<s>
Literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
is	O
a	O
programming	O
paradigm	O
introduced	O
in	O
1984	O
by	O
Donald	O
Knuth	O
in	O
which	O
a	O
computer	B-Application
program	I-Application
is	O
given	O
as	O
an	O
explanation	O
of	O
how	O
it	O
works	O
in	O
a	O
natural	O
language	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
English	O
,	O
interspersed	O
(	O
embedded	O
)	O
with	O
snippets	B-Application
of	O
macros	O
and	O
traditional	O
source	O
code	O
,	O
from	O
which	O
compilable	B-Language
source	O
code	O
can	O
be	O
generated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
tools	O
are	O
used	O
by	O
millions	O
of	O
programmers	B-Application
today	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
paradigm	O
,	O
as	O
conceived	O
by	O
Donald	O
Knuth	O
,	O
represents	O
a	O
move	O
away	O
from	O
writing	O
computer	B-Application
programs	I-Application
in	O
the	O
manner	O
and	O
order	O
imposed	O
by	O
the	O
computer	O
,	O
and	O
instead	O
gives	O
programmers	B-Application
macros	O
to	O
develop	O
programs	O
in	O
the	O
order	O
demanded	O
by	O
the	O
logic	O
and	O
flow	O
of	O
their	O
thoughts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Literate	B-Application
programs	I-Application
are	O
written	O
as	O
an	O
exposition	O
of	O
logic	O
in	O
more	O
natural	O
language	O
in	O
which	O
macros	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
hide	O
abstractions	O
and	O
traditional	O
source	O
code	O
,	O
more	O
like	O
the	O
text	O
of	O
an	O
essay	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
(	O
LP	O
)	O
tools	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
obtain	O
two	O
representations	O
from	O
a	O
source	O
file	O
:	O
one	O
understandable	O
by	O
a	O
compiler	B-Language
or	O
interpreter	O
,	O
the	O
"	O
tangled	O
"	O
code	O
,	O
and	O
another	O
for	O
viewing	O
as	O
formatted	O
documentation	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
said	O
to	O
be	O
"	O
woven	O
"	O
from	O
the	O
literate	O
source	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
first	O
generation	O
of	O
literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
tools	O
were	O
computer	O
language-specific	O
,	O
the	O
later	O
ones	O
are	O
language-agnostic	B-Language
and	O
exist	O
beyond	O
the	O
individual	O
programming	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
was	O
first	O
introduced	O
in	O
1984	O
by	O
Donald	O
Knuth	O
,	O
who	O
intended	O
it	O
to	O
create	O
programs	O
that	O
were	O
suitable	O
literature	O
for	O
human	O
beings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
implemented	O
it	O
at	O
Stanford	O
University	O
as	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
his	O
research	O
on	O
algorithms	O
and	O
digital	O
typography	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
practice	O
of	O
literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
has	O
seen	O
an	O
important	O
resurgence	O
in	O
the	O
2010s	O
with	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
computational	B-Application
notebooks	I-Application
,	O
especially	O
in	O
data	O
science	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
is	O
writing	O
out	O
the	O
program	O
logic	O
in	O
a	O
human	O
language	O
with	O
included	O
(	O
separated	O
by	O
a	O
primitive	O
markup	O
)	O
code	B-Application
snippets	I-Application
and	O
macros	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
macros	O
are	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
algorithms	O
in	O
pseudocode	B-Language
typically	O
used	O
in	O
teaching	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
arbitrary	O
explanatory	O
phrases	O
become	O
precise	O
new	O
operators	O
,	O
created	O
on	O
the	O
fly	O
by	O
the	O
programmer	B-Application
,	O
forming	O
a	O
meta-language	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
underlying	O
programming	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
