<s>
A	O
modeling	B-Language
language	I-Language
is	O
any	O
artificial	O
language	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
express	B-Application
information	O
or	O
knowledge	O
or	O
systems	O
in	O
a	O
structure	O
that	O
is	O
defined	O
by	O
a	O
consistent	O
set	O
of	O
rules	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
modeling	B-Language
language	I-Language
can	O
be	O
graphical	O
or	O
textual	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Graphical	O
modeling	B-Language
languages	I-Language
use	O
a	O
diagram	B-Application
technique	I-Application
with	O
named	O
symbols	O
that	O
represent	O
concepts	O
and	O
lines	O
that	O
connect	O
the	O
symbols	O
and	O
represent	O
relationships	O
and	O
various	O
other	O
graphical	O
notation	O
to	O
represent	O
constraints	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Textual	O
modeling	B-Language
languages	I-Language
may	O
use	O
standardized	O
keywords	O
accompanied	O
by	O
parameters	O
or	O
natural	O
language	O
terms	O
and	O
phrases	O
to	O
make	O
computer-interpretable	O
expressions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
of	O
a	O
graphical	O
modeling	B-Language
language	I-Language
and	O
a	O
corresponding	O
textual	O
modeling	B-Language
language	I-Language
is	O
EXPRESS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Not	O
all	O
modeling	B-Language
languages	I-Language
are	O
executable	O
,	O
and	O
for	O
those	O
that	O
are	O
,	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
them	O
does	O
n't	O
necessarily	O
mean	O
that	O
programmers	O
are	O
no	O
longer	O
required	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
contrary	O
,	O
executable	O
modeling	B-Language
languages	I-Language
are	O
intended	O
to	O
amplify	O
the	O
productivity	O
of	O
skilled	O
programmers	O
,	O
so	O
that	O
they	O
can	O
address	O
more	O
challenging	O
problems	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
parallel	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
and	O
distributed	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
modeling	B-Language
languages	I-Language
appear	O
in	O
the	O
literature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Example	O
of	O
graphical	O
modeling	B-Language
languages	I-Language
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
,	O
project	O
management	O
and	O
systems	O
engineering	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Behavior	B-Application
Trees	I-Application
are	O
a	O
formal	O
,	O
graphical	O
modeling	B-Language
language	I-Language
used	O
primarily	O
in	O
systems	O
and	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Commonly	O
used	O
to	O
unambiguously	O
represent	O
the	O
hundreds	O
or	O
even	O
thousands	O
of	O
natural	O
language	O
requirements	O
that	O
are	O
typically	O
used	O
to	O
express	B-Application
the	O
stakeholder	O
needs	O
for	O
a	O
large-scale	O
software-integrated	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Business	B-Architecture
Process	I-Architecture
Modeling	I-Architecture
Notation	I-Architecture
(	O
BPMN	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
the	O
XML	B-Protocol
form	O
BPML	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
a	O
Process	O
Modeling	B-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
C-K	O
theory	O
consists	O
of	O
a	O
modeling	B-Language
language	I-Language
for	O
design	O
processes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DRAKON	B-Language
is	O
a	O
general-purpose	B-General_Concept
algorithmic	I-General_Concept
modeling	I-General_Concept
language	O
for	O
specifying	O
software-intensive	O
systems	O
,	O
a	O
schematic	O
representation	O
of	O
an	O
algorithm	O
or	O
a	O
stepwise	O
process	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
family	O
of	O
programming	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
EXPRESS	B-Application
and	O
EXPRESS-G	O
(	O
ISO	B-Application
10303-11	I-Application
)	O
is	O
an	O
international	O
standard	O
general-purpose	O
data	B-Language
modeling	I-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Extended	O
Enterprise	O
Modeling	B-Language
Language	I-Language
(	O
EEML	O
)	O
is	O
commonly	O
used	O
for	O
business	O
process	O
modeling	O
across	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
layers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Flowchart	B-Language
is	O
a	O
schematic	O
representation	O
of	O
an	O
algorithm	O
or	O
a	O
stepwise	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fundamental	B-Application
Modeling	I-Application
Concepts	I-Application
(	O
FMC	O
)	O
modeling	B-Language
language	I-Language
for	O
software-intensive	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IDEF	O
is	O
a	O
family	O
of	O
modeling	B-Language
languages	I-Language
,	O
which	O
include	O
IDEF0	O
for	O
functional	O
modeling	O
,	O
IDEF1X	B-Application
for	O
information	O
modeling	O
,	O
IDEF3	O
for	O
business	O
process	O
modeling	O
,	O
IDEF4	B-Application
for	O
Object-Oriented	B-Language
Design	O
and	O
IDEF5	O
for	O
modeling	O
ontologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jackson	B-Application
Structured	I-Application
Programming	I-Application
(	O
