<s>
This	O
is	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
notable	O
programming	B-Application
languages	O
,	O
grouped	O
by	O
type	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
no	O
overarching	O
classification	O
scheme	B-Language
for	O
programming	B-Application
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Array	B-Application
programming	I-Application
(	O
also	O
termed	O
vector	O
or	O
multidimensional	O
)	O
languages	O
generalize	O
operations	O
on	O
scalars	O
to	O
apply	O
transparently	O
to	O
vectors	O
,	O
matrices	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
higher-dimensional	O
arrays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Assembly	B-Language
languages	I-Language
directly	O
correspond	O
to	O
a	O
machine	B-Language
language	I-Language
(	O
see	O
below	O
)	O
,	O
so	O
machine	B-Language
code	I-Language
instructions	O
appear	O
in	O
a	O
form	O
understandable	O
by	O
humans	O
,	O
although	O
there	O
may	O
not	O
be	O
a	O
one-to-one	O
mapping	O
between	O
an	O
individual	O
statement	O
and	O
an	O
individual	O
instruction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Assembly	B-Language
languages	I-Language
let	O
programmers	O
use	O
symbolic	O
addresses	O
,	O
which	O
the	O
assembler	B-Language
converts	O
to	O
absolute	O
or	O
relocatable	B-Library
addresses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
assemblers	B-Language
also	O
support	O
macros	O
and	O
symbolic	O
constants	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
authoring	O
language	O
is	O
a	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
designed	O
for	O
use	O
by	O
a	O
non-computer	O
expert	O
to	O
easily	O
create	O
tutorials	O
,	O
websites	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
interactive	O
computer	B-Application
programs	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
concatenative	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
is	O
a	O
point-free	B-Application
computer	O
programming	B-Application
language	O
in	O
which	O
all	O
expressions	O
denote	O
functions	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
juxtaposition	O
of	O
expressions	O
denotes	O
function	B-Application
composition	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Concatenative	B-Language
programming	I-Language
replaces	O
function	B-Algorithm
application	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
is	O
common	O
in	O
other	O
programming	B-Application
styles	O
,	O
with	O
function	B-Application
composition	I-Application
as	O
the	O
default	O
way	O
to	O
build	O
subroutines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
constraint	B-Application
programming	I-Application
language	O
is	O
a	O
declarative	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
where	O
relationships	O
between	O
variables	O
are	O
expressed	O
as	O
constraints	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Execution	O
proceeds	O
by	O
attempting	O
to	O
find	O
values	O
for	O
the	O
variables	O
which	O
satisfy	O
all	O
declared	O
constraints	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Command-line	B-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
CLI	B-Language
)	O
languages	O
are	O
also	O
called	O
batch	O
languages	O
or	O
job	O
control	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
are	O
languages	O
typically	O
processed	O
by	O
compilers	B-Language
,	O
though	O
theoretically	O
any	O
language	O
can	O
be	O
compiled	B-Language
or	O
interpreted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scheme	B-Language
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Message	B-Architecture
passing	I-Architecture
languages	O
provide	O
language	O
constructs	O
for	O
concurrency	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
predominant	O
paradigm	O
for	O
concurrency	B-Architecture
in	O
mainstream	O
languages	O
such	O
as	O
Java	B-Language
is	O
shared	B-Operating_System
memory	I-Operating_System
concurrency	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Concurrent	B-Architecture
languages	O
that	O
make	O
use	O
of	O
message	B-Architecture
passing	I-Architecture
have	O
generally	O
been	O
inspired	O
by	O
process	O
calculi	O
such	O
as	O
communicating	O
sequential	O
processes	O
(	O
CSP	O
)	O
or	O
the	O
π-calculus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ballerina	B-Language
–	O
a	O
language	O
designed	O
for	O
implementing	O
and	O
orchestrating	O
micro-services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Provides	O
a	O
message	O
based	O
parallel-first	O
concurrency	B-Architecture
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Curly-bracket	O
or	O
curly-brace	O
programming	B-Application
languages	O
have	O
a	O
syntax	O
that	O
defines	O
statement	O
blocks	O
using	O
the	O
curly	O
bracket	O
or	O
brace	O
characters	O
{	O
and	O
}	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
