<s>
An	O
educational	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
is	O
a	O
programming	B-General_Concept
language	O
that	O
is	O
designed	O
mostly	O
as	O
an	O
instrument	O
for	O
learning	O
,	O
and	O
less	O
as	O
a	O
tool	O
for	O
writing	O
programs	O
to	O
perform	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
,	O
machine	B-Language
code	I-Language
was	O
the	O
first	O
and	O
only	O
way	O
to	O
program	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
was	O
the	O
next	O
type	O
of	O
language	O
used	O
;	O
thus	O
,	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
oldest	O
families	O
of	O
computer	O
languages	O
in	O
use	O
today	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
dialects	O
and	O
implementations	O
are	O
available	O
,	O
usually	O
some	O
for	O
each	O
computer	O
processor	B-General_Concept
architecture	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
very	O
basic	O
and	O
termed	O
a	O
low-level	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Low-level	B-Language
languages	I-Language
must	O
be	O
written	O
for	O
a	O
specific	O
processor	B-General_Concept
architecture	B-General_Concept
and	O
cannot	O
be	O
written	O
or	O
taught	O
in	O
isolation	O
without	O
referencing	O
the	O
processor	B-General_Concept
for	O
which	O
it	O
was	O
written	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
higher-level	O
languages	O
,	O
using	O
an	O
educational	O
assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
needs	O
a	O
representation	O
of	O
a	O
processor	B-General_Concept
,	O
whether	O
virtualized	O
or	O
physical	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Assembly	O
is	O
the	O
most	O
helpful	O
language	O
to	O
use	O
for	O
learning	O
about	O
fundamental	O
computer	O
processor	B-General_Concept
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Little	O
Man	O
Computer	O
(	O
LMC	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
instructional	O
model	O
of	O
a	O
simple	O
von	B-Architecture
Neumann	I-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
computer	O
with	O
all	O
the	O
basic	O
features	O
of	O
modern	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
be	O
programmed	O
in	O
machine	B-Language
code	I-Language
(	O
usually	O
decimal	B-Application
)	O
or	O
assembly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
specified	O
by	O
the	O
von	B-Architecture
Neumann	I-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
,	O
memory	O
holds	O
both	O
instructions	O
and	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Next	B-Application
Byte	I-Application
Codes	I-Application
(	O
NBC	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
simple	O
language	O
with	O
assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
syntax	O
that	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
program	O
Lego	B-Application
Mindstorms	I-Application
NXT	I-Application
programmable	O
bricks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
command	O
line	O
compiler	B-Language
emits	O
NXT-compatible	O
machine	B-Language
code	I-Language
and	O
supports	O
Windows	B-Application
,	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
and	O
Linux	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Little	B-Language
Computer	I-Language
3	I-Language
(	O
LC-3	O
)	O
,	O
is	O
an	O
assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
with	O
a	O
simplified	O
instruction	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
,	O
but	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
write	O
moderately	O
complex	O
assembly	O
programs	O
and	O
is	O
a	O
theoretically	O
viable	O
target	O
for	O
C	B-Language
compilers	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
features	O
make	O
it	O
useful	O
for	O
teaching	O
basic	O
programming	B-General_Concept
and	O
computer	B-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
to	O
beginning	O
college	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
computer	O
engineering	O
students	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
its	O
most	O
common	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DLX	B-Architecture
is	O
a	O
reduced	B-Architecture
instruction	I-Architecture
set	I-Architecture
computer	I-Architecture
(	O
RISC	B-Architecture
)	O
processor	B-General_Concept
architecture	B-General_Concept
by	O
the	O
main	O
designers	O
of	O
the	O
MIPS	B-Device
and	O
the	O
Berkeley	B-General_Concept
