<s>
This	O
is	O
a	O
list	B-Device
of	I-Device
interface	I-Device
bit	I-Device
rates	I-Device
,	O
is	O
a	O
measure	O
of	O
information	O
transfer	O
rates	O
,	O
or	O
digital	O
bandwidth	O
capacity	O
,	O
at	O
which	O
digital	O
interfaces	B-Application
in	O
a	O
computer	O
or	O
network	B-Device
can	O
communicate	O
over	O
various	O
kinds	O
of	O
buses	B-General_Concept
and	O
channels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
distinction	O
can	O
be	O
arbitrary	O
between	O
a	O
computer	B-General_Concept
bus	I-General_Concept
,	O
often	O
closer	O
in	O
space	O
,	O
and	O
larger	O
telecommunications	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
device	O
interfaces	B-Application
or	O
protocols	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
SATA	O
,	O
USB	B-Protocol
,	O
SAS	O
,	O
PCIe	O
)	O
are	O
used	O
both	O
inside	O
many-device	O
boxes	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
PC	O
,	O
and	O
one-device-boxes	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
hard	B-Device
drive	I-Device
enclosure	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
of	O
the	O
listed	O
rates	O
are	O
theoretical	O
maximum	O
throughput	O
measures	O
;	O
in	O
practice	O
,	O
the	O
actual	O
effective	O
throughput	O
is	O
almost	O
inevitably	O
lower	O
in	O
proportion	O
to	O
the	O
load	O
from	O
other	O
devices	O
(	O
network/bus	O
contention	O
)	O
,	O
physical	O
or	O
temporal	O
distances	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
overhead	O
in	O
data	B-Protocol
link	I-Protocol
layer	I-Protocol
protocols	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
maximum	O
goodput	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
file	O
transfer	O
rate	O
)	O
may	O
be	O
even	O
lower	O
due	O
to	O
higher	O
layer	O
protocol	O
overhead	O
and	O
data	O
packet	O
retransmissions	O
caused	O
by	O
line	O
noise	O
or	O
interference	O
such	O
as	O
crosstalk	O
,	O
or	O
lost	O
packets	O
in	O
congested	B-Protocol
intermediate	O
network	B-Device
nodes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Device	O
interfaces	B-Application
where	O
one	O
bus	O
transfers	O
data	O
via	O
another	O
will	O
be	O
limited	O
to	O
the	O
throughput	O
of	O
the	O
slowest	O
interface	O
,	O
at	O
best	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
SATA	O
revision	O
3.0	O
(	O
6	O
Gbit/s	O
)	O
controllers	O
on	O
one	O
PCI	B-Protocol
Express	O
2.0	O
(	O
5	O
Gbit/s	O
)	O
channel	O
will	O
be	O
limited	O
to	O
the	O
5	O
Gbit/s	O
rate	O
and	O
have	O
to	O
employ	O
more	O
channels	O
to	O
get	O
around	O
this	O
problem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
physical	O
phenomena	O
on	O
which	O
the	O
device	O
relies	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
spinning	O
platters	O
in	O
a	O
hard	O
drive	O
)	O
will	O
also	O
impose	O
limits	O
;	O
for	O
instance	O
,	O
no	O
spinning	O
platter	O
shipping	O
in	O
2009	O
saturates	O
SATA	O
revision	O
2.0	O
(	O
3Gbit/s	O
)	O
,	O
so	O
moving	O
from	O
this	O
3Gbit/s	O
interface	O
to	O
USB	B-Protocol
3.0	O
at	O
4.8Gbit/s	O
for	O
one	O
spinning	O
drive	O
will	O
result	O
in	O
no	O
increase	O
in	O
realized	O
transfer	O
rate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wireless	O
devices	O
,	O
BPL	O
,	O
and	O
modems	B-Application
may	O
produce	O
a	O
higher	O
line	O
rate	O
or	O
gross	O
bit	O
rate	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
error-correcting	B-Error_Name
codes	I-Error_Name
and	O
other	O
physical	B-Application
layer	I-Application
overhead	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
extremely	O
common	O
for	O
throughput	O
to	O
be	O
far	O
less	O
than	O
half	O
of	O
theoretical	O
maximum	O
,	O
though	O
the	O
more	O
recent	O
technologies	O
(	O
notably	O
BPL	O
)	O
employ	O
preemptive	O
spectrum	O
analysis	O
to	O
avoid	O
this	O
and	O
so	O
have	O
much	O
more	O
potential	O
to	O
reach	O
actual	O
gigabit	O
rates	O
in	O
practice	O
than	O
prior	O
modems	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
are	O
rate	O
limiting	O
,	O
bandwidth	O
throttling	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
assignment	O
of	O
IP	B-Protocol
addresses	I-Protocol
to	O
groups	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AMD	O
,	O
for	O
instance	O
,	O
does	O
not	O
support	O
the	O
32-bit	O
HyperTransport	B-Device
interface	O
on	O
any	O
CPU	O
it	O
has	O
shipped	O
as	O
of	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Choosing	O