preprocessor	B-General_Concept
is	O
used	O
to	O
substitute	O
arbitrary	O
hierarchies	O
,	O
or	O
rather	O
"	O
interconnected	O
'	O
webs	O
 '	O
of	O
macros	O
"	O
,	O
to	O
produce	O
the	O
compilable	B-Language
source	O
code	O
with	O
one	O
command	O
(	O
"	O
tangle	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
documentation	O
with	O
another	O
(	O
"	O
weave	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
preprocessor	B-General_Concept
also	O
provides	O
an	O
ability	O
to	O
write	O
out	O
the	O
content	O
of	O
the	O
macros	O
and	O
to	O
add	O
to	O
already	O
created	O
macros	O
in	O
any	O
place	O
in	O
the	O
text	O
of	O
the	O
literate	B-Application
program	I-Application
source	O
file	O
,	O
thereby	O
disposing	O
of	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
keep	O
in	O
mind	O
the	O
restrictions	O
imposed	O
by	O
traditional	O
programming	O
languages	O
or	O
to	O
interrupt	O
the	O
flow	O
of	O
thought	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
provides	O
higher-quality	O
programs	O
,	O
since	O
it	O
forces	O
programmers	B-Application
to	O
explicitly	O
state	O
the	O
thoughts	O
behind	O
the	O
program	O
,	O
making	O
poorly	O
thought-out	O
design	O
decisions	O
more	O
obvious	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Knuth	O
also	O
claims	O
that	O
literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
provides	O
a	O
first-rate	O
documentation	O
system	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
not	O
an	O
add-on	O
,	O
but	O
is	O
grown	O
naturally	O
in	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
exposition	O
of	O
one	O
's	O
thoughts	O
during	O
a	O
program	O
's	O
creation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
resulting	O
documentation	O
allows	O
the	O
author	O
to	O
restart	O
their	O
own	O
thought	O
processes	O
at	O
any	O
later	O
time	O
,	O
and	O
allows	O
other	O
programmers	B-Application
to	O
understand	O
the	O
construction	O
of	O
the	O
program	O
more	O
easily	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
differs	O
from	O
traditional	O
documentation	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
a	O
programmer	B-Application
is	O
presented	O
with	O
source	O
code	O
that	O
follows	O
a	O
compiler-imposed	O
order	O
,	O
and	O
must	O
decipher	O
the	O
thought	O
process	O
behind	O
the	O
program	O
from	O
the	O
code	O
and	O
its	O
associated	O
comments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
meta-language	O
capabilities	O
of	O
literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
are	O
also	O
claimed	O
to	O
facilitate	O
thinking	O
,	O
giving	O
a	O
higher	O
"	O
bird	O
's	O
eye	O
view	O
"	O
of	O
the	O
code	O
and	O
increasing	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
concepts	O
the	O
mind	O
can	O
successfully	O
retain	O
and	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applicability	O
of	O
the	O
concept	O
to	O
programming	O
on	O
a	O
large	O
scale	O
,	O
that	O
of	O
commercial-grade	O
programs	O
,	O
is	O
proven	O
by	O
an	O
edition	O
of	O
TeX	B-Application
code	O
as	O
a	O
literate	B-Application
program	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Knuth	O
also	O
claims	O
that	O
literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
can	O
lead	O
to	O
easy	O
porting	O
of	O
software	O
to	O
multiple	O
environments	O
,	O
and	O
even	O
cites	O
the	O
implementation	O
of	O
TeX	B-Application
as	O
an	O
example	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
is	O
very	O
often	O
misunderstood	O
to	O
refer	O
only	O
to	O
formatted	O
documentation	O
produced	O
from	O
a	O
common	O
file	O
with	O
both	O
source	O
code	O
and	O
comments	O
–	O
which	O
is	O
properly	O
called	O
documentation	B-Protocol
generation	I-Protocol
–	O
or	O
to	O
voluminous	O
commentaries	O
included	O
with	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
the	O
converse	O
of	O
literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
:	O