RISC	I-General_Concept
designs	O
,	O
two	O
benchmark	O
examples	O
of	O
RISC	B-Architecture
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DLX	B-Architecture
is	O
essentially	O
a	O
cleaned-up	O
,	O
simplified	O
MIPS	B-Device
,	O
with	O
a	O
simple	O
32-bit	O
load/store	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
widely	O
used	O
in	O
college-level	O
computer	B-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
courses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MIX	O
and	O
MMIX	O
are	O
hypothetical	O
computers	O
used	O
in	O
Donald	O
Knuth	O
's	O
monograph	O
,	O
The	B-General_Concept
Art	I-General_Concept
of	I-General_Concept
Computer	I-General_Concept
Programming	I-General_Concept
(	O
TAOCP	B-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MIX	O
computer	O
systems	O
are	O
designed	O
to	O
educate	O
individuals	O
about	O
what	O
goes	O
inside	O
a	O
computer	O
through	O
its	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
basic	O
and	O
comprehensible	O
machine	B-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
MIX	O
is	O
a	O
hybrid	O
programmable	O
in	O
binary	O
and	O
decimal	B-Application
numbers	O
;	O
most	O
programs	O
written	O
for	O
it	O
will	O
work	O
using	O
either	O
form	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
superseded	O
by	O
MMIX	O
,	O
a	O
newer	O
modern	O
computer	B-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
,	O
a	O
64-bit	B-Device
RISC	B-Architecture
instruction	I-Architecture
set	I-Architecture
architecture	B-General_Concept
(	O
ISA	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
MMIX	O
,	O
Knuth	O
collaborated	O
with	O
the	O
architects	O
of	O
the	O
MIPS	B-Device
and	O
Alpha	B-Device
ISAs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
became	O
popular	O
on	O
minicomputers	B-Architecture
during	O
the	O
1960s	O
and	O
became	O
a	O
standard	O
computing	O
language	O
for	O
microcomputers	B-Architecture
during	O
the	O
late	O
1970s	O
and	O
early	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
See	O
also	O
List	B-Language
of	I-Language
BASIC	I-Language
dialects	I-Language
by	I-Language
platform	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
BASIC	O
offers	O
a	O
learning	O
path	O
from	O
learning-oriented	O
BASICs	O
such	O
as	O
Microsoft	B-Language
Small	I-Language
Basic	I-Language
,	O
BASIC-256	B-Language
and	O
SiMPLE	O
,	O
to	O
more	O
full-featured	O
BASICs	O
like	O
Visual	B-Language
Basic	I-Language
.NET	I-Language
and	O
Gambas	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Language
Small	I-Language
Basic	I-Language
is	O
a	O
restricted	O
version	O
of	O
Visual	B-Language
Basic	I-Language
designed	O
as	O
a	O
first	O
language	O
,	O
"	O
aimed	O
at	O
bringing	O
'	O
fun	O
 '	O
back	O
to	O
programming	B-General_Concept
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
with	O
6	O
lines	O
of	O
code	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
demonstrate	O
a	O
random	O
network	O
image	O
viewer	O
using	O
Flickr	B-Algorithm
as	O
the	O
source	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
utilizes	O
the	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Visual	I-Application
Studio	I-Application
IDE	B-Application
to	O
provide	O
auto-completion	B-Application
and	O
context-sensitive	O
help	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Basic-256	B-Language
an	O
easy-to-use	O
version	O
of	O
BASIC	O
designed	O
to	O
teach	O
anybody	O
the	O
basics	O
of	O
computer	B-General_Concept
programming	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
uses	O
traditional	O
BASIC	O
control	O
structures	O
(	O
gosub	B-Device
,	O
for	B-Language
loops	I-Language
,	O
goto	B-Application
)	O
for	O
ease	O
of	O
understanding	O
program	O
flow	O
control	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SiMPLE	O
is	O
a	O
programming	B-General_Concept
development	O
system	O
that	O
was	O
created	O
to	O
provide	O
easy	O
programming	B-General_Concept
abilities	O
for	O
everybody	O
,	O
especially	O
non-professionals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
somewhat	O
like	O
AppleSoft	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
compiled	B-Language
and	O
lets	O
users	O
make	O
their	O
own	O
libraries	O
of	O
often-used	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hot	B-Language
Soup	I-Language
Processor	I-Language
is	O
a	O
BASIC-derived	O
language	O
used	O
in	O
Japanese	O