service	O
providers	O
or	O
interfaces	B-Application
based	O
on	O
theoretical	O
maxima	O
is	O
unwise	O
,	O
especially	O
for	O
commercial	O
needs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
some	O
protocols	O
such	O
as	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
and	O
Ethernet	O
now	O
operate	O
many	O
orders	O
of	O
magnitude	O
faster	O
than	O
when	O
originally	O
deployed	O
,	O
scalability	O
of	O
the	O
interface	O
is	O
one	O
major	O
factor	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
prevents	O
costly	O
shifts	O
to	O
technologies	O
that	O
are	O
not	O
backward	O
compatible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
convention	O
,	O
bus	O
and	O
network	B-Device
data	O
rates	O
are	O
denoted	O
either	O
in	O
bits	O
per	O
second	O
(	O
bit/s	O
)	O
or	O
bytes	O
per	O
second	O
(	O
B/s	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
general	O
,	O
parallel	B-Device
interfaces	B-Application
are	O
quoted	O
in	O
B/s	O
and	O
serial	B-Protocol
in	O
bit/s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
devices	O
like	O
modems	B-Application
,	O
bytes	O
may	O
be	O
more	O
than	O
8	O
bits	O
long	O
because	O
they	O
may	O
be	O
individually	O
padded	O
out	O
with	O
additional	O
start	O
and	O
stop	O
bits	O
;	O
the	O
figures	O
below	O
will	O
reflect	O
this	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Where	O
channels	O
use	O
line	B-Protocol
codes	I-Protocol
(	O
such	O
as	O
Ethernet	O
,	O
Serial	B-Protocol
ATA	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
PCI	B-Protocol
Express	O
)	O
,	O
quoted	O
rates	O
are	O
for	O
the	O
decoded	O
signal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
figures	O
below	O
are	O
grouped	O
by	O
network	B-Device
or	O
bus	O
type	O
,	O
then	O
sorted	O
within	O
each	O
group	O
from	O
lowest	O
to	O
highest	O
bandwidth	O
;	O
gray	O
shading	O
indicates	O
a	O
lack	O
of	O
known	O
implementations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
for	O
duplex	O
interfaces	B-Application
(	O
capable	O
of	O
simultaneous	O
transmission	O
both	O
ways	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
stated	O
values	O
are	O
simplex	O
(	O
one	O
way	O
)	O
speeds	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
total	O
upstream+downstream	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
rate	O
Year	O
TTY	O
(	O
V.18	O
)	O
6	O
characters/sTTY	O
uses	O
a	O
Baudot	O
code	O
,	O
not	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
1844Normal	O
Human	O
Speech	O
prehistoric	O
Teleprinter	O
(	O
50	O
baud	O
)	O
404	O
operations	O
per	O
minute	O
1940x	O
Modem	B-Application
110	O
baud	O
(	O
Bell	O
101	O
)	O
(	O
~	O
10	O
cps	O
)	O
All	O
modems	B-Application
are	O
wrongly	O
assumed	O
to	O
be	O
in	O
serial	B-Protocol
operation	O
with	O
1	O
start	O
bit	O
,	O
8	O
data	O
bits	O
,	O
no	O
parity	O
,	O
and	O
1	O
stop	O
bit	O
(	O
2	O
stop	O
bits	O
for	O
110-baud	O
modems	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
currently	O
modems	B-Application
are	O
wrongly	O
calculated	O
with	O
transmission	O
of	O
10	O
bits	O
per	O
8-bit	O
byte	O
(	O
11	O
bits	O
for	O
110-baud	O
modems	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
serial	B-Protocol
port	O
is	O
nearly	O
always	O
used	O
to	O
connect	O
a	O
modem	B-Application
and	O
has	O
equivalent	O
data	O
rates	O
,	O
the	O
protocols	O
,	O
modulations	O
and	O
error	O
correction	O
differ	O
completely	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1959	O
Modem	B-Application
300	O
(	O
300	O
baud	O
;	O
Bell	O
103	O
or	O
V.21	O
)	O
(	O
~	O
30	O
cps	O
)	O
1962	O
Modem	B-Application
1200/75	O
(	O
600	O
baud	O
;	O
V.23	O
)	O
(	O
~	O
120	O
cps	O
)	O
1964(? )	O
</s>
<s>
Modem	B-Application
1200	O
(	O
600	O
baud	O
;	O
Vadic	O
VA3400	O
,	O
Bell	O
212A	O
,	O
or	O
V.22	O
)	O
(	O
~	O
120	O
cps	O
)	O
1976	O
Modem	B-Application
1200	O
(	O
Bell	O
202C	O
,	O
202D	O
)	O
(	O
~	O
150	O
cps	O
)	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
Modem	B-Application
2000	O
(	O
Bell	O
201A	O
)	O
(	O
~	O
250	O
cps	O
)	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
Modem	B-Application
2400	O
(	O
Bell	O
201B	O
)	O
(	O
~	O
300	O
cps	O
)	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
Modem	B-Application
2400	O
(	O
600	O
baud	O
;	O
V.22bis	O
)	O
1984	O
Modem	B-Application
4800/75	O
(	O
1600	O
baud	O
;	O
V.27ter	O
)	O
1976	O
Modem	B-Application
4800	O
(	O
1600	O
baud	O