well-documented	O
code	O
or	O
documentation	O
extracted	O
from	O
code	O
follows	O
the	O
structure	O
of	O
the	O
code	O
,	O
with	O
documentation	O
embedded	O
in	O
the	O
code	O
;	O
while	O
in	O
literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
,	O
code	O
is	O
embedded	O
in	O
documentation	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
code	O
following	O
the	O
structure	O
of	O
the	O
documentation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
misconception	O
has	O
led	O
to	O
claims	O
that	O
comment-extraction	O
tools	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Perl	B-Language
Plain	B-Language
Old	I-Language
Documentation	I-Language
or	O
Java	B-Language
Javadoc	B-Language
systems	O
,	O
are	O
"	O
literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
tools	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
because	O
these	O
tools	O
do	O
not	O
implement	O
the	O
"	O
web	O
of	O
abstract	O
concepts	O
"	O
hiding	O
behind	O
the	O
system	O
of	O
natural-language	O
macros	O
,	O
or	O
provide	O
an	O
ability	O
to	O
change	O
the	O
order	O
of	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
from	O
a	O
machine-imposed	O
sequence	O
to	O
one	O
convenient	O
to	O
the	O
human	O
mind	O
,	O
they	O
cannot	O
properly	O
be	O
called	O
literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
tools	O
in	O
the	O
sense	O
intended	O
by	O
Knuth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1986	O
,	O
Jon	O
Bentley	O
asked	O
Knuth	O
to	O
demonstrate	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
for	O
his	O
Programming	O
Pearls	O
column	O
in	O
the	O
Communications	O
of	O
the	O
ACM	O
,	O
by	O
writing	O
a	O
program	O
in	O
WEB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
McIlroy	O
praised	O
the	O
intricacy	O
of	O
Knuth	O
's	O
solution	O
,	O
his	O
choice	O
of	O
a	O
data	O
structure	O
(	O
a	O
variant	O
of	O
Frank	O
M	O
.	O
Liang	O
's	O
hash	B-Data_Structure
trie	I-Data_Structure
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
presentation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
McIlroy	O
,	O
also	O
used	O
the	O
review	O
to	O
critique	O
the	O
programming	O
task	O
itself	O
,	O
pointing	O
out	O
that	O
in	O
Unix	B-Application
(	O
developed	O
at	O
Bell	O
Labs	O
)	O
,	O
utilities	O
for	O
text	O
processing	O
(	O
tr	B-Application
,	O
sort	B-Application
,	O
uniq	B-Application
and	O
sed	B-Application
)	O
had	O
been	O
written	O
previously	O
that	O
were	O
"	O
staples	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
solution	O
that	O
was	O
easy	O
to	O
implement	O
,	O
debug	O
and	O
reuse	O
could	O
be	O
obtained	O
by	O
combining	O
these	O
utilities	O
in	O
a	O
six-line	O
shell	B-Language
script	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
McIlroy	O
later	O
admitted	O
that	O
his	O
critique	O
was	O
unfair	O
,	O
since	O
he	O
criticized	O
Knuth	O
's	O
program	O
on	O
engineering	O
grounds	O
,	O
while	O
Knuth	O
's	O
purpose	O
was	O
only	O
to	O
demonstrate	O
the	O
literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
technique	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1987	O
,	O
Communications	O
of	O
the	O
ACM	O
published	O
a	O
followup	O
article	O
which	O
illustrated	O
literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
with	O
a	O
C	B-Language
program	I-Language
that	O
combined	O
artistic	O
approach	O
of	O
Knuth	O
with	O
engineering	O
approach	O
of	O
McIlroy	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
critique	O
by	O
John	O
Gilbert	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Implementing	O
literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
consists	O
of	O
two	O
steps	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
classic	O
example	O
of	O
literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
is	O
the	O
literate	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
standard	O
Unix	B-Application
wc	B-Application