JSP	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
method	O
for	O
structured	O
programming	O
based	O
on	O
correspondences	O
between	O
data	O
stream	O
structure	O
and	O
program	O
structure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LePUS3	O
is	O
an	O
object-oriented	B-Language
visual	O
Design	O
Description	O
Language	O
and	O
a	O
formal	B-Application
specification	I-Application
language	O
that	O
is	O
suitable	O
primarily	O
for	O
modeling	O
large	O
object-oriented	B-Language
(	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
C++	B-Language
,	O
C#	B-Application
)	O
programs	O
and	O
design	O
patterns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lifecycle	O
Modeling	B-Language
Language	I-Language
is	O
an	O
open-standard	O
language	O
for	O
systems	O
engineering	O
that	O
supports	O
the	O
full	O
system	O
lifecycle	O
:	O
conceptual	O
,	O
utilization	O
,	O
support	O
and	O
retirement	O
stages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Object-Role	B-Application
Modeling	I-Application
(	O
ORM	O
)	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
method	O
for	O
conceptual	O
modeling	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
tool	O
for	O
information	O
and	O
rules	O
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Petri	B-Operating_System
nets	I-Operating_System
use	O
variations	O
on	O
exactly	O
one	O
diagramming	B-Application
technique	I-Application
and	O
topology	O
,	O
namely	O
the	O
bipartite	O
graph	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Southbeach	O
Notation	O
is	O
a	O
visual	O
modeling	B-Language
language	I-Language
used	O
to	O
describe	O
situations	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
agents	O
that	O
are	O
considered	O
useful	O
or	O
harmful	O
from	O
the	O
modeler	O
's	O
perspective	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specification	B-Application
and	I-Application
Description	I-Application
Language	I-Application
(	O
SDL	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
specification	B-Application
language	O
targeted	O
at	O
the	O
unambiguous	O
specification	B-Application
and	O
description	O
of	O
the	O
behavior	O
of	O
reactive	O
and	O
distributed	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
SysML	B-Language
is	O
a	O
Domain-Specific	B-Language
Modeling	I-Language
language	I-Language
for	O
systems	O
engineering	O
that	O
is	O
defined	O
as	O
a	O
UML	B-Language
profile	O
(	O
customization	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unified	B-Language
Modeling	I-Language
Language	I-Language
(	O
UML	B-Language
)	O
is	O
a	O
general-purpose	B-General_Concept
modeling	I-General_Concept
language	I-General_Concept
that	O
is	O
an	O
industry	O
standard	O
for	O
specifying	O
software-intensive	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Architecture	B-Architecture
description	I-Architecture
language	I-Architecture
(	O
ADL	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
language	O
used	O
to	O
describe	O
and	O
represent	O
the	O
systems	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
of	O
a	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AADL	B-Architecture
(	O
AADL	B-Architecture
)	O
is	O
a	O
modeling	B-Language
language	I-Language
that	O
supports	O
early	O
and	O
repeated	O
analyses	O
of	O
a	O
system	O
's	O
architecture	O
with	O
respect	O
to	O
performance-critical	O
properties	O
through	O
an	O
extendable	O
notation	O
,	O
a	O
tool	O
framework	O
,	O
and	O
precisely	O
defined	O
semantics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
graphical	O
modeling	B-Language
languages	I-Language
in	O
other	O
fields	O
of	O
science	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
EAST-ADL	B-Architecture
is	O
a	O
Domain-Specific	B-Language
Modeling	I-Language
language	I-Language
dedicated	O
to	O
automotive	O
system	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IEC	O
61499	O
defines	O
Domain-Specific	B-Language
Modeling	I-Language
language	I-Language
dedicated	O
to	O
distribute	O
industrial	O
process	O
measurement	O
and	O
control	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gellish	O
Formal	O
English	O
is	O
an	O
information	O
representation	O
language	O
or	O
semantic	O
modeling	B-Language
language	I-Language
that	O
is	O
defined	O
in	O
the	O
Gellish	O
English	O
Dictionary-Taxonomy	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
a	O
Taxonomy-Ontology	O
(	O
similarly	O
for	O
Dutch	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gellish	O
Formal	O
English	O
is	O
not	O
only	O
suitable	O
to	O
express	B-Application
knowledge	O
,	O
requirements	O
and	O
dictionaries	O
,	O
taxonomies	O
and	O
ontologies	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
information	O
about	O
individual	O
things	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
information	O
model	O
in	O
Gellish	O
can	O
express	B-Application
facts	O
or	O
make	O
statements	O
,	O
queries	O
and	O
answers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
recently	O
more	O
specific	O
types	O
of	O
modeling	B-Language
languages	I-Language
have	O
emerged	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Algebraic	B-Application
Modeling	I-Application