,	O
Bell	O
208A	O
,	O
208B	O
)	O
Modem	B-Application
9600	O
(	O
2400	O
baud	O
;	O
V.32	O
)	O
1984	O
Modem	B-Application
14.4	O
(	O
2400	O
baud	O
;	O
V.32bis	O
)	O
1991	O
Modem	B-Application
28.8	O
(	O
3200	O
baud	O
;	O
V.34-1994	O
)	O
1994	O
Modem	B-Application
33.6	O
(	O
3429	O
baud	O
;	O
V.34-1996/98	O
)	O
1996	O
Modem	B-Application
56k	O
(	O
8000/3429	O
baud	O
;	O
V.90	O
)	O
56K	O
modems	B-Application
:	O
V.90	O
and	O
V.92	O
have	O
just	O
5%	O
overhead	O
for	O
the	O
protocol	O
signalling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1998	O
Modem	B-Application
56k	O
(	O
8000/8000	O
baud	O
;	O
V.92	O
)	O
2001	O
Modem	B-Application
data	O
compression	O
(	O
variable	O
;	O
V.92/V.44	O
)	O
2000	O
ISP-side	O
text/image	O
compression	O
(	O
variable	O
)	O
1998	O
ISDN	B-Protocol
Basic	B-Protocol
Rate	I-Protocol
Interface	I-Protocol
(	O
single/dual	O
channel	O
)	O
Note	O
that	O
effective	O
aggregate	O
bandwidth	O
for	O
an	O
ISDN	B-Protocol
installation	O
is	O
typically	O
higher	O
than	O
the	O
rates	O
shown	O
for	O
a	O
single	O
channel	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
multiple	O
channels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
basic	B-Protocol
rate	I-Protocol
interface	I-Protocol
(	O
BRI	O
)	O
provides	O
two	O
"	O
B	O
"	O
channels	O
and	O
one	O
"	O
D	O
"	O
channel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Primary	B-Protocol
rate	I-Protocol
interfaces	I-Protocol
(	O
PRI	O
)	O
vary	O
depending	O
on	O
whether	O
the	O
region	O
uses	O
E1	O
(	O
Europe	O
,	O
world	O
)	O
or	O
T1	O
(	O
North	O
America	O
)	O
bearers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
D-channel	O
has	O
different	O
bandwidth	O
on	O
the	O
two	O
interfaces	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
DS1	B-Protocol
1998	O
MSDSL	B-Protocol
?	O
</s>
<s>
SHDSL	O
ITU	O
G.991.2	O
2001	O
ADSL	O
(	O
G.dmt	O
)	O
ITU	O
G.992.1	O
1999	O
ADSL2	O
ITU	O
G.992.3/4	O
2002	O
ADSL2+	O
ITU	O
G.992.5	O
2003	O
DOCSIS	B-Protocol
1.0DOCSIS	O
1.0	O
includes	O
technology	O
which	O
first	O
became	O
available	O
around	O
1995	O
–	O
1996	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
since	O
become	O
very	O
widely	O
deployed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DOCSIS	B-Protocol
1.1	O
introduces	O
some	O
security	O
improvements	O
and	O
quality	O
of	O
service	O
(	O
QoS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
cable	B-Device
modem	I-Device
)	O
1997	O
DOCSIS	B-Protocol
2.0DOCSIS	O
2.0	O
specifications	O
provide	O
increased	O
upstream	O
throughput	O
for	O
symmetric	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
cable	B-Device
modem	I-Device
)	O
2002	O
VDSL	O
ITU	O
G.993.1	O
2001	O
VDSL2	O
ITU	O
G.993.2	O
2006	O
Uni-DSL	O
2006	O
VDSL2	O
ITU	O
G.993.2	O
Amendment	O
1	O
(	O
11/15	O
)	O
2015	O
BPON	O
(	O
G.983	O
)	O
(	O
fiber	O
optic	O
service	O
)	O
2005	O
G.fast	O
ITU	O
G.9700	O
2014	O
EPON	O
(	O
802.3ah	B-Protocol
)	O
(	O
fiber	O
optic	O
service	O
)	O
2008	O
DOCSIS	B-Protocol
3.0DOCSIS	O
3.0	O
includes	O
support	O
for	O
channel	B-Architecture
bonding	I-Architecture
and	O
IPv6	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Technology	O
Download	O
rate	O
Upload	O
rate	O
Year	O
GSM	O
CSD	O
(	O
2G	O
)	O
Most	O
operators	O
only	O
support	O
up	O
to	O
9600bit/s	O
HSCSD	O
GPRS	O
(	O
2.5G	O
)	O
WiDEN	O
CDMA2000	O
1×RTT	O
EDGE	O
(	O
2.75G	O
)	O
(	O
type	O
1	O
MS	O
)	O
2002	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
3G	B-Architecture
EDGE	O
(	O
type	O
2	O
MS	O
)	O
EDGE	O
Evolution	O
(	O
type	O
1	O
MS	O
)	O
EDGE	O
Evolution	O
(	O
type	O
2	O
MS	O
)	O
1×	O
EV-DO	O
rev	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ADSL	O
Lite	O
)	O
DS1	B-Protocol
/	O
T1	O
(	O
and	O
ISDN	B-Protocol
Primary	B-Protocol
Rate	I-Protocol
Interface	I-Protocol
)	O
1990	O
E1	O
(	O
and	O
ISDN	B-Protocol
Primary	B-Protocol
Rate	I-Protocol
Interface	I-Protocol
)	O
G.SHDSL	O
SDSLSDSL	O
is	O
available	O
in	O
various	O
speeds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
E2	O
ADSL2	O
Satellite	O
InternetSatellite	O
internet	O
may	O
have	O
a	O
high	O
bandwidth	O
but	O
also	O
has	O
a	O
high	O
latency	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
distance	O
between	O
the	O
modem	B-Application
,	O
satellite	O
and	O
hub	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One-way	O
satellite	O
connections	O
exist	O
where	O
all	O
the	O
downstream	O
traffic	O