word	O
counting	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Knuth	O
presented	O
a	O
CWEB	B-Application
version	O
of	O
this	O
example	O
in	O
Chapter	O
12	O
of	O
his	O
Literate	B-Application
Programming	I-Application
book	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
same	O
example	O
was	O
later	O
rewritten	O
for	O
the	O
noweb	B-Application
literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
tool	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
example	O
provides	O
a	O
good	O
illustration	O
of	O
the	O
basic	O
elements	O
of	O
literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
snippet	B-Application
of	O
the	O
wc	B-Application
literate	B-Application
program	I-Application
shows	O
how	O
arbitrary	O
descriptive	O
phrases	O
in	O
a	O
natural	O
language	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
literate	B-Application
program	I-Application
to	O
create	O
macros	O
,	O
which	O
act	O
as	O
new	O
"	O
operators	O
"	O
in	O
the	O
literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
language	O
,	O
and	O
hide	O
chunks	O
of	O
code	O
or	O
other	O
macros	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
mark-up	O
notation	O
consists	O
of	O
double	O
angle	O
brackets	O
(	O
"	O
<<...>>	O
"	O
)	O
that	O
indicate	O
macros	O
,	O
the	O
"	O
@	O
"	O
symbol	O
which	O
indicates	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
code	O
section	O
in	O
a	O
noweb	B-Application
file	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
<<*>>	O
"	O
symbol	O
stands	O
for	O
the	O
"	O
root	O
"	O
,	O
topmost	O
node	O
the	O
literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
tool	O
will	O
start	O
expanding	O
the	O
web	O
of	O
macros	O
from	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
a	O
piece	O
of	O
code	O
designated	O
as	O
"	O
<<name of the chunk>>	O
=	O
"	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
equal	O
sign	O
)	O
,	O
so	O
one	O
literate	B-Application
program	I-Application
file	O
can	O
contain	O
several	O
files	O
with	O
machine	O
source	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
unraveling	O
of	O
the	O
chunks	O
can	O
be	O
done	O
in	O
any	O
place	O
in	O
the	O
literate	B-Application
program	I-Application
text	O
file	O
,	O
not	O
necessarily	O
in	O
the	O
order	O
they	O
are	O
sequenced	O
in	O
the	O
enclosing	O
chunk	O
,	O
but	O
as	O
is	O
demanded	O
by	O
the	O
logic	O
reflected	O
in	O
the	O
explanatory	O
text	O
that	O
envelops	O
the	O
whole	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
macros	O
hide	O
the	O
real	O
code	O
behind	O
themselves	O
,	O
and	O
be	O
used	O
inside	O
any	O
low-level	O
machine	O
language	O
operators	O
,	O
often	O
inside	O
logical	O
operators	O
such	O
as	O
"	O
if	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
while	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
case	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
can	O
be	O
seen	O
in	O
the	O
following	O
wc	B-Application
literate	B-Application
program	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
noweb	B-Application
literate	B-Application
program	I-Application
besides	O
the	O
free	O
order	O
of	O
their	O
exposition	O
,	O
the	O
chunks	O
behind	O
macros	O
,	O
once	O
introduced	O
with	O
"	O
<<...>>=", can be grown later in any place in the file by simply writing "<<name of the chunk>>	O
=	O
"	O
and	O
adding	O
more	O
content	O
to	O
it	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
following	O
snippet	B-Application
illustrates	O
(	O
"	O
plus	O
"	O
is	O
added	O
by	O
the	O
document	O
formatter	O
for	O
readability	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
not	O
in	O
the	O
code	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
documentation	O
for	O
a	O
literate	B-Application
program	I-Application
is	O
produced	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
writing	O
the	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