schools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TI-BASIC	B-Language
is	O
a	O
simple	O
BASIC-like	O
language	O
implemented	O
in	O
Texas	O
Instruments	O
graphing	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
,	O
often	O
serving	O
as	O
a	O
student	O
's	O
first	O
look	O
at	O
programming	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
SmallBASIC	B-Language
is	O
a	O
fast	O
and	O
easy-to-learn	O
BASIC	O
language	O
interpreter	B-Application
ideal	O
for	O
everyday	O
calculations	O
,	O
scripts	O
and	O
prototypes	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
includes	O
trigonometric	O
,	O
matrix	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
algebra	O
functions	O
,	O
a	O
built	O
in	O
IDE	B-Application
,	O
a	O
powerful	O
string	O
library	O
,	O
system	O
,	O
sound	O
,	O
and	O
graphic	O
commands	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
structured	O
programming	B-General_Concept
syntax	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ch	B-Language
is	O
a	O
C/C	O
++	O
interpreter	B-Application
designed	O
to	O
help	O
non-CS	O
students	O
to	O
learn	O
math	O
,	O
computing	O
and	O
programming	B-General_Concept
in	O
C	B-Language
and	O
C++	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
extends	O
C	B-Language
with	O
numerical	O
,	O
2D/3D	O
graphical	O
plotting	O
and	O
scripting	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetLogo	B-Language
,	O
written	O
in	O
Java	B-Language
and	O
Scala	B-Application
,	O
is	O
a	O
development	O
environment	O
for	O
building	O
and	O
exploring	O
scientific	O
models	O
,	O
specifically	O
agent-based	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lisp	B-Language
is	O
the	O
second	O
oldest	O
family	O
of	O
programming	B-General_Concept
languages	O
in	O
use	O
today	O
,	O
and	O
as	O
such	O
has	O
many	O
dialects	O
and	O
implementations	O
with	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
difficulties	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lisp	B-Language
was	O
originally	O
created	O
as	O
a	O
practical	O
mathematical	O
notation	O
for	O
computer	O
programs	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
lambda	B-Language
calculus	I-Language
,	O
which	O
makes	O
it	O
particularly	O
well	O
suited	O
for	O
teaching	O
theories	O
of	O
computing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
languages	O
,	O
Lisp	B-Language
pioneered	O
many	O
ideas	O
in	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
,	O
including	O
tree	B-Application
data	I-Application
structures	I-Application
,	O
automatic	B-General_Concept
storage	I-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
,	O
dynamic	O
typing	O
,	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programming	I-Language
,	O
and	O
the	O
self-hosting	O
compiler	B-Language
all	O
of	O
which	O
are	O
useful	O
for	O
learning	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
name	O
LISP	B-Language
derives	O
from	O
"	O
LISt	B-Language
Processing	I-Language
language	I-Language
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linked	B-Data_Structure
lists	I-Data_Structure
are	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
languages	O
 '	O
major	O
data	B-General_Concept
structures	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
Lisp	B-Language
source	O
code	O
is	O
made	O
of	O
lists	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
Lisp	B-Language
programs	O
can	O
manipulate	O
source	O
code	O
as	O
a	O
data	B-General_Concept
structure	I-General_Concept
,	O
giving	O
rise	O
to	O
the	O
macro	O
systems	O
that	O
allow	O
programmers	O
to	O
create	O
new	O
syntax	O
or	O
even	O
new	O
domain-specific	B-Language
languages	I-Language
embedded	O
in	O
Lisp	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
Lisps	B-Language
are	O
useful	O
for	O
learning	O
language	O
design	O
and	O
creating	O
custom	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
reasonable	O
learning	O
path	O
would	O
be	O
Logo	B-Device
followed	O
by	O
any	O
educational	O
variant	O
such	O
as	O
Scheme	O
or	O
newLISP	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
a	O
professional	O
variant	O
such	O
as	O
Common	B-Language
Lisp	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Logo	B-Device
is	O
a	O
language	O
that	O
was	O
specifically	O
designed	O
to	O
introduce	O
children	O
to	O
programming	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
part	O
of	O
learning	O