is	O
handled	O
by	O
satellite	O
and	O
the	O
upstream	O
traffic	O
by	O
land-based	O
connections	O
such	O
as	O
56K	O
modems	B-Application
and	O
ISDN	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Technology	O
Rate	O
Year	O
LocalTalk	B-Device
1988	O
Econet	B-Device
1981	O
Omninet	O
1980	O
IBM	B-General_Concept
PC	I-General_Concept
Network	I-General_Concept
1985	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
(	O
Standard	O
)	O
1977	O
Chaosnet	B-General_Concept
(	O
Original	O
)	O
1971	O
Token	B-Device
Ring	I-Device
(	O
Original	O
)	O
1985	O
Ethernet	O
(	O
10BASE-X	O
)	O
1980	O
(	O
1985	O
IEEE	O
Standard	O
)	O
Token	B-Device
Ring	I-Device
(	O
Later	O
)	O
1989	O
ARCnet	B-Protocol
Plus	I-Protocol
1992	O
TCNS	B-Protocol
1993	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
100VG	B-Protocol
1995	O
Token	B-Device
Ring	I-Device
IEEE	O
802.5t	O
Fast	B-Protocol
Ethernet	I-Protocol
(	O
100BASE-X	B-Protocol
)	O
1995	O
FDDI	B-Protocol
MoCA	O
1.0	O
"	O
MoCA	O
1.1	O
improves	O
throughput	O
"	O
over	O
coaxial	O
cable	O
to	O
175	O
Mbits/s	O
versus	O
the	O
100	O
Mbits/s	O
provided	O
by	O
the	O
MoCA	O
1.0	O
specification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MoCA	O
1.1	O
HomePlug	O
AV	O
2005	O
FireWire	B-Protocol
(	O
IEEE	B-Protocol
1394	I-Protocol
)	O
400FireWire	O
natively	O
supports	O
TCP/IP	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
often	O
used	O
at	O
an	O
alternative	O
to	O
Ethernet	O
when	O
connecting	O
2	O
nodes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unibrain.com	O
1995	O
MoCa	O
2.0	O
2016	O
HIPPI	B-Architecture
IEEE	O
1901	O
2010	O
Token	B-Device
Ring	I-Device
IEEE	O
802.5v	O
2001	O
Gigabit	O
Ethernet	O
(	O
1000BASE-X	O
)	O
1998	O
Reflective	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
or	O
RFM2	O
(	O
1.25	O
µs	O
latency	O
)	O
2017	O
Myrinet	B-General_Concept
2000	I-General_Concept
Infiniband	B-Architecture
SDR	O
1×	O
2001	O
RapidIO	B-General_Concept
Gen1	O
1×	O
2000	O
2.5	O
Gigabit	O
Ethernet	O
(	O
2.5GBASE-T	O
)	O
2016	O
Quadrics	O
QsNetI	O
Infiniband	B-Architecture
DDR	O
1×	O
2005	O
RapidIO	B-General_Concept
Gen2	O
1×	O
2008	O
5	O
Gigabit	O
Ethernet	O
(	O
5GBASE-T	O
)	O
2016	O
Infiniband	B-Architecture
QDR	O
1×	O
2007	O
Infiniband	B-Architecture
SDR	O
4×	O
Quadrics	O
QsNetII	O
RapidIO	B-General_Concept
Gen1	O
4x	O
RapidIO	B-General_Concept
Gen2	O
2x	O
2008	O
10	O
Gigabit	O
Ethernet	O
(	O
10GBASE-X	O
)	O
2002-2006	O
Myri	B-General_Concept
10G	I-General_Concept
Infiniband	B-Architecture
FDR-10	O
1×	O
NUMAlink	B-Architecture
3	O
2004	O
Infiniband	B-Architecture
FDR	O
1×	O
2011	O
Infiniband	B-Architecture
DDR	O
4×	O
2005	O
RapidIO	B-General_Concept
Gen2	O
4x	O
2008	O
Scalable	B-General_Concept
Coherent	I-General_Concept
Interface	I-General_Concept
(	O
SCI	O
)	O
Dual	O
Channel	O
SCI	O
,	O
x8	O
PCIe	O
Infiniband	B-Architecture
SDR	O
12×	O
RapidIO	B-General_Concept
Gen4	O
1×	O
2016	O
Infiniband	B-Architecture
EDR	O
1×InfiniBand	O
FDR-10	O
,	O
FDR	O
and	O
EDR	O
use	O
a	O
64b/66b	O
encoding	B-Protocol
scheme	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
infrastructure	O
or	O
access	B-Device
point	I-Device
mode	O
,	O
all	O
traffic	O
has	O
to	O
pass	O
through	O
an	O
Access	B-Device
Point	I-Device
(	O
AP	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
two	O
stations	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
access	B-Device
point	I-Device
that	O
are	O
communicating	O
with	O
each	O
other	O
must	O
have	O
each	O
and	O
every	O
frame	O
transmitted	O
twice	O
:	O
from	O
the	O
sender	O
to	O
the	O
access	B-Device
point	I-Device
,	O
then	O
from	O
the	O
access	B-Device
point	I-Device
to	O
the	O
receiver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
802.11	O
networks	O
in	O
ad	O
hoc	O
mode	O
are	O
still	O
half-duplex	O
,	O
but	O
devices	O
communicate	O
directly	O
rather	O
than	O
through	O
an	O
access	B-Device
point	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
mode	O
all	O
devices	O
must	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
"	O
see	O
"	O
each	O
other	O
,	O
instead	O
of	O
only	O
having	O
to	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
"	O
see	O
"	O
the	O
access	B-Device
point	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Technology	O
Rate	O
Year	O
I²C	O
1992	O
(	O
standardized	O
)	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
series	I-Device
(	O
