<s>
A	O
location-based	B-Application
service	I-Application
(	O
LBS	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
general	O
term	O
denoting	O
software	O
services	O
which	O
use	O
geographic	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
and	I-General_Concept
information	I-General_Concept
to	O
provide	O
services	O
or	O
information	O
to	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LBS	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
contexts	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
health	O
,	O
indoor	O
object	B-General_Concept
search	I-General_Concept
,	O
entertainment	O
,	O
work	O
,	O
personal	O
life	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Commonly	O
used	O
examples	O
of	O
location	B-Application
based	I-Application
services	I-Application
include	O
navigation	O
software	O
,	O
social	O
networking	O
services	O
,	O
location-based	O
advertising	O
,	O
and	O
tracking	B-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
LBS	O
can	O
also	O
include	O
mobile	B-Application
commerce	I-Application
when	O
taking	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
coupons	O
or	O
advertising	O
directed	O
at	O
customers	O
based	O
on	O
their	O
current	O
location	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Access	O
policies	O
are	O
controlled	O
by	O
location	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
and/or	O
time-of-day	O
constraints	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
combination	O
thereof	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
such	O
,	O
an	O
LBS	O
is	O
an	O
information	O
service	O
and	O
has	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
uses	O
in	O
social	O
networking	O
today	O
as	O
information	O
,	O
in	O
entertainment	O
or	O
security	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
accessible	O
with	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
through	O
the	O
mobile	O
network	O
and	O
which	O
uses	O
information	O
on	O
the	O
geographical	O
position	O
of	O
the	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
concept	O
of	O
location	O
based	O
systems	O
is	O
not	O
compliant	O
with	O
the	O
standardized	O
concept	O
of	O
real-time	O
locating	B-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
(	O
RTLS	O
)	O
and	O
related	O
local	O
services	O
,	O
as	O
noted	O
in	O
ISO/IEC	O
19762-5	O
and	O
ISO/IEC	O
24730-1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Location-based	B-Application
services	I-Application
(	O
LBS	O
)	O
are	O
widely	O
used	O
in	O
many	O
21st	O
Century	O
computer	O
systems	O
and	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
location	B-Application
based	I-Application
services	I-Application
are	O
made	O
possible	O
by	O
technological	O
developments	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
,	O
Global	O
Positioning	O
Systems	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
widespread	O
use	O
of	O
mobile	O
phones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Location	B-Application
based	I-Application
services	I-Application
were	O
developed	O
by	O
integrating	O
data	O
from	O
satellite	O
navigation	O
systems	O
,	O
cellular	O
networks	O
,	O
and	O
mobile	O
computing	O
,	O
to	O
provide	O
services	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
geographical	O
locations	O
of	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
their	O
history	O
,	O
location	O
based	O
software	O
has	O
evolved	O
from	O
simple	O
synchronization	O
based	O
service	O
models	O
to	O
authenticated	O
and	O
complex	O
tools	O
for	O
implementing	O
virtually	O
any	O
location	B-Application
based	I-Application
service	I-Application
model	O
or	O
facility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
currently	O
no	O
agreed	O
upon	O
criteria	O
for	O
defining	O
the	O
market	O
size	O
of	O
location	B-Application
based	I-Application
services	I-Application
,	O
but	O
the	O
European	O
GNSS	O
Agency	O
estimated	O
that	O
40%	O
of	O
all	O
computer	B-Application
applications	I-Application
used	O
location	O
based	O
software	O
as	O
of	O
2013	O
,	O
and	O
30%	O
of	O
all	O
internet	O
searches	O
were	O
for	O
locations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Location	B-Application
based	I-Application
services	I-Application
may	O
be	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
heavily	O
used	O
application-layer	B-Application
decision	B-Application
framework	I-Application
in	O
computing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
forerunners	O
of	O
today	O
's	O
location-based	B-Application
services	I-Application
include	O
the	O
infrared	O
Active	O
Badge	O
system	O
(	O
1989	O
–	O
1993	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
Ericsson-Europolitan	O
GSM	O
LBS	O
trial	O
by	O
Jörgen	O
Johansson	O
(	O
1995	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
master	O
thesis	O
written	O
by	O
Nokia	O
employee	O
Timo	O
Rantalainen	O
in	O
1995	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
an	O
adjacency	O
to	O
this	O
they	O
began	O
developing	O
location	B-Application
based	I-Application
services	I-Application
that	O
could	O
transmit	O
information	O
about	O
location-based	O
goods	O
and	O
services	O
to	O
custom-programmed	O
alphanumeric	O
Motorola	O
pagers	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1997	O