syntax	O
originated	O
with	O
BCPL	B-Language
(	O
1966	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
popularized	O
by	O
C	B-Language
.	O
Many	O
curly-bracket	O
languages	O
descend	O
from	O
or	O
are	O
strongly	O
influenced	O
by	O
C	B-Language
.	O
Examples	O
of	O
curly-bracket	O
languages	O
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Dataflow	B-Application
programming	I-Application
languages	I-Application
rely	O
on	O
a	O
(	O
usually	O
visual	B-Language
)	O
representation	O
of	O
the	O
flow	O
of	O
data	O
to	O
specify	O
the	O
program	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Frequently	O
used	O
for	O
reacting	O
to	O
discrete	O
events	O
or	O
for	O
processing	B-Application
streams	O
of	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
dataflow	B-Application
languages	I-Application
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Decision	O
tables	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
an	O
aid	O
to	O
clarifying	O
the	O
logic	B-Language
before	O
writing	O
a	O
program	B-Application
in	O
any	O
language	O
,	O
but	O
in	O
the	O
1960s	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
languages	O
were	O
developed	O
where	O
the	O
main	O
logic	B-Language
is	O
expressed	O
directly	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
a	O
decision	O
table	O
,	O
including	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Declarative	B-Language
languages	I-Language
express	O
the	O
logic	B-Language
of	O
a	O
computation	O
without	O
describing	O
its	O
control	O
flow	O
in	O
detail	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Declarative	B-Language
programming	I-Language
stands	O
in	O
contrast	O
to	O
imperative	B-Application
programming	I-Application
via	O
imperative	B-Application
programming	I-Application
languages	I-Application
,	O
where	O
control	O
flow	O
is	O
specified	O
by	O
serial	O
orders	O
(	O
imperatives	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
Pure	O
)	O
functional	B-Language
and	O
logic-based	B-Language
programming	B-Application
languages	O
are	O
also	O
declarative	B-Language
,	O
and	O
constitute	O
the	O
major	O
subcategories	O
of	O
the	O
declarative	B-Language
category	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Source	B-Application
embeddable	O
languages	O
embed	O
small	O
pieces	O
of	O
executable	O
code	O
inside	O
a	O
piece	O
of	O
free-form	O
text	O
,	O
often	O
a	O
web	O
page	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
other	O
languages	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Erlang	B-Operating_System
,	O
Scala	B-Application
,	O
Perl	B-Language
,	O
Ring	B-Language
and	O
Ruby	B-Language
can	O
be	O
adapted	O
(	O
for	O
instance	O
,	O
by	O
being	O
made	O
into	O
Apache	B-Application
modules	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
wide	O
variety	O
of	O
dynamic	O
or	O
scripting	B-Language
languages	I-Language
can	O
be	O
embedded	O
in	O
compiled	B-Language
executable	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Basically	O
,	O
object	O
code	O
for	O
the	O
language	O
's	O
interpreter	B-Application
needs	O
to	O
be	O
linked	O
into	O
the	O
executable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Source	B-Application
code	O
fragments	O
for	O
the	O
embedded	O
language	O
can	O
then	O
be	O
passed	O
to	O
an	O
evaluation	O
function	O
as	O
strings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Application	O
control	O
languages	O
can	O
be	O
implemented	O
this	O
way	O
,	O
if	O
the	O
source	B-Application
code	O
is	O
input	O
by	O
the	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Languages	O
with	O
small	O
interpreters	B-Application
are	O
preferred	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Languages	O
developed	O
primarily	O
for	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
teaching	O
and	O
learning	O
of	O
programming	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Snap	B-Application
!	I-Application
</s>
<s>
An	O
esoteric	O
programming	B-Application
language	O
is	O
a	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
designed	O
as	O
a	O
test	O
of	O
the	O
boundaries	O
of	O
computer	O
programming	B-Application
language	O
design	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
proof	O
of	O
concept	O
,	O
or	O
as	O
a	O
joke	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Extension	O
programming	B-Application
languages	O
are	O
languages	O
embedded	O
into	O
another	O
program	B-Application
and	O
used	O
to	O
harness	O
its	O
features	O
in	O
extension	O
scripts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fourth-generation	B-Language
programming	I-Language
languages	I-Language
are	O
high-level	O
languages	O
built	O
around	O
database	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LiveCode	B-Application
(	O
Not	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
database	O
;	O