Languages	I-Application
(	O
AML	O
)	O
are	O
high-level	O
programming	O
languages	O
for	O
describing	O
and	O
solving	O
high	O
complexity	O
problems	O
for	O
large	O
scale	O
mathematical	O
computation	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
particular	O
advantage	O
of	O
AMLs	O
like	O
AIMMS	B-Application
,	O
AMPL	B-Language
,	O
GAMS	B-Application
,	O
Gekko	O
,	O
Mosel	B-Application
,	O
OPL	B-Application
and	O
OptimJ	B-Application
is	O
the	O
similarity	O
of	O
its	O
syntax	B-Application
to	O
the	O
mathematical	O
notation	O
of	O
optimization	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
for	O
a	O
very	O
concise	O
and	O
readable	O
definition	O
of	O
problems	O
in	O
the	O
domain	O
of	O
optimization	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
supported	O
by	O
certain	O
language	O
elements	O
like	O
sets	O
,	O
indices	O
,	O
algebraic	O
expressions	O
,	O
powerful	O
sparse	O
index	O
and	O
data	O
handling	O
variables	O
,	O
constraints	B-Application
with	O
arbitrary	O
names	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
such	O
language	O
offers	O
a	O
distinct	O
vocabulary	O
,	O
syntax	B-Application
,	O
and	O
notation	O
for	O
each	O
stage	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
discovery	O
,	O
analysis	O
,	O
design	O
,	O
architecture	O
,	O
contraction	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
the	O
discipline-specific	O
modeling	B-Language
language	I-Language
best	O
practices	O
does	O
not	O
preclude	O
practitioners	O
from	O
combining	O
the	O
various	O
notations	O
in	O
a	O
single	O
diagram	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Domain-specific	B-Language
modeling	I-Language
(	O
DSM	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
methodology	O
for	O
designing	O
and	O
developing	O
systems	O
,	O
most	O
often	O
IT	O
systems	O
such	O
as	O
computer	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
involves	O
systematic	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
graphical	O
domain-specific	B-Language
language	I-Language
(	O
DSL	O
)	O
to	O
represent	O
the	O
various	O
facets	O
of	O
a	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DSM	O
languages	O
tend	O
to	O
support	O
higher-level	O
abstractions	O
than	O
General-purpose	B-General_Concept
modeling	I-General_Concept
languages	I-General_Concept
,	O
so	O
they	O
require	O
less	O
effort	O
and	O
fewer	O
low-level	O
details	O
to	O
specify	O
a	O
given	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
framework-specific	B-Language
modeling	I-Language
language	I-Language
(	O
FSML	B-Language
)	O
is	O
a	O
kind	O
of	O
domain-specific	B-Language
modeling	I-Language
language	I-Language
which	O
is	O
designed	O
for	O
an	O
object-oriented	B-Language
application	O
framework	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FSMLs	B-Language
define	O
framework-provided	O
abstractions	O
as	O
FSML	B-Language
concepts	O
and	O
decompose	O
the	O
abstractions	O
into	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
FSML	B-Language
concept	O
can	O
be	O
configured	O
by	O
selecting	O
features	O
and	O
providing	O
values	O
for	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linked	B-Operating_System
data	I-Operating_System
and	O
ontology	O
engineering	O
require	O
'	O
host	O
languages	O
 '	O
to	O
represent	O
entities	B-Architecture
and	I-Architecture
the	I-Architecture
relations	I-Architecture
between	I-Architecture
them	I-Architecture
,	O
constraints	B-Application
between	O
the	O
properties	O
of	O
entities	O
and	O
relations	O
,	O
and	O
metadata	O
attributes	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
JSON-LD	B-Protocol
and	O
RDF	O
are	O
two	O
major	O
(	O
and	O
semantically	O
almost	O
equivalent	O
)	O
languages	O
in	O
this	O
context	O
,	O
primarily	O
because	O
they	O
support	O
statement	O
reification	O
and	O
contextualisation	O
which	O
are	O
essential	O
properties	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
higher-order	B-Algorithm
logic	I-Algorithm
needed	O
to	O
reason	O
about	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Model	B-Language
transformation	I-Language
is	O
a	O
common	O
example	O
of	O
such	O
reasoning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Object	B-Application
modeling	I-Application
languages	I-Application
are	O
modeling	B-Language
languages	I-Language
based	O
on	O
a	O
standardized	O
set	O
of	O
symbols	O
and	O
ways	O
of	O
arranging	O
them	O
to	O
model	O
(	O
part	O
of	O
)	O
an	O
object	B-Language
oriented	I-Language
software	O
design	O
or	O
system	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
organizations	O
use	O
them	O
extensively	O
in	O
combination	O
with	O
a	O
software	O
development	O
methodology	O
to	O
progress	O
from	O
initial	O
specification	B-Application
to	O
an	O
implementation	O
plan	O
and	O
to	O
communicate	O
that	O
plan	O
to	O
an	O
entire	O
team	O
of	O
developers	O
and	O
stakeholders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
a	O
modeling	B-Language
language	I-Language
is	O
visual	O
and	O
at	O
a	O
higher-level	O
of	O
abstraction	O
than	O
code	O
,	O
using	O
models	O
encourages	O
the	O
generation	O
of	O
a	O
shared	O
vision	O
that	O
may	O
prevent	O