of	O
comments	O
provided	O
as	O
side	O
notes	O
to	O
source	O
code	O
a	O
literate	B-Application
program	I-Application
contains	O
the	O
explanation	O
of	O
concepts	O
on	O
each	O
level	O
,	O
with	O
lower	O
level	O
concepts	O
deferred	O
to	O
their	O
appropriate	O
place	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
for	O
better	O
communication	O
of	O
thought	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
snippets	B-Application
of	O
the	O
literate	O
wc	B-Application
above	O
show	O
how	O
an	O
explanation	O
of	O
the	O
program	O
and	O
its	O
source	O
code	O
are	O
interwoven	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Knuth	O
wrote	O
a	O
"	O
novel	O
"	O
which	O
explains	O
the	O
code	O
of	O
the	O
interactive	O
fiction	O
game	O
Colossal	B-Application
Cave	I-Application
Adventure	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Axiom	B-Language
,	O
which	O
is	O
evolved	O
from	O
scratchpad	B-Language
,	O
a	O
computer	O
algebra	O
system	O
developed	O
by	O
IBM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
now	O
being	O
developed	O
by	O
Tim	O
Daly	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
developers	B-Application
of	O
scratchpad	B-Language
,	O
Axiom	B-Language
is	O
totally	O
written	O
as	O
a	O
literate	B-Application
program	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
published	O
literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
environment	O
was	O
WEB	O
,	O
introduced	O
by	O
Knuth	O
in	O
1981	O
for	O
his	O
TeX	B-Application
typesetting	O
system	O
;	O
it	O
uses	O
Pascal	B-Application
as	O
its	O
underlying	O
programming	O
language	O
and	O
TeX	B-Application
for	O
typesetting	O
of	O
the	O
documentation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
complete	O
commented	O
TeX	B-Application
source	O
code	O
was	O
published	O
in	O
Knuth	O
's	O
TeX	B-Application
:	O
The	O
program	O
,	O
volume	O
B	O
of	O
his	O
5-volume	O
Computers	O
and	O
Typesetting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Knuth	O
had	O
privately	O
used	O
a	O
literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
system	O
called	O
DOC	O
as	O
early	O
as	O
1979	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
free	O
CWEB	B-Application
,	O
written	O
by	O
Knuth	O
and	O
Silvio	O
Levy	O
,	O
is	O
WEB	O
adapted	O
for	O
C	B-Language
and	O
C++	B-Language
,	O
runs	O
on	O
most	O
operating	O
systems	O
and	O
can	O
produce	O
TeX	B-Application
and	O
PDF	B-Application
documentation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
various	O
other	O
implementations	O
of	O
the	O
literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
concept	O
(	O
many	O
of	O
these	O
do	O
n't	O
have	O
macros	O
and	O
hence	O
violate	O
the	O
order	O
of	O
human	O
logic	O
principle	O
,	O
which	O
makes	O
them	O
more	O
of	O
semi-literate	O
tools	O
)	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Name	O
Supported	O
Languages	O
Written	O
in	O
Markup	O
Language	O
Comments	O
WEB	O
Pascal	B-Application
Pascal	B-Application
TeX	B-Application
The	O
first	O
published	O
literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CWEB	B-Application
C++	B-Language
and	O
C	B-Language
C	B-Language
TeX	B-Application
Is	O
WEB	O
adapted	O
for	O
C	B-Language
and	O
C++	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
NoWEB	B-Application
Any	O
C	B-Language
,	O
AWK	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Icon	B-Language
LaTeX	B-Application
,	O
TeX	B-Application
,	O
HTML	B-Language
and	O
troff	B-Language
It	O
is	O
well	O
known	O
for	O
its	O
simplicity	O
and	O
it	O
allows	O
for	O
text	O
formatting	O
in	O
HTML	B-Language
rather	O
than	O
going	O
through	O
the	O
TeX	B-Application
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Literate	O
Any	O
D	B-Application
Markdown	O
Supports	O
TeX	B-Application
equations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compatible	O
with	O
Vim	O
(	O