still	O
,	O
the	O
goal	O
is	O
to	O
work	O
at	O
a	O
higher	O
level	O
of	O
abstraction	O
than	O
3GLs	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
Functional	B-Language
programming	I-Language
languages	I-Language
define	O
programs	O
and	O
subroutines	O
as	O
mathematical	O
functions	O
and	O
treat	O
them	O
as	O
first-class	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
so-called	O
functional	B-Language
languages	I-Language
are	O
"	O
impure	O
"	O
,	O
containing	O
imperative	B-Application
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
functional	B-Language
languages	I-Language
are	O
tied	O
to	O
mathematical	O
calculation	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Functional	B-Language
languages	I-Language
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
electronics	O
,	O
a	O
hardware	O
description	O
language	O
(	O
HDL	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
specialized	O
computer	O
language	O
used	O
to	O
describe	O
the	O
structure	O
,	O
design	O
,	O
and	O
operation	O
of	O
electronic	O
circuits	O
,	O
and	O
most	O
commonly	O
,	O
digital	O
logic	B-Language
circuits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
two	O
most	O
widely	O
used	O
and	O
well-supported	O
HDL	O
varieties	O
used	O
in	O
industry	O
are	O
Verilog	B-Language
and	O
VHDL	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Imperative	B-Application
programming	I-Application
languages	I-Application
may	O
be	O
multi-paradigm	O
and	O
appear	O
in	O
other	O
classifications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Here	O
is	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
programming	B-Application
languages	O
that	O
follow	O
the	O
imperative	B-Application
paradigm	I-Application
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
interactive	O
mode	O
is	O
also	O
termed	O
a	O
read	B-Application
–	I-Application
eval	I-Application
–	I-Application
print	I-Application
loop	I-Application
(	O
REPL	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interpreted	B-Application
languages	I-Application
are	O
programming	B-Application
languages	O
in	O
which	O
programs	O
may	O
be	O
executed	O
from	O
source	B-Application
code	O
form	O
,	O
by	O
an	O
interpreter	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Theoretically	O
,	O
any	O
language	O
can	O
be	O
compiled	B-Language
or	O
interpreted	O
,	O
so	O
the	O
term	O
interpreted	B-Application
language	I-Application
generally	O
refers	O
to	O
languages	O
that	O
are	O
usually	O
interpreted	O
rather	O
than	O
compiled	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
garbage	O
collector	O
attempts	O
to	O
reclaim	O
memory	O
that	O
was	O
allocated	O
by	O
the	O
program	B-Application
but	O
is	O
no	O
longer	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ada	B-Language
implementations	O
are	O
not	O
required	O
to	O
offer	O
garbage	O
collection	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
language	O
semantics	O
support	O
it	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
implementations	O
include	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
D	B-Application
provides	O
programmers	O
with	O
full	O
control	O
over	O
its	O
own	O
garbage	O
collector	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
disable	O
it	O
outright	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nim	B-Application
is	O
usually	O
garbage-collected	O
or	O
reference-counted	O
by	O
default	O
,	O
depending	O
on	O
its	O
configuration	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
programmer	O
may	O
use	O
the	O
switch	O
--mm:none	O
to	O
deallocate	O
memory	O
manually	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Objective-C	B-Language
and	O
Objective-C	B-Language
++	O
support	O
optional	O
reference	O
counting	O
and	O
garbage	O
collection	O
as	O
alternatives	O
to	O
manual	O
memory	O
management	O
(	O
the	O
garbage	O
collector	O
was	O
declared	O
deprecated	O
by	O
Apple	O
,	O
however	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rust	B-Application
supports	O
optional	O
reference	O
counting	O
,	O
but	O
manual	O
memory	O
management	O
is	O
preferred	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vala	B-Language
uses	O
reference	O
counting	O
by	O
default	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
user	O
is	O
free	O
to	O
manage	O
the	O
memory	O
manually	O
if	O
they	O
wish	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Little	B-Language
languages	I-Language
serve	O
a	O
specialized	O
problem	O
domain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
awk	B-Application
–	O
used	O
for	O
text	O
file	O
manipulation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Logic-based	B-Language
languages	O
specify	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
attributes	O
that	O
a	O
solution	O
must-have	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
