	O
AI	B-Application
researchers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pamela	O
McCorduck	O
writes	O
that	O
the	O
Logic	B-Application
Theorist	I-Application
was	O
"	O
proof	O
positive	O
that	O
a	O
machine	O
could	O
perform	O
tasks	O
heretofore	O
considered	O
intelligent	O
,	O
creative	O
and	O
uniquely	O
human	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
And	O
,	O
as	O
such	O
,	O
it	O
represents	O
a	O
milestone	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
and	O
our	O
understanding	O
of	O
intelligence	O
in	O
general	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
statement	O
,	O
that	O
machines	O
can	O
have	O
minds	O
just	O
as	O
people	O
do	O
,	O
would	O
be	O
later	O
named	O
"	O
Strong	O
AI	B-Application
"	O
by	O
philosopher	O
John	O
Searle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pamela	O
McCorduck	O
also	O
sees	O
in	O
the	O
Logic	B-Application
Theorist	I-Application
the	O
debut	O
of	O
a	O
new	O
theory	O
of	O
the	O
mind	O
,	O
the	O
information	O
processing	O
model	O
(	O
sometimes	O
called	O
computationalism	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
She	O
writes	O
that	O
"	O
this	O
view	O
would	O
come	O
to	O
be	O
central	O
to	O
their	O
later	O
work	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
their	O
opinion	O
,	O
as	O
central	O
to	O
understanding	O
mind	O
in	O
the	O
twentieth	O
century	O
as	O
Darwin	B-Application
's	I-Application
principle	I-Application
of	I-Application
natural	I-Application
selection	I-Application
had	O
been	O
to	O
understanding	O
biology	O
in	O
the	O
nineteenth	O
century.	O
"	O
</s>