Christopher	O
Kingdon	O
,	O
of	O
Ericsson	O
,	O
handed	O
in	O
the	O
Location	B-Application
Services	I-Application
(	O
LCS	O
)	O
stage	O
1	O
description	O
to	O
the	O
joint	O
GSM	O
group	O
of	O
the	O
European	O
Telecommunications	O
Standards	O
Institute	O
(	O
ETSI	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
American	O
National	O
Standards	O
Institute	O
(	O
ANSI	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
group	O
went	O
on	O
to	O
select	O
positioning	O
methods	O
and	O
standardize	O
Location	B-Application
Services	I-Application
(	O
LCS	O
)	O
,	O
later	O
known	O
as	O
Location	B-Application
Based	I-Application
Services	I-Application
(	O
LBS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
these	O
efforts	O
in	O
1999	O
the	O
first	O
Digital	O
Location	B-Application
Based	I-Application
Service	I-Application
Patent	O
was	O
filed	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
and	O
ultimately	O
issued	O
after	O
nine	O
office	O
actions	O
in	O
March	O
2002	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Then	O
,	O
much	O
driven	O
by	O
the	O
Vodafone	O
group	O
,	O
LIF	O
went	O
on	O
to	O
specify	O
the	O
Location	O
Enabling	O
Server	O
(	O
LES	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
"	O
middleware	B-General_Concept
"	O
,	O
which	O
simplifies	O
the	O
integration	O
of	O
multiple	O
LBS	O
with	O
an	O
operators	O
infrastructure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
device	O
,	O
designed	O
by	O
Marex	O
and	O
engineered	O
by	O
its	O
partner	O
firms	O
in	O
telecom	O
and	O
hardware	O
,	O
was	O
capable	O
of	O
transmitting	O
location	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
and	O
retrieving	O
location	B-Application
based	I-Application
service	I-Application
data	O
via	O
both	O
cellular	O
and	O
satellite	O
based	O
communications	O
channels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
and	O
functionality	O
was	O
coined	O
Location	B-Application
Based	I-Application
Services	I-Application
by	O
the	O
principal	O
architect	O
and	O
product	O
manager	O
for	O
Marex	O
,	O
Jason	O
Manowitz	O
,	O
SVP	O
,	O
Product	O
and	O
Strategy	O
,	O
Marex.com,	O
the	O
device	O
was	O
branded	O
as	O
IMAMS	O
or	O
Integrated	O
Marine	O
Asset	O
Management	O
System	O
and	O
the	O
proof	O
of	O
concept	O
beta	O
device	O
was	O
demonstrated	O
to	O
various	O
US	O
government	O
agencies	O
for	O
vessel	O
identification	O
,	O
tracking	O
,	O
and	O
enforcement	O
operations	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
commercial	O
product	O
line	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
consumer	O
LBS-capable	O
mobile	O
web	O
device	O
was	O
the	O
Palm	B-Application
VII	I-Application
,	O
released	O
in	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
early	O
LBS	O
include	O
friendzone	O
,	O
launched	O
by	O
swisscom	O
in	O
Switzerland	B-Protocol
in	O
May	O
2001	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
technology	O
of	O
valis	O
ltd	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
's	O
Wi-Fi-based	O
indoor	B-Device
location	I-Device
system	O
RADAR	O
(	O
2000	O
)	O
,	O
MIT	O
's	O
Cricket	O
project	O
using	O
ultrasound	O
location	O
(	O
2000	O
)	O
and	O
Intel	O
's	O
Place	O
Lab	O
with	O
wide-area	O
location	O
(	O
2003	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ALI	O
determined	O
location	O
was	O
also	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
starting	O
point	O
for	O
turn-by-turn	B-Application
directions	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2021	O
,	O
a	O
company	O
named	O
Near	O
claimed	O
to	O
have	O
data	O
from	O
1.6	O
billion	O
people	O
in	O
44	O
different	O
countries	O
,	O
Mobilewalla	B-Application
claims	O
data	O
on	O
1.9	O
billion	O
devices	O
,	O
and	O
X-Mode	O
claims	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
database	O
of	O
25	O
percent	O
of	O
the	O
U.S.	O
adult	O
population	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
control	B-Protocol
plane	I-Protocol
locating	O
,	O
sometimes	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
positioning	O
,	O
the	O
mobile	O
phone	O
service	O
provider	O
gets	O
the	O
location	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
radio	O
signal	O
delay	O
of	O
the	O
closest	O
cell-phone	O
towers	O
(	O
for	O
phones	O
without	O
GPS	O
features	O
)	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
quite	O
slow	O
as	O
it	O
uses	O
the	O
'	O
voice	O
control	O
 '	O
channel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Newer	O
phones	O
and	O
PDAs	B-Application
typically	O
have	O
an	O
integrated	O
A-GPS	O
chip	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
mixed	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
game	I-General_Concept
called	O
Uncle	B-General_Concept
Roy	I-General_Concept
All	I-General_Concept
Around	I-General_Concept
You	I-General_Concept
in	O
2003	O
and	O
considered	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
the	O
Augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
games	O
in	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Near	O
LBS	O
(	O
NLBS	O
)	O
involves	O
local-range	O
technologies	O
such	O
as	O
Bluetooth	B-General_Concept
low	I-General_Concept
energy	I-General_Concept
,	O
WLAN	O
,	O
infrared	O
and/or	O
RFID/Near	O
field	O
communication	O