incl	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
)	O
8-bit/1	O
MHz	O
Mac	B-Protocol
HistoryVAW	O
:	O
Apple	B-Device
IIgs	I-Device
Specs	O
1977	O
SS-50	B-Architecture
Bus	I-Architecture
8-bit/1	O
(	O
?	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
MHz	O
1975	O
STD-80	B-Architecture
8-bit/8	O
MHz	O
ISA	B-Architecture
8-Bit/4.77	O
MHz	O
0	O
W/S	O
:	O
every	O
4	O
clocks	O
8	O
bits1	O
W/S	O
:	O
every	O
5	O
clocks	O
8	O
bits	O
0	O
W/S	O
:	O
every	O
4	O
clocks	O
1	O
byte1	O
W/S	O
:	O
every	O
5	O
clocks	O
1	O
byte	O
1981	O
(	O
created	O
)	O
STD-80	B-Architecture
16-bit/8	O
MHz	O
I3C	O
(	O
HDR	O
mode	O
)	O
2017	O
Zorro	B-Device
II	I-Device
16-bit/7.14	O
MHzThe	O
Zorro	B-Device
II	I-Device
bus	O
use	O
4	O
clocks	O
per	O
16-Bit	O
of	O
data	O
transferred	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
See	O
the	O
Zorro	B-Device
III	I-Device
technical	O
specification	O
for	O
more	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1986	O
ISA	B-Architecture
16-Bit/8.33	O
MHz	O
1984	O
(	O
created	O
)	O
Europe	B-Architecture
Card	I-Architecture
Bus	I-Architecture
8-Bit/10	O
MHz	O
1977	O
(	O
created	O
)	O
S-100	B-Architecture
bus	I-Architecture
8-bit/10	O
MHz	O
1976	O
(	O
published	O
)	O
Serial	B-Architecture
Peripheral	I-Architecture
Interface	I-Architecture
Bus	I-Architecture
(	O
Up	O
to	O
100	O
MHz	O
)	O
1989	O
Low	O
Pin	O
Count	O
2002	O
STEbus	B-Architecture
8-Bit/16	O
MHz	O
1987	O
(	O
standardized	O
)	O
C-Bus	O
16-bit/10	O
MHz	O
Japan	O
wikipedia	O
article	O
,	O
Bus	O
used	O
in	O
early	O
NEC	O
PC-9800	O
series	O
and	O
compatible	O
systems	O
1982	O
HP	B-Architecture
Precision	I-Architecture
Bus	I-Architecture
STD-32	O
32-bit/8	O
MHz	O
STD	O
32	O
Bus	O
Specification	O
and	O
Designer	O
's	O
Guide	O
NESA	O
32-bit/8	O
MHz	O
Japan	O
wikipedia	O
article	O
,	O
Bus	O
used	O
in	O
later	O
NEC	O
PC-9800	O
series	O
and	O
compatible	O
systems	O
EISA	B-Device
32-bit/8.33	O
MHz	O
1988	O
VME64	B-Architecture
32-64bit	O
1981	O
MCA	B-Device
32bit/10	O
MHz	O
1987	O
NuBus	B-Device
10	O
MHz	O
1987	O
(	O
standardized	O
)	O
DEC	O
TURBOchannel	B-Device
32-bit/12.5	O
MHz	O
NuBus90	O
20	O
MHz	O
1991	O
MCA	B-Device
32bit/20	O
MHz	O
RISC	O
System/6000	O
POWERstation/POWERserver	O
580	O
1992	O
APbus	O
32-bit/25	O
(	O
?	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
MHz	O
Local	B-General_Concept
Area	I-General_Concept
Networks	I-General_Concept
Newsletter	O
by	O
Paul	O
Polishuk	O
,	O
September	O
1992	O
,	O
Page	O
7	O
(	O
APbus	O
used	O
in	O
Sony	O
NeWS	O
and	O
NEC	O
UP4800	O
workstations	O
and	O
NEC	O
EWS4800	O
servers	O
after	O
VMEbus	B-Architecture
and	O
before	O
switch	O
to	O
PCI	B-Protocol
)	O
Sbus	B-Architecture
32-bit/25	O
MHz	O
1989	O
DEC	O
TURBOchannel	B-Device
32-bit/25	O
MHz	O
Local	O
Bus	O
98	O
32-bit/33	O
MHz	O
Japan	O
wikipedia	O
article	O
,	O
Bus	O
used	O
in	O
NEC	O
PC-9821	O
series	O
VESA	O
Local	O
Bus	O
(	O
VLB	O
)	O
32-bit/33	O
MHz	O
1992	O
PCI	B-Protocol
32-bit/33	O
MHz	O
1993	O
HP	B-Architecture
GSC-1X	I-Architecture
Zorro	B-Device
III	I-Device
32-bit/async	O
(	O
eq	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
37.5	O
MHz	O
)	O
Dave	O
Haynie	O
,	O
designer	O
of	O
the	O
Zorro	B-Device
III	I-Device
bus	O
,	O
claims	O
in	O
this	O
posting	O
that	O
the	O
theoretical	O
max	O
of	O
the	O
Zorro	B-Device
III	I-Device
bus	O
can	O
be	O
derived	O
by	O
the	O
timing	O
information	O
given	O
in	O
chapter	O
5	O
of	O
the	O
Zorro	B-Device
III	I-Device
technical	O
specification	O
.Dave	O
Haynie	O
,	O
designer	O
of	O
the	O
Zorro	B-Device
III	I-Device
bus	O
,	O
states	O
in	O
this	O
posting	O
that	O
Zorro	B-Device
III	I-Device
is	O
an	O
asynchronous	B-General_Concept
bus	I-General_Concept
and	O
therefore	O
does	O
not	O
have	O
a	O
classical	O
MHz	O
rating	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
maximum	O
theoretical	O
MHz	O
value	O
may	O
be	O
derived	O
by	O
examining	O
timing	O
constraints	O
detailed	O
in	O
the	O
Zorro	B-Device
III	I-Device
technical	O
specification	O
,	O
which	O
should	O
yield	O
about	O
37.5	O
MHz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dave	O
Haynie	O
,	O
designer	O
of	O
the	O
Zorro	B-Device
III	I-Device
bus	O
,	O
claims	O
in	O
this	O
posting	O
that	O
Zorro	B-Device
III	I-Device
has	O
a	O
max	O
burst	O
rate	O
of	O
150	O
MB/s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1990	O
VESA	O
Local	O
Bus	O
(	O
VLB	O
)	O
32-bit/40	O
MHz	O
1992	O
Sbus	B-Architecture