steps	O
to	O
obtain	O
a	O
solution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Notable	O
languages	O
following	O
this	O
programming	B-Application
paradigm	O
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Machine	B-Language
languages	I-Language
are	O
directly	O
executable	O
by	O
a	O
computer	O
's	O
CPU	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
activation	O
of	O
specific	O
electrical	O
inputs	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
CPU	O
package	O
pins	O
for	O
microprocessors	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
logical	O
settings	O
for	O
CPU	O
state	O
values	O
,	O
control	O
the	O
processor	O
's	O
computation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Individual	O
machine	B-Language
languages	I-Language
are	O
specific	O
to	O
a	O
family	O
of	O
processors	O
;	O
machine-language	O
code	O
for	O
one	O
family	O
of	O
processors	O
cannot	O
run	O
directly	O
on	O
processors	O
in	O
another	O
family	O
unless	O
the	O
processors	O
in	O
question	O
have	O
additional	O
hardware	O
to	O
support	O
it	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
DEC	B-Device
VAX	I-Device
processors	O
included	O
a	O
PDP-11	B-Device
compatibility	O
mode	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
symbolic	O
version	O
,	O
the	O
processor	O
's	O
assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
,	O
is	O
also	O
defined	O
by	O
the	O
developer	O
,	O
in	O
most	O
cases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
commonly	O
used	O
machine	B-Language
code	I-Language
instruction	B-General_Concept
sets	I-General_Concept
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
x86	B-Operating_System
:	O
</s>
<s>
x86-64	B-Device
–	O
The	O
original	O
specification	O
was	O
created	O
by	O
AMD	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerPC	B-Architecture
–	O
used	O
in	O
Power	B-Device
Macintosh	I-Device
and	O
in	O
many	O
game	O
consoles	O
,	O
particularly	O
of	O
the	O
seventh	B-Application
generation	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Power	B-Architecture
ISA	I-Architecture
–	O
an	O
evolution	O
of	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Macro	O
languages	O
transform	O
one	O
source	B-Application
code	O
file	O
into	O
another	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
"	O
macro	O
"	O
is	O
essentially	O
a	O
short	O
piece	O
of	O
text	O
that	O
expands	O
into	O
a	O
longer	O
one	O
(	O
not	O
to	O
be	O
confused	O
with	O
hygienic	B-Application
macros	I-Application
)	O
,	O
possibly	O
with	O
parameter	O
substitution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
are	O
often	O
used	O
to	O
preprocess	B-Application
source	B-Application
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Preprocessors	B-Application
can	O
also	O
supply	O
facilities	O
like	O
file	B-Language
inclusion	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Macro	O
languages	O
may	O
be	O
restricted	O
to	O
acting	O
on	O
specially	O
labeled	O
code	O
regions	O
(	O
pre-fixed	O
with	O
a	O
#	O
in	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
the	O
C	B-Language
preprocessor	I-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alternatively	O
,	O
they	O
may	O
not	O
,	O
but	O
in	O
this	O
case	O
it	O
is	O
still	O
often	O
undesirable	O
to	O
(	O
for	O
instance	O
)	O
expand	O
a	O
macro	O
embedded	O
in	O
a	O
string	B-Language
literal	I-Language
,	O
so	O
they	O
still	O
need	O
a	O
rudimentary	O
awareness	O
of	O
syntax	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Contrast	O
with	O
source-embeddable	O
languages	O
like	O
PHP	B-Application
,	O
which	O
are	O
fully	O
featured	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scripting	B-Language
languages	I-Language
such	O
as	O
Tcl	B-Operating_System
and	O
ECMAScript	B-Language
(	O
ActionScript	B-Operating_System
,	O
ECMAScript	B-Language
for	I-Language
XML	I-Language
,	O
JavaScript	B-Language
,	O
JScript	B-Language
)	O
have	O
been	O
embedded	O
into	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
are	O
sometimes	O
called	O
"	O
macro	O
languages	O
"	O
,	O
although	O
in	O
a	O
somewhat	O
different	O
sense	O
to	O
textual-substitution	O
macros	O
like	O
m4	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Metaprogramming	B-Application
is	O
the	O
writing	O
of	O
programs	O
that	O
write	O
or	O
manipulate	O
other	O
programs	O
,	O
including	O
themselves	O
,	O
as	O
their	O
data	O
or	O
that	O
do	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
work	O
that	O
is	O
otherwise	O
done	O
at	O
run	B-Library
time	I-Library
during	O
compile	B-Application
time	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multiparadigm	O
languages	O
support	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
programming	B-Application
paradigm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
allow	O
a	O
program	B-Application
to	O