literate.vim	O
)	O
FunnelWeb	O
Any	O
C	B-Language
HTML	B-Language
and	O
TeX	B-Application
It	O
has	O
more	O
complicated	O
markup	O
,	O
but	O
has	O
many	O
more	O
flexible	O
options	O
NuWEB	O
Any	O
C++	B-Language
LaTeX	B-Application
It	O
can	O
translate	O
a	O
single	O
LP	O
source	O
into	O
any	O
number	O
of	O
code	O
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
does	O
not	O
have	O
the	O
extensibility	O
of	O
noweb	B-Application
pyWeb	O
Any	O
Python	B-Language
ReStructuredText	B-Language
Respects	O
indentation	O
which	O
makes	O
usable	O
for	O
the	O
languages	O
like	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
though	O
you	O
can	O
use	O
it	O
for	O
any	O
programming	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Molly	O
Any	O
Perl	B-Language
HTML	B-Language
Aims	O
to	O
modernize	O
and	O
scale	O
it	O
with	O
"	O
folding	O
HTML	B-Language
"	O
and	O
"	O
virtual	O
views	O
"	O
on	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
uses	O
"	O
noweb	B-Application
"	O
markup	O
for	O
the	O
literate	O
source	O
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Codnar	O
Ruby	B-Language
It	O
is	O
an	O
inverse	O
literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
tool	O
available	O
as	O
a	O
Ruby	B-Language
Gem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Emacs	B-Application
org-mode	B-Operating_System
Any	O
Emacs	B-Operating_System
Lisp	I-Operating_System
Plain	O
text	O
Requires	O
Babel	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
embedding	O
blocks	O
of	O
source	O
code	O
from	O
multiple	O
programming	O
languages	O
within	O
a	O
single	O
text	O
document	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Blocks	O
of	O
code	O
can	O
share	O
data	O
with	O
each	O
other	O
,	O
display	O
images	O
inline	O
,	O
or	O
be	O
parsed	O
into	O
pure	O
source	O
code	O
using	O
the	O
noweb	B-Application
reference	O
syntax	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CoffeeScript	B-Application
CoffeeScript	B-Application
CoffeeScript	B-Application
,	O
JavaScript	B-Language
Markdown	O
CoffeeScript	B-Application
supports	O
a	O
"	O
literate	O
"	O
mode	O
,	O
which	O
enables	O
programs	O
to	O
be	O
compiled	B-Language
from	O
a	O
source	O
document	O
written	O
in	O
Markdown	O
with	O
indented	O
blocks	O
of	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Maple	B-Language
worksheets	I-Language
Maple	B-Language
(	O
software	O
)	O
XML	B-Protocol
Maple	B-Language
worksheets	I-Language
are	O
a	O
platform-agnostic	O
literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
environment	O
that	O
combines	O
text	O
and	O
graphics	O
with	O
live	O
code	O
for	O
symbolic	O
computation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wolfram	B-Application
Notebooks	I-Application
Wolfram	B-Language
Language	I-Language
Wolfram	B-Language
Language	I-Language
Wolfram	B-Application
notebooks	I-Application
are	O
a	O
platform-agnostic	O
literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
method	O
that	O
combines	O
text	O
and	O
graphics	O
with	O
live	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Milestones	O
in	O
Computer	B-General_Concept
Science	I-General_Concept
and	O
Information	O
Technology	O
by	O
Edwin	O
D	B-Application
.	O
Reilly	O
,	O
p	O
.	O
157	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Playgrounds	O
Swift	B-Application
(	O
programming	O
language	O
)	O
Provides	O
an	O
interactive	O
programming	O
environment	O
that	O
evaluates	O
each	O
statement	O
and	O
displays	O
live	O
results	O
as	O
the	O
code	O
is	O
edited	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jupyter	O
Notebook	O
,	O
formerly	O
IPython	B-Application
Notebook	I-Application
Python	B-Language
and	O
any	O
with	O
a	O
Jupyter	O
Kernel	O
JSON	B-General_Concept
format	O
Specification	O
for	O
ipynb	O
Works	O
in	O
the	O
format	O
of	O
notebooks	O
,	O
which	O
combine	O
headings	O
,	O
text	O
(	O
including	O
LaTeX	B-Application