64-bit/25	O
MHz	O
1995	O
HP	B-Architecture
GSC-2X	I-Architecture
PCI	B-Protocol
64-bit/33	O
MHz	O
1993	O
PCI	B-Protocol
32-bit/66	O
MHz	O
1995	O
AGP	B-Architecture
1×	O
1997	O
PCI	B-Protocol
Express	O
1.0	O
( ×1	O
link	O
)	O
Note	O
that	O
PCI	B-Protocol
Express	O
1.0/2.0	O
lanes	O
use	O
an	O
8b/10b	B-Protocol
encoding	I-Protocol
scheme	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2004	O
RapidIO	B-General_Concept
Gen1	O
1×	O
HIO	O
bus	O
GIO64	O
64-bit/40	O
MHz	O
PCI	B-Protocol
Express	O
2.0	O
( ×1	O
link	O
)	O
2007	O
AGP	B-Architecture
2×	O
1997	O
PCI	B-Protocol
64-bit/66	O
MHz	O
PCI-X	O
DDR	O
16-bit	O
RapidIO	B-General_Concept
Gen2	O
1×	O
PCI	B-Protocol
64-bit/100	O
MHz	O
PCI	B-Protocol
Express	O
3.0	O
( ×1	O
link	O
)	O
PCIe	O
3.0	O
increases	O
the	O
bandwidth	O
from	O
5	O
GT/s	O
to	O
8	O
GT/s	O
and	O
switches	O
to	O
128b-130b	O
encoding	O
2011	O
Unified	B-Architecture
Media	I-Architecture
Interface	I-Architecture
(	O
UMI	O
)	O
( ×4	O
link	O
)	O
2011	O
Direct	B-Architecture
Media	I-Architecture
Interface	I-Architecture
(	O
DMI	O
)	O
( ×4	O
link	O
)	O
2004	O
Enterprise	B-Architecture
Southbridge	I-Architecture
Interface	I-Architecture
(	O
ESI	O
)	O
PCI	B-Protocol
Express	O
1.0	O
( ×4	O
link	O
)	O
2004	O
AGP	B-Architecture
4×	O
1998	O
PCI-X	O
133	O
PCI-X	O
QDR	O
16-bit	O
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
single	O
4×InfiniBand	O
SDR	O
,	O
DDR	O
and	O
QDR	O
use	O
an	O
8b/10b	B-Protocol
encoding	I-Protocol
scheme	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RapidIO	B-General_Concept
Gen1	O
4×	O
RapidIO	B-General_Concept
Gen2	O
2×	O
UPA	B-Architecture
Unified	B-Architecture
Media	I-Architecture
Interface	I-Architecture
2.0	O
(	O
UMI	O
2.0	O
;	O
×4	O
link	O
)	O
2012	O
Direct	B-Architecture
Media	I-Architecture
Interface	I-Architecture
2.0	O
(	O
DMI	B-Architecture
2.0	I-Architecture
;	O
×4	O
link	O
)	O
2011	O
PCI	B-Protocol
Express	O
1.0	O
( ×8	O
link	O
)	O
2004	O
PCI	B-Protocol
Express	O
2.0	O
( ×4	O
link	O
)	O
2007	O
AGP	B-Architecture
8×	O
2002	O
PCI-X	O
DDR	O
RapidIO	B-General_Concept
Gen2	O
4×	O
Sun	O
JBus	O
(	O
200	O
MHz	O
)	O
2003	O
HyperTransport	B-Device
(	O
800	O
MHz	O
,	O
16-pair	O
)	O
2001	O
PCI	B-Protocol
Express	O
3.0	O
( ×4	O
link	O
)	O
2011	O
HyperTransport	B-Device
(	O
1	O
GHz	O
,	O
16-pair	O
)	O
PCI	B-Protocol
Express	O
1.0	O
( ×16	O
link	O
)	O
2004	O
PCI	B-Protocol
Express	O
2.0	O
( ×8	O
link	O
)	O
PCIe	O
2.0	O
effectively	O
doubles	O
the	O
bus	O
standard	O
's	O
bandwidth	O
from	O
2.5	O
GT/s	O
to	O
5	O
GT/s	O
2007	O
PCI-X	O
QDR	O
AGP	B-Architecture
8×	O
64-bit	O
RapidIO	B-General_Concept
Gen2	O
8x	O
Direct	B-Architecture
Media	I-Architecture
Interface	I-Architecture
3.0	O
(	O
DMI	B-Architecture
3.0	I-Architecture
;	O
×4	O
link	O
)	O
2015	O
PCI	B-Protocol
Express	O
3.0	O
( ×8	O
link	O
)	O
2011	O
PCI	B-Protocol
Express	O
2.0	O
( ×16	O
link	O
)	O
2007	O
RapidIO	B-General_Concept
Gen2	O
16x	O
PCI	B-Protocol
Express	O
5.0	O
( ×4	O
link	O
)	O
2019	O
PCI	B-Protocol
Express	O
3.0	O
( ×16	O
link	O
)	O
2011CAPI	O
2014	O
QPI	B-Architecture
(	O
4.80GT/s	O
,	O
2.40	O
GHz	O
)	O
HyperTransport	B-Device
2.0	O
(	O
1.4	O
GHz	O
,	O
32-pair	O
)	O
2004	O
QPI	B-Architecture
(	O
5.86GT/s	O
,	O
2.93	O
GHz	O
)	O
QPI	B-Architecture
(	O
6.40GT/s	O
,	O
3.20	O
GHz	O
)	O
QPI	B-Architecture
(	O
7.2GT/s	O
,	O
3.6	O
GHz	O
)	O
2012	O
PCI	B-Protocol
Express	O
6.0	O
( ×4	O
link	O
)	O
2022	O
PCI	B-Protocol
Express	O
4.0	O
( ×16	O
link	O
)	O
2018	O
CAPI	O
2	O
2016	O
QPI	B-Architecture
(	O
8.0GT/s	O
,	O
4.0	O
GHz	O
)	O
2012	O
QPI	B-Architecture
(	O
9.6GT/s	O
,	O
4.8	O
GHz	O
)	O
2014	O
HyperTransport	B-Device
3.0	O
(	O
2.6	O
GHz	O
,	O
32-pair	O
)	O
2006	O
HyperTransport	B-Device
3.1	O
(	O
3.2	O
GHz	O
,	O
32-pair	O
)	O
2008	O
CXL	O
Specification	O
1.x	O
( ×16	O
link	O
)	O
2019	O
PCI	B-Protocol
Express	O
5.0	O
( ×16	O
link	O
)	O
2019	O
NVLink	O
1.0	O
2016	O
PCI	B-Protocol
Express	O
6.0	O
( ×16	O
link	O
)	O
2022	O
NVLink	O
2.0	O
2017	O
Infinity	O
Fabric	O
(	O
Max	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
next	O
fastest	O
bus	O
cycle	O
,	O
32-bit	O
ISA-style	O
DMA	B-General_Concept
write	O
,	O
yields	O
only	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Uses	O
8b/10b	B-Protocol
encoding	I-Protocol
,	O
meaning	O
that	O
20%	O
of	O
each	O
transfer	O
is	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
interface	O
instead	O
of	O
carrying	O