use	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
programming	B-Application
style	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Go	B-Application
,	O
Golang	B-Application
(	O
imperative	B-Application
,	O
procedural	B-Application
)	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
general-purpose	O
programming	B-Application
languages	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
C	B-Language
and	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
are	O
also	O
used	O
for	O
technical	O
computing	O
,	O
this	O
list	O
focuses	O
on	O
languages	O
almost	O
exclusively	O
used	O
for	O
technical	O
computing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Class-based	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programming	I-Language
languages	I-Language
support	O
objects	O
defined	O
by	O
their	O
class	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Message	B-Architecture
passing	I-Architecture
is	O
a	O
key	O
concept	O
,	O
if	O
not	O
the	O
main	O
concept	O
,	O
in	O
object-oriented	B-Language
languages	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Polymorphic	O
functions	O
parameterized	O
by	O
the	O
class	O
of	O
some	O
of	O
their	O
arguments	O
are	O
typically	O
called	O
methods	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
languages	O
with	O
multiple	O
dispatch	O
,	O
methods	B-Language
are	O
defined	O
by	O
generic	B-Language
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
exceptions	O
where	O
single	O
dispatch	O
methods	B-Language
are	O
generic	B-Language
functions	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Bigloo	B-General_Concept
's	O
object	B-Language
system	I-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prototype-based	B-Application
languages	I-Application
are	O
object-oriented	B-Language
languages	I-Language
where	O
the	O
distinction	O
between	O
classes	O
and	O
instances	O
has	O
been	O
removed	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Off-side	B-Language
rule	I-Language
languages	O
denote	O
blocks	O
of	O
code	O
by	O
their	O
indentation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Procedural	B-Application
programming	I-Application
languages	I-Application
are	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
the	O
unit	O
and	O
scope	O
(	O
the	O
data	O
viewing	O
range	O
)	O
of	O
an	O
executable	O
code	O
statement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
procedural	B-Application
program	B-Application
is	O
composed	O
of	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
units	O
or	O
modules	O
,	O
either	O
user	O
coded	O
or	O
provided	O
in	O
a	O
code	O
library	O
;	O
each	O
module	O
is	O
composed	O
of	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
procedures	O
,	O
also	O
called	O
a	O
function	O
,	O
routine	O
,	O
subroutine	O
,	O
or	O
method	O
,	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
procedural	B-Application
languages	I-Application
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Reflective	B-Language
languages	O
let	O
programs	O
examine	O
and	O
possibly	O
modify	O
their	O
high-level	O
structure	O
at	B-Library
runtime	I-Library
or	O
compile-time	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
most	O
common	O
in	O
high-level	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
programming	B-Application
languages	O
like	O
Smalltalk	B-Application
,	O
and	O
less	O
common	O
in	O
lower-level	O
programming	B-Application
languages	O
like	O
C	B-Language
.	O
Languages	O
and	O
platforms	O
supporting	O
reflection	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Rule-based	B-Language
languages	O
instantiate	O
rules	O
when	O
activated	O
by	O
conditions	O
in	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rule-based	B-Language
languages	O
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
"	O
has	O
two	O
apparently	O
different	O
,	O
but	O
in	O
fact	O
similar	O
,	O
meanings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
traditional	O
sense	O
,	O
scripting	B-Language
languages	I-Language
are	O
designed	O
to	O
automate	O
frequently	O
used	O
tasks	O
that	O
usually	O
involve	O
calling	O
or	O
passing	O
commands	O
to	O
external	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Those	O
that	O
are	O
interpretive	B-Application
are	O
often	O
called	O
scripting	B-Language
languages	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recently	O
,	O
many	O
applications	O
have	O
built-in	O
traditional	O
scripting	B-Language
languages	I-Language
,	O
such	O
as	O
Perl	B-Language
or	O
Visual	B-Language
Basic	I-Language
,	O
but	O
there	O
are	O
quite	O
a	O
few	O
native	O
scripting	B-Language
languages	I-Language
still	O
in	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
scripting	B-Language
languages	I-Language
are	O
compiled	B-Language
to	O
bytecode	O
and	O
then	O
this	O
(	O
usually	O
)	O