problems	O
of	O
differing	O
interpretation	O
later	O
in	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Often	O
software	B-Language
modeling	I-Language
tools	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
construct	O
these	O
models	O
,	O
which	O
may	O
then	O
be	O
capable	O
of	O
automatic	O
translation	O
to	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Application
Reality	I-Application
Modeling	I-Application
Language	I-Application
(	O
VRML	B-Application
)	O
,	O
before	O
1995	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
Virtual	O
Reality	O
Markup	O
Language	O
is	O
a	O
standard	O
file	O
format	O
for	O
representing	O
3-dimensional	O
(	O
3D	O
)	O
interactive	O
vector	O
graphics	O
,	O
designed	O
particularly	O
with	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
in	O
mind	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
kinds	O
of	O
modeling	B-Language
languages	I-Language
are	O
applied	O
in	O
different	O
disciplines	O
,	O
including	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
,	O
information	B-Application
management	I-Application
,	O
business	O
process	O
modeling	O
,	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
systems	O
engineering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modeling	B-Language
languages	I-Language
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
specify	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Modeling	B-Language
languages	I-Language
are	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
precisely	O
specify	O
systems	O
so	O
that	O
stakeholders	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
customers	O
,	O
operators	O
,	O
analysts	O
,	O
designers	O
)	O
can	O
better	O
understand	O
the	O
system	O
being	O
modeled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
more	O
mature	O
modeling	B-Language
languages	I-Language
are	O
precise	O
,	O
consistent	O
and	O
executable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Informal	O
diagramming	B-Application
techniques	I-Application
applied	O
with	O
drawing	O
tools	O
are	O
expected	O
to	O
produce	O
useful	O
pictorial	O
representations	O
of	O
system	O
requirements	O
,	O
structures	O
and	O
behaviors	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
useful	O
for	O
communication	O
,	O
design	O
,	O
and	O
problem	O
solving	O
but	O
cannot	O
be	O
used	O
programmatically	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Executable	O
modeling	B-Language
languages	I-Language
applied	O
with	O
proper	O
tool	O
support	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
are	O
expected	O
to	O
automate	O
system	O
verification	B-Application
and	I-Application
validation	I-Application
,	O
simulation	O
and	O
code	B-Application
generation	I-Application
from	O
the	O
same	O
representations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
review	O
of	O
modelling	B-Language
languages	I-Language
is	O
essential	O
to	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
assign	O
which	O
languages	O
are	O
appropriate	O
for	O
different	O
modelling	O
settings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Five	O
areas	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
this	O
framework	O
to	O
describe	O
language	O
quality	O
and	O
these	O
are	O
supposed	O
to	O
express	B-Application
both	O
the	O
conceptual	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
visual	O
notation	O
of	O
the	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
statement	O
appropriateness	O
can	O
be	O
a	O
bit	O
vague	O
,	O
but	O
in	O
this	O
particular	O
context	O
it	O
means	O
able	O
to	O
express	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
You	O
should	O
ideally	O
only	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
express	B-Application
things	O
that	O
are	O
in	O
the	O
domain	O
but	O
be	O
powerful	O
enough	O
to	O
include	O
everything	O
that	O
is	O
in	O
the	O
domain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
achieve	O
this	O
,	O
the	O
language	O
has	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
good	O
distinction	O
of	O
which	O
notations	O
and	O
syntaxes	B-Application
that	O
are	O
advantageous	O
to	O
present	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
language	O
should	O
to	O
a	O
large	O
extent	O
express	B-Application
all	O
the	O
explicit	O
knowledge	O
of	O
the	O
stakeholders	O
relevant	O
to	O
the	O
domain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
it	O
is	O
imperative	O
that	O
the	O
language	O
should	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
express	B-Application
all	O
possible	O
explicit	O
knowledge	O
of	O
the	O
stakeholders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
general	O
importance	O
that	O
these	O
express	B-Application
is	O
that	O
the	O
language	O
should	O
be	O
flexible	O
,	O
easy	O
to	O
organize	O
and	O
easy	O
to	O
distinguish	O
different	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
language	O
internally	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
from	O
other	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
achieve	O
this	O
it	O
has	O
to	O
include	O
formal	O
syntax	B-Application
and	O
semantics	O
.	O
</s>