data	O
from	O
between	O
the	O
hardware	O
components	O
at	O
each	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Uses	O
PAM-4	O
encoding	O
and	O
a	O
256	O
bytes	O
FLIT	B-Protocol
block	O
,	O
of	O
which	O
14	O
bytes	O
are	O
FEC	B-Error_Name
and	O
CRC	O
,	O
meaning	O
that	O
5.47	O
%	O
of	O
total	O
data	O
rate	O
is	O
used	O
for	O
error	O
detection	O
and	O
correction	O
instead	O
of	O
carrying	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Technology	O
Rate	O
Year	O
Teletype	B-Application
Model	I-Application
33	I-Application
paper	O
tape	O
1963	O
TRS-80	B-Device
Model	O
1	O
Level	O
1	O
BASIC	O
cassette	O
tape	O
interface	O
1977	O
C2N	O
Commodore	B-Device
Datasette	I-Device
1530	O
cassette	O
tape	O
interface	O
1977	O
Apple	B-Device
2	I-Device
cassette	O
tape	O
interface	O
1977	O
Amstrad	B-Device
CPC	I-Device
tape	O
1984	O
Single	O
Density	O
8-inch	O
FM	O
Floppy	O
Disk	O
Controller	O
(	O
160	O
KB	O
)	O
1973	O
Single	O
Density	O
5.25-inch	O
FM	O
Floppy	O
Disk	O
Controller	O
(	O
180	O
KB	O
)	O
1978	O
High	O
Density	O
Floppy	O
Disk	O
Controller	O
(	O
1.2	O
MB/1.44	O
MB	O
)	O
1984	O
CD	O
Controller	O
(	O
1×	O
)	O
1988	O
MFM	B-Device
hard	O
disk	O
1980	O
RLL	B-Device
hard	O
disk	O
DVD	O
Controller	O
(	O
1×	O
)	O
ESDI	B-Architecture
ATA	B-Protocol
PIO	B-General_Concept
Mode	I-General_Concept
0	O
1986	O
HD	O
DVD	O
Controller	O
(	O
1×	O
)	O
Blu-ray	O
Controller	O
(	O
1×	O
)	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
(	O
Narrow	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
)	O
(	O
5	O
MHz	O
)	O
SCSI-1	O
,	O
SCSI-2	O
and	O
SCSI-3	O
are	O
signaling	O
protocols	O
and	O
do	O
not	O
explicitly	O
refer	O
to	O
a	O
specific	O
rate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Narrow	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
exists	O
using	O
SCSI-1	O
and	O
SCSI-2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Higher	O
rates	O
use	O
SCSI-2	O
or	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1986	O
ATA	B-Protocol
PIO	B-General_Concept
Mode	I-General_Concept
1	O
1994	O
ATA	B-Protocol
PIO	B-General_Concept
Mode	I-General_Concept
2	O
1994	O
Fast	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
(	O
8	O
bits/10	O
MHz	O
)	O
ATA	B-Protocol
PIO	B-General_Concept
Mode	I-General_Concept
3	O
1996	O
AoE	B-Protocol
over	O
Fast	O
Ethernetminimum	O
overhead	O
is	O
38	O
byte	O
L1/L2	O
,	O
14	O
byte	O
AoE	B-Protocol
per	O
1024	O
byte	O
user	O
data	O
2009	O
iSCSI	B-Protocol
over	O
Fast	O
Ethernetminimum	O
overhead	O
is	O
38	O
byte	O
L1/L2	O
,	O
20	O
byte	O
IP	O
,	O
20	O
byte	O
TCP	O
per	O
1460	O
byte	O
user	O
data	O
2004	O
ATA	B-Protocol
PIO	B-General_Concept
Mode	I-General_Concept
4	O
1996	O
Fast	O
Wide	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
(	O
16	O
bits/10	O
MHz	O
)	O
Ultra	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
(	O
Fast-20	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
)	O
(	O
8	O
bits/20	O
MHz	O
)	O
SD	B-Device
(	O
High	O
Speed	O
)	O
Ultra	O
DMA	B-General_Concept
ATA	B-Protocol
33	O
1998	O
Ultra	O
Wide	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
(	O
16	O
bits/20	O
MHz	O
)	O
Ultra-2	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
40	O
(	O
Fast-40	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
)	O
(	O
8	O
bits/40	O
MHz	O
)	O
SDHC/SDXC/SDUC	B-Device
(	O
UHS-I	O
Full	O
Duplex	O
)	O
Ultra	O
DMA	B-General_Concept
ATA	B-Protocol
66	O
2000	O
Blu-ray	O
Controller	O
(	O
16×	O
)	O
Ultra-2	O
wide	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
(	O
16	O
bits/40	O
MHz	O
)	O
Serial	B-Architecture
Storage	I-Architecture
Architecture	I-Architecture
SSA	I-Architecture
1990	O
Ultra	O
DMA	B-General_Concept
ATA	B-Protocol
100	O
2002	O
Fibre	B-Architecture
Channel	I-Architecture
1GFC	B-Architecture
(	O
1.0625	O
GHz	O
)	O
Fibre	B-Architecture
Channel	I-Architecture
1GFC	B-Architecture
,	O
2GFC	B-Architecture
,	O
4GFC	B-Architecture
use	O
an	O
8b/10b	B-Protocol
encoding	I-Protocol
scheme	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fibre	B-Architecture
Channel	I-Architecture
10GFC	B-Architecture
,	O
which	O
uses	O
a	O
64B/66B	O
encoding	B-Protocol
scheme	I-Protocol
,	O
is	O
not	O
compatible	O
with	O
1GFC	B-Architecture
,	O
2GFC	B-Architecture
and	O
4GFC	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
is	O
used	O
only	O
to	O
interconnect	B-General_Concept
switches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1997	O