platform-independent	B-Operating_System
bytecode	O
is	O
run	O
through	O
a	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
(	O
compare	O
to	O
Java	B-Language
virtual	I-Language
machine	I-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
shell	O
command	O
languages	O
such	O
as	O
Unix	B-Application
shell	I-Application
or	O
DIGITAL	B-Operating_System
Command	I-Operating_System
Language	I-Operating_System
(	O
DCL	O
)	O
on	O
VMS	B-Operating_System
have	O
powerful	O
scripting	O
abilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stack-based	O
languages	O
are	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
data-structured	O
language	O
that	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
stack	B-Application
data	I-Application
structure	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Synchronous	B-Language
programming	I-Language
languages	I-Language
are	O
optimized	O
for	O
programming	B-Application
reactive	O
systems	O
,	O
systems	O
that	O
are	O
often	O
interrupted	O
and	O
must	O
respond	O
quickly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
such	O
systems	O
are	O
also	O
called	O
realtime	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
are	O
used	O
often	O
in	O
embedded	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
shading	B-Language
language	I-Language
is	O
a	O
graphics	O
programming	B-Application
language	O
adapted	O
to	O
programming	B-Application
shader	O
effects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
provide	O
both	O
higher	O
hardware	O
abstraction	O
and	O
a	O
more	O
flexible	O
programming	B-Application
model	O
than	O
previous	O
paradigms	O
which	O
hardcoded	O
transformation	O
and	O
shading	O
equations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shading	B-Language
languages	I-Language
used	O
in	O
offline	O
rendering	O
produce	O
maximum	O
image	O
quality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Processing	B-Application
such	O
shaders	O
is	O
time-consuming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
computational	O
power	B-Architecture
required	O
can	O
be	O
expensive	O
because	O
of	O
their	O
ability	O
to	O
produce	O
photorealistic	O
results	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
languages	O
assist	O
with	O
generating	O
lexical	B-Application
analyzers	I-Application
and	O
parsers	B-Language
for	O
context-free	O
grammars	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
programming	B-Application
languages	O
are	O
for	O
low-level	O
tasks	O
like	O
memory	O
management	O
or	O
task	O
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
system	O
programming	B-Application
language	O
usually	O
refers	O
to	O
a	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
used	O
for	O
system	O
programming	B-Application
;	O
such	O
languages	O
are	O
designed	O
for	O
writing	O
system	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
which	O
usually	O
requires	O
different	O
development	O
approaches	O
when	O
compared	O
with	O
application	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
System	B-Application
software	I-Application
is	O
computer	O
software	O
designed	O
to	O
operate	O
and	O
control	O
the	O
computer	O
hardware	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
platform	O
for	O
running	O
application	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
System	B-Application
software	I-Application
includes	O
software	O
categories	O
such	O
as	O
operating	O
systems	O
,	O
utility	O
software	O
,	O
device	O
drivers	O
,	O
compilers	B-Language
,	O
and	O
linkers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transformation	B-Application
languages	I-Application
serve	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
transforming	O
(	O
translating	O
)	O
source	B-Application
code	O
specified	O
in	O
a	O
certain	O
formal	O
language	O
into	O
a	O
defined	O
destination	O
format	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
most	O
commonly	O
used	O
in	O
intermediate	O
components	O
of	O
more	O
complex	O
super-systems	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
adopt	O
internal	O
results	O
for	O
input	O
into	O
a	O
succeeding	O
processing	B-Application
routine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Visual	B-Language
programming	I-Language
languages	I-Language
let	O
users	O
specify	O
programs	O
in	O
a	O
two-(or more )	O
-dimensional	O
way	O
,	O
instead	O
of	O
as	O
one-dimensional	O
text	O
strings	O
,	O
via	O
graphic	O
layouts	B-Language
of	O
various	O
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
dataflow	B-Application
programming	I-Application
languages	I-Application
are	O
also	O
visual	B-Language
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Snap	B-Application
!	I-Application
</s>
<s>
These	O
are	O
languages	O
based	O
on	O
or	O
that	O
operate	O
on	O
XML	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
