<s>
LoRa	B-General_Concept
(	O
from	O
"	O
long	O
range	O
"	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
physical	O
proprietary	O
radio	O
communication	O
technique	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
spread	B-Architecture
spectrum	I-Architecture
modulation	O
techniques	O
derived	O
from	O
chirp	B-Protocol
spread	I-Protocol
spectrum	I-Protocol
(	O
CSS	O
)	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
continued	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
LoRaWAN	O
protocol	O
is	O
managed	O
by	O
the	O
open	O
,	O
non-profit	O
LoRa	B-General_Concept
Alliance	O
,	O
of	O
which	O
SemTech	O
is	O
a	O
founding	O
member	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Together	O
,	O
LoRa	B-General_Concept
and	O
LoRaWAN	O
define	O
a	O
Low	B-General_Concept
Power	I-General_Concept
,	I-General_Concept
Wide	I-General_Concept
Area	I-General_Concept
(	O
LPWA	B-General_Concept
)	O
networking	O
protocol	O
designed	O
to	O
wirelessly	O
connect	O
battery	O
operated	O
devices	O
to	O
the	O
internet	O
in	O
regional	O
,	O
national	O
or	O
global	O
networks	O
,	O
and	O
targets	O
key	O
Internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
(	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
)	O
requirements	O
such	O
as	O
bi-directional	O
communication	O
,	O
end-to-end	O
security	O
,	O
mobility	O
and	O
localization	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
low	O
power	O
,	O
low	O
bit	O
rate	O
,	O
and	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
use	O
distinguish	O
this	O
type	O
of	O
network	O
from	O
a	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
WAN	I-General_Concept
that	O
is	O
designed	O
to	O
connect	O
users	O
or	O
businesses	O
,	O
and	O
carry	O
more	O
data	O
,	O
using	O
more	O
power	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LoRa	B-General_Concept
uses	O
license-free	O
sub-gigahertz	O
radio	O
frequency	O
bands	O
EU868	O
(	O
863	O
–	O
870/873	O
MHz	O
)	O
in	O
Europe	O
;	O
AU915/AS923	O
-1	O
(	O
915	O
–	O
928MHz	O
)	O
in	O
South	O
America	O
;	O
US915	O
(	O
902	O
–	O
928MHz	O
)	O
in	O
North	O
America	O
;	O
IN865	O
(	O
865	O
–	O
867MHz	O
)	O
in	O
India	O
;	O
and	O
AS923	O
(	O
915	O
–	O
928MHz	O
)	O
in	O
Asia	O
;	O
and	O
2.4GHz	O
worldwide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LoRa	B-General_Concept
enables	O
long-range	O
transmissions	O
with	O
low	O
power	O
consumption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technology	O
covers	O
the	O
physical	B-Application
layer	I-Application
,	O
while	O
other	O
technologies	O
and	O
protocols	O
such	O
as	O
LoRaWAN	O
(	O
Long	O
Range	O
Wide	O
Area	O
Network	O
)	O
cover	O
the	O
upper	O
layers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LoRa	B-General_Concept
devices	O
have	O
geolocation	O
capabilities	O
used	O
for	O
trilaterating	O
positions	O
of	O
devices	O
via	O
timestamps	O
from	O
gateways	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
LoRa	B-General_Concept
uses	O
a	O
proprietary	O
spread	B-Architecture
spectrum	I-Architecture
modulation	O
that	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
and	O
a	O
derivative	O
of	O
chirp	B-Protocol
spread	I-Protocol
spectrum	I-Protocol
(	O
CSS	O
)	O
modulation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LoRa	B-General_Concept
can	O
trade	O
off	O
data	O
rate	O
for	O
sensitivity	O
(	O
assuming	O
a	O
fixed	O
channel	O
bandwidth	O
)	O
by	O
selecting	O
the	O
SF	O
,	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
Typical	O
LoRa	B-General_Concept
modems	O
support	O
transmit	O
powers	O
up	O
to	O
+22dBm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
measurement	O
studies	O
of	O
LoRa	B-General_Concept
performance	O
with	O
regard	O
to	O
energy	O
consumption	O
,	O
communication	O
distances	O
,	O
and	O
medium	O
access	O
efficiency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
LoRa	B-General_Concept
Development	O
Portal	O
,	O
the	O
range	O
provided	O
by	O
LoRa	B-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
up	O
to	O
in	O
urban	O
areas	O
,	O
and	O
up	O
to	O
or	O
more	O
in	O
rural	O
areas	O
(	O
line	O
of	O
sight	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
LoRa	B-General_Concept
uses	O
forward	B-Error_Name
error	I-Error_Name
correction	I-Error_Name
coding	I-Error_Name
to	O
improve	O
resilience	O
against	O
interference	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LoRa	B-General_Concept
's	O
high	O
range	O
is	O
characterized	O
by	O
high	O
wireless	O
link	O
budgets	O
of	O
around	O
155dB	O
to	O
170dB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Range	O
extenders	O
for	O
LoRa	B-General_Concept
are	O
called	O
LoRaX	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
LoRa	B-General_Concept
defines	O
the	O
lower	O
physical	B-Application
layer	I-Application
,	O
the	O
upper	O
networking	O
layers	O
were	O
lacking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LoRaWAN	O
is	O
a	O
cloud-based	O
medium	B-Protocol
access	I-Protocol
control	I-Protocol
(	O
MAC	O
)	O
layer	O
protocol	O
,	O
but	O
acts	O
mainly	O
as	O
a	O
network	O
layer	O
protocol	O
for	O
managing	O
communication	O
between	O
LPWAN	B-General_Concept
gateways	B-Application
and	O
end-node	O
devices	O
as	O
a	O
routing	O
protocol	O
,	O
maintained	O
by	O
the	O
LoRa	B-General_Concept
Alliance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LoRaWAN	O
defines	O
the	O
communication	O
protocol	O
and	O
system	O
architecture	O
for	O
the	O
network	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
LoRa	B-General_Concept
physical	B-Application
layer	I-Application
enables	O
the	O
long-range	O
communication	O
link	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
transmitted	O
by	O
an	O
end-node	O
device	O
are	O
received	O
by	O
multiple	O
gateways	B-Application
,	O
which	O
forward	O
the	O
data	O
packets	O
to	O
a	O
centralized	O
network	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
LoRa	B-General_Concept
Alliance	O
is	O
a	O
501(c )	O
(	O
6	O
)	O
association	O
created	O
in	O
2015	O
to	O
support	O
LoRaWAN	O
(	O
long	O
range	O
wide-area	O
network	O
)	O
protocol	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
to	O
ensure	O
interoperability	O
of	O
all	O
LoRaWAN	O
products	O
and	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
members	O
of	O
the	O
LoRa	B-General_Concept
Alliance	O
are	O
IBM	O
,	O
Everynet	O
,	O
Actility	O
,	O
MicroChip	O
,	O
Orange	O
,	O
Cisco	O
,	O
KPN	O
,	O
Swisscom	O
,	O
Semtech	O
,	O
A2A	O
Smart	O
City	O
SPA	O
,	O
Bouygues	O
Telecom	O
,	O
Singtel	O
,	O
Proximus	O
,	O
The	O
Things	O
Industries	O
and	O
Cavagna	O
Group	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2018	O
,	O
the	O
LoRa	B-General_Concept
Alliance	O
had	O
over	O
100	O
LoRaWAN	O
network	O
operators	O
in	O
over	O
100	O
countries	O
.	O
</s>