AoE	B-Protocol
over	O
gigabit	O
Ethernet	O
,	O
jumbo	O
framesminimum	O
overhead	O
is	O
38	O
byte	O
L1/L2	O
,	O
14	O
byte	O
AoE	B-Protocol
per	O
8192	O
byte	O
user	O
data	O
2009	O
iSCSI	B-Protocol
over	O
gigabit	O
Ethernet	O
,	O
jumbo	O
framesminimum	O
overhead	O
is	O
38	O
byte	O
L1/L2	O
,	O
20	O
byte	O
IP	O
,	O
20	O
byte	O
TCP	O
per	O
8960	O
byte	O
user	O
data	O
2004	O
Ultra	O
DMA	B-General_Concept
ATA	B-Protocol
133	O
2005SDHC/SDXC/SDUC	O
(	O
UHS-II	O
Full	O
Duplex	O
)	O
Ultra-3	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
(	O
Ultra	O
160	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
;	O
Fast-80	O
Wide	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
)	O
(	O
16	O
bits/40	O
MHz	O
DDR	O
)	O
SATA	O
revision	O
1.0SATA	O
and	O
SAS	O
use	O
an	O
8b/10b	B-Protocol
encoding	I-Protocol
scheme	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Technology	O
Rate	O
Year	O
Apple	B-Device
Desktop	I-Device
Bus	I-Device
1986	O
PS/2	B-Protocol
port	I-Protocol
1987	O
Serial	B-Protocol
MIDI	O
1983	O
CBM	B-Protocol
Bus	I-Protocol
maxproprietary	O
serial	B-Protocol
version	O
of	O
IEEE-488	O
by	O
Commodore	O
International	O
1981	O
Serial	B-Protocol
RS-232	O
max	O
1962	O
Serial	B-Protocol
DMX512A	O
1998	O
Parallel	B-Device
(	O
Centronics/IEEE	O
1284	O
)	O
Serial	B-Protocol
16550	B-Device
UART	I-Device
max	O
USB	B-Protocol
1.0	O
low	O
speed	O
1996	O
Serial	B-Protocol
UART	O
max	O
GPIB/HPIB	O
(	O
IEEE-488.1	O
)	O
IEEE-488	O
max	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Serial	B-Protocol
EIA-422	O
max	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
USB	B-Protocol
1.0	O
full	O
speed	O
1996	O
Parallel	B-Device
(	O
Centronics/IEEE	O
1284	O
)	O
EPP	O
(	O
Enhanced	B-Device
Parallel	I-Device
Port	I-Device
)	O
1992Parallel	O
(	O
Centronics/IEEE	O
1284	O
)	O
ECP	O
(	O
Extended	O
Capability	O
Port	O
)	O
1994	O
Serial	B-Protocol
EIA-485	O
max	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FireWire	B-Protocol
(	O
IEEE	B-Protocol
1394	I-Protocol
)	O
100	O
1995	O
FireWire	B-Protocol
(	O
IEEE	B-Protocol
1394	I-Protocol
)	O
200	O
1995	O
FireWire	B-Protocol
(	O
IEEE	B-Protocol
1394	I-Protocol
)	O
400	O
1995	O
USB	B-Protocol
2.0	O
high	O
speed	O
2000	O
FireWire	B-Protocol
(	O
IEEE	B-Protocol
1394b	I-Protocol
)	O
800FireWire	O
(	O
IEEE	B-Protocol
1394b	I-Protocol
)	O
uses	O
an	O
8b/10b	B-Protocol
encoding	I-Protocol
scheme	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
multi-channel	O
configurations	O
,	O
multiple	O
modules	O
can	O
transfer	O
information	O
to	O
the	O
CPU	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
in	O
parallel	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
memory	B-General_Concept
latency	I-General_Concept
is	O
largely	O
determined	O
by	O
this	O
rate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RAM	O
memory	O
modules	O
are	O
also	O
utilised	O
by	O
graphics	B-Architecture
processing	I-Architecture
units	I-Architecture
;	O
however	O
,	O
memory	O
modules	O
for	O
those	O
differ	O
somewhat	O
from	O
standard	O
computer	O
memory	O
,	O
particularly	O
with	O
lower	O
power	O
requirements	O
,	O
and	O
are	O
specialised	O
to	O
serve	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
:	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
GDDR3	O
was	O
fundamentally	O
based	O
on	O
DDR2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Every	O
graphics	O
memory	O
chip	O
is	O
directly	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
GPU	B-Architecture
(	O
point-to-point	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
total	O
GPU	B-Architecture
memory	O
bus	O
width	O
varies	O
with	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
memory	O
chips	O
and	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
lanes	O
per	O
chip	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
high-end	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
used	O
8	O
or	O
even	O
12	O
chips	O
with	O
32	O
lanes	O
each	O
,	O
for	O
a	O
total	O
memory	O
bus	O
width	O
of	O
256	O
or	O
384	O
bits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Device	O
Rate	O
CD	O
Audio	O
(	O
16-bit	O
PCM	O
)	O
I²S	O
@	O
24bit/48	O
kHz	O
AES/EBU	O
@	O
24-bit/48	O
kHz	O
S/PDIF	O
fs	O
48kHz	O
ADAT	O
Lightpipe	O
(	O
Type	O
I	O
)	O
1.152	O
AC'97	O
HDMI	B-Protocol
DisplayPort	B-Protocol
Intel	O
High	O
Definition	O
Audio	O
rev	O
.	O
</s>