)	O
,	O
plots	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
with	O
the	O
written	O
code.nbdevPython	O
and	O
Jupyter	O
Notebooknbdev	O
is	O
a	O
library	O
that	O
allows	O
you	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
python	B-Language
library	O
in	O
Jupyter	O
Notebooks	O
,	O
putting	O
all	O
your	O
code	O
,	O
tests	O
and	O
documentation	O
in	O
one	O
place	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Julia	B-Application
(	O
programming	O
language	O
)	O
Supports	O
the	O
iJulia	O
mode	O
of	O
development	O
which	O
was	O
inspired	O
by	O
iPython	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Agda	B-Language
(	O
programming	O
language	O
)	O
Supports	O
a	O
limited	O
form	O
of	O
literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
out	O
of	O
the	O
box	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eve	O
combines	O
variants	O
of	O
Datalog	B-Language
and	O
Markdown	O
with	O
a	O
live	O
graphical	O
development	O
environment	O
R	B-Language
Markdown	O
Notebooks	O
(	O
or	O
R	B-Language
Notebooks	O
)	O
R	B-Language
,	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
Julia	B-Application
and	O
SQL	B-Language
PDF	B-Application
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Word	I-Application
,	O
LibreOffice	B-Application
and	O
presentation	O
or	O
slide	O
show	O
formats	O
plus	O
interactive	O
formats	O
like	O
HTML	B-Language
widgets	O
Quarto	O
R	B-Language
,	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
Julia	B-Application
and	O
Observable	O
PDF	B-Application
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Word	I-Application
,	O
LibreOffice	B-Application
and	O
presentation	O
or	O
slide	O
show	O
formats	O
plus	O
interactive	O
formats	O
like	O
HTML	B-Language
widgets	O
Sweave	B-Application
R	B-Language
PDF	B-Application
Knitr	B-Application
R	B-Language
LaTeX	B-Application
,	O
PDF	B-Application
,	O
LyX	B-Language
,	O
HTML	B-Language
,	O
Markdown	O
,	O
AsciiDoc	B-Language
,	O
and	O
reStructuredText	B-Language
Codebraid	O
Pandoc	B-Language
,	O
Rust	B-Application
,	O
Julia	B-Application
,	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
R	B-Language
,	O
Bash	B-Operating_System
Python	B-Language
Markdown	O
Pweave	O
Python	B-Language
PDF	B-Application
MATLAB	O
Live	O
EditorMATLABMarkdownInweb	O
C	B-Language
,	O
C++	B-Language
,	O
Inform	O
6	O
,	O
Inform	O
7	O
C	B-Language
,	O
CWEB	B-Application
TeX	B-Application
,	O
HTML	B-Language
Used	O
to	O
write	O
the	O
Inform	O
Programming	O
Language	O
since	O
2004.Mercury	O
Python	B-Language
Python	B-Language
,	O
TypeScript	B-Language
JSON	B-General_Concept
format	O
specification	O
for	O
ipynb	O
Mercury	O
turns	O
Jupyter	O
Notebook	O
into	O
interactive	O
computational	O
documents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
can	O
be	O
published	O
as	O
web	B-Application
application	I-Application
,	O
dashboards	O
,	O
reports	O
,	O
REST	O
API	O
,	O
or	O
slides	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
executed	O
document	O
can	O
be	O
exported	O
as	O
standalone	O
HTML	B-Language
or	O
PDF	B-Application
file	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Observable	O
JavaScript	B-Language
JavaScript	B-Language
,	O
TypeScript	B-Language
TeX(KaTeX )	O
,	O
HTML	B-Language
Stored	O
on	O
the	O
cloud	O
with	O
web	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
rich	O
standard	O
library	O
implemented	O
with	O
modern	O
features	O
of	O
JavaScript	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Npm	B-Language
libraries	O
can	O
be	O
imported	O
on	O
the	O
fly.GaneshaJavaScript	O
,	O
TypeScriptJavaScriptMarkdownEnables	O
Node.js	B-Language
to	O
load	O
literate	O
modules	O
,	O
represented	O
by	O
Markdown	O
files	O
containing	O
JavaScript	B-Language
or	O
TypeScript	B-Language
code	O
interspersed	O
with	O
richly	O
formatted	O
prose	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Supports	O