technologies	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
match	O
devices	O
to	O
nearby	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
alternative	O
is	O
an	O
operator	O
-	O
and	O
GPS-independent	O
location	B-Application
service	I-Application
based	O
on	O
access	O
into	O
the	O
deep	O
level	O
telecoms	O
network	O
(	O
SS7	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
solution	O
enables	O
accurate	O
and	O
quick	O
determination	O
of	O
geographical	O
coordinates	O
of	O
mobile	O
phone	O
numbers	O
by	O
providing	O
operator-independent	O
location	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
and	O
works	O
also	O
for	O
handsets	O
that	O
are	O
not	O
GPS-enabled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
other	O
local	O
positioning	O
systems	O
and	O
indoor	B-Device
positioning	I-Device
systems	I-Device
are	O
available	O
,	O
especially	O
for	O
indoor	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GPS	O
and	O
GSM	O
do	O
not	O
work	O
very	O
well	O
indoors	O
,	O
so	O
other	O
techniques	O
are	O
used	O
,	O
including	O
co-pilot	O
beacon	O
for	O
CDMA	O
networks	O
,	O
Bluetooth	O
,	O
UWB	O
,	O
RFID	B-Application
and	O
Wi-Fi	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Location-based	B-Application
services	I-Application
may	O
be	O
employed	O
in	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
applications	O
,	O
including	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
carrier	O
,	O
location-based	B-Application
services	I-Application
provide	O
added	O
value	O
by	O
enabling	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
U.S.	O
the	O
FCC	O
requires	O
that	O
all	O
carriers	O
meet	O
certain	O
criteria	O
for	O
supporting	O
location-based	B-Application
services	I-Application
(	O
FCC	O
94	O
–	O
102	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
for	O
economic	O
impact	O
,	O
location	B-Application
based	I-Application
services	I-Application
are	O
estimated	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
$1.6	O
Trillion	O
impact	O
on	O
the	O
US	O
economy	O
alone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Currently	O
there	O
are	O
roughly	O
three	O
different	O
models	O
for	O
location-based	O
apps	O
on	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Messaging	O
,	O
especially	O
SMS	B-Device
,	O
has	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
combination	O
with	O
various	O
LBS	O
applications	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
location-based	O
mobile	O
advertising	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SMS	B-Device
is	O
still	O
the	O
main	O
technology	O
carrying	O
mobile	O
advertising	O
/	O
marketing	O
campaigns	O
to	O
mobile	O
phones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
classic	O
example	O
of	O
LBS	O
applications	O
using	O
SMS	B-Device
is	O
the	O
delivery	O
of	O
mobile	O
coupons	O
or	O
discounts	O
to	O
mobile	O
subscribers	O
who	O
are	O
near	O
to	O
advertising	O
restaurants	O
,	O
cafes	O
,	O
movie	O
theatres	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Location	O
Privacy	O
Protection	O
Act	O
of	O
2012	O
(	O
S.1223	O
)	O
was	O
introduced	O
by	O
Senator	O
Al	O
Franken	O
(	O
D-MN	O
)	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
regulate	O
the	O
transmission	O
and	O
sharing	O
of	O
user	O
location	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
bill	O
does	O
not	O
include	O
location	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
stored	O
locally	O
on	O
the	O
device	O
(	O
the	O
user	O
should	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
delete	O
the	O
contents	O
of	O
the	O
location	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
document	O
periodically	O
just	O
as	O
he	O
would	O
delete	O
a	O
log	O
document	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
there	O
has	O
been	O
a	O
focus	O
on	O
user-centric	O
location-based	B-Application
services	I-Application
and	O
applications	O
which	O
give	O
the	O
user	O
control	O
of	O
the	O
experience	O
,	O
typically	O
by	O
opting	O
in	O
first	O
via	O
a	O
website	O
or	O
mobile	O
interface	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
SMS	B-Device
,	O
mobile	O
Web	O
,	O
and	O
Java/BREW	O
applications	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
European	O
Union	O
also	O
provides	O
a	O
legal	O
framework	O
for	O
data	O
protection	O
that	O
may	O
be	O
applied	O
for	O
location-based	B-Application
services	I-Application
,	O
and	O
more	O
particularly	O
several	O
European	O
directives	O
such	O
as	O
:	O
(	O
1	O
)	O
Personal	O
data	O
:	O
Directive	O
95/46/EC	O
;	O
(	O
2	O
)	O
Personal	O
data	O
in	O
electronic	O
communications	O
:	O
Directive	O
2002/58/EC	O
;	O
(	O
3	O
)	O
Data	O
Retention	O
:	O
Directive	O
2006/24/EC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
the	O
applicability	O
of	O
legal	O
provisions	O
to	O
varying	O
forms	O
of	O
LBS	O
and	O
of	O
processing	O
location	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
is	O
unclear	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Only	O
few	O
LBS	O
offer	O
such	O
PETs	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Latitude	I-Application
offered	O
an	O
on/off	O
switch	O
and	O
allows	O
to	O
stick	O
one	O
's	O
position	O
to	O
a	O
free	O
definable	O
location	O
.	O
</s>