bundling	O
literate	O
modules	O
for	O
browsers	B-Application
when	O
using	O
the	O
Rollup	O
or	O
Vite	O
frontend	O
module	O
bundlers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Leo	B-Language
text	I-Language
editor	I-Language
is	O
an	O
outlining	O
editor	O
which	O
supports	O
optional	O
noweb	B-Application
and	O
CWEB	B-Application
markup	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
author	O
of	O
Leo	B-Language
mixes	O
two	O
different	O
approaches	O
:	O
first	O
,	O
Leo	B-Language
is	O
an	O
outlining	O
editor	O
,	O
which	O
helps	O
with	O
management	O
of	O
large	O
texts	O
;	O
second	O
,	O
Leo	B-Language
incorporates	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
ideas	O
of	O
literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
,	O
which	O
in	O
its	O
pure	O
form	O
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
the	O
way	O
it	O
is	O
used	O
by	O
Knuth	O
Web	O
tool	O
or	O
tools	O
like	O
"	O
noweb	B-Application
"	O
)	O
is	O
possible	O
only	O
with	O
some	O
degree	O
of	O
inventiveness	O
and	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
editor	O
in	O
a	O
way	O
not	O
exactly	O
envisioned	O
by	O
its	O
author	O
(	O
in	O
modified	O
@root	O
nodes	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
this	O
and	O
other	O
extensions	O
(	O
@file	O
nodes	O
)	O
make	O
outline	O
programming	O
and	O
text	O
management	O
successful	O
and	O
easy	O
and	O
in	O
some	O
ways	O
similar	O
to	O
literate	B-Application
programming	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Haskell	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
has	O
native	O
support	O
for	O
semi-literate	O
programming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
compiler/interpreter	O
supports	O
two	O
file	O
name	O
extensions	O
:	O
.hs	B-Language
and	O
.lhs	O
;	O
the	O
latter	O
stands	O
for	O
literate	O
Haskell	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
literate	O
scripts	O
can	O
be	O
full	O
LaTeX	B-Application
source	O
text	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
compiled	B-Language
,	O
with	O
no	O
changes	O
,	O
because	O
the	O
interpreter	O
only	O
compiles	B-Language
the	O
text	O
in	O
a	O
code	O
environment	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
LaTeX	B-Application
listings	O
package	O
provides	O
a	O
lstlisting	O
environment	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
embellish	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
define	O
a	O
code	O
environment	O
to	O
use	O
within	O
Haskell	B-Language
to	O
print	O
the	O
symbols	O
in	O
the	O
following	O
manner	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
package	O
does	O
not	O
provide	O
means	O
to	O
organize	O
chunks	O
of	O
code	O
,	O
one	O
can	O
split	O
the	O
LaTeX	B-Application
source	O
code	O
in	O
different	O
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Web	O
68	O
Literate	B-Application
Programming	I-Application
system	O
used	O
Algol	B-Language
68	I-Language
as	O
the	O
underlying	O
programming	O
language	O
,	O
although	O
there	O
was	O
nothing	O
in	O
the	O
pre-processor	O
'	O
tang	O
 '	O
to	O
force	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
that	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
customization	O
mechanism	O
of	O
the	O
Text	B-Language
Encoding	I-Language
Initiative	I-Language
which	O
enables	O
the	O
constraining	O
,	O
modification	O
,	O
or	O
extension	O
of	O
the	O
TEI	B-Language
scheme	O
enables	O
users	O
to	O
mix	O
prose	O
documentation	O
with	O
fragments	O
of	O
schema	O
specification	O
in	O
their	O
One	O
Document	O
Does-it-all	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
this	O
prose	O
documentation	O
,	O
schemas	O
,	O
and	O
processing	O
model	O
pipelines	O
can	O
be	O
generated	O
and	O
Knuth	O
's	O
Literate	B-Application
Programming	I-Application
paradigm	O
is	O
cited	O
as	O
the	O
inspiration	O
for	O
this	O
way	O
of	O
working	O
.	O
</s>