Logo	B-Device
deals	O
with	O
"	O
turtle	B-Application
graphics	I-Application
"	O
(	O
derived	O
from	O
turtle	O
robots	O
)	O
used	O
as	O
early	O
as	O
1969	O
with	O
proto-Logo	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
modern	O
implementations	O
,	O
an	O
abstract	O
drawing	O
device	O
,	O
called	O
the	O
turtle	O
,	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
make	O
programming	B-General_Concept
for	O
children	O
very	O
attractive	O
by	O
concentrating	O
on	O
doing	O
turtle	B-Application
graphics	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Seymour	O
Papert	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
creators	O
of	O
Logo	B-Device
,	O
was	O
a	O
major	O
thinker	O
in	O
constructionism	O
,	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
constructivist	O
learning	O
theories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Logo	B-Device
was	O
thus	O
designed	O
not	O
only	O
to	O
teach	O
programming	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
computing	O
concepts	O
,	O
but	O
to	O
enhance	O
a	O
child	O
's	O
entire	O
well-being	O
in	O
a	O
culture	O
increasingly	O
dominated	O
by	O
technology	O
,	O
"	O
more	O
important	O
than	O
having	O
an	O
early	O
start	O
on	O
intellectual	O
building	O
,	O
is	O
being	O
saved	O
from	O
a	O
long	O
period	O
of	O
dependency	O
during	O
which	O
one	O
learns	O
to	O
think	O
of	O
learning	O
as	O
something	O
that	O
has	O
to	O
be	O
dished	O
out	O
by	O
a	O
more	O
powerful	O
other	O
...	O
Such	O
children	O
would	O
not	O
define	O
themselves	O
or	O
allow	O
society	O
to	O
define	O
them	O
as	O
intellectually	O
helpless.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
Logo	B-Device
is	O
actually	O
a	O
streamlined	O
version	O
of	O
Lisp	B-Language
with	O
more	O
advanced	O
students	O
,	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
introduce	O
the	O
basic	O
concepts	O
of	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
and	O
even	O
artificial	O
intelligence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Logo	B-Device
is	O
widely	O
available	O
on	O
virtually	O
every	O
platform	O
,	O
in	O
both	O
free	O
and	O
commercial	O
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kojo	B-Language
is	O
an	O
interactive	O
desktop	O
development	O
environment	O
developed	O
primarily	O
for	O
educational	O
purposes	O
application	O
that	O
runs	O
on	O
Windows	B-Application
,	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
and	O
OS	B-Application
X	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
learning	O
environment	O
,	O
with	O
many	O
different	O
features	O
that	O
help	O
with	O
the	O
exploration	O
,	O
learning	O
,	O
and	O
teaching	O
of	O
concepts	O
in	O
the	O
areas	O
of	O
computer	B-General_Concept
programming	I-General_Concept
and	O
critical	O
thinking	O
,	O
math	O
and	O
science	O
,	O
art	O
,	O
music	O
,	O
and	O
creative	O
thinking	O
,	O
computer	O
and	O
internet	O
literacy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
One	O
Laptop	O
per	O
Child	O
project	O
,	O
a	O
sequence	O
of	O
Smalltalk-based	O
languages	O
has	O
been	O
developed	O
,	O
each	O
designed	O
to	O
act	O
as	O
an	O
introduction	O
to	O
the	O
next	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
structure	O
is	O
Scratch	B-Language
to	O
Etoys	B-Application
to	O
Squeak	B-Operating_System
to	O
any	O
Smalltalk	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
provides	O
graphical	O
environments	O
which	O
may	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
teach	O
not	O
only	O
programming	B-General_Concept
concepts	O
to	O
kids	O
but	O
also	O
physics	O
and	O
mathematics	O
simulations	O
,	O
story-telling	O
exercises	O
,	O
etc.	O
,	O
through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
constructive	O
learning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smalltalk	B-Application
and	O
Squeak	B-Operating_System
have	O
fully	O
featured	O
application	B-Language
development	I-Language
languages	I-Language
that	O
have	O
been	O
around	O
and	O
well	O
respected	O
for	O
decades	O
;	O
Scratch	B-Language
is	O
a	O
children	O
's	O
learning	O
tool	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scratch	B-Language
is	O
a	O
visual	O
language	O
based	O
on	O
and	O
implemented	O
in	O
Squeak	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
the	O
goal	O
of	O
teaching	O
programming	B-General_Concept
concepts	O
to	O
children	O
and	O
letting	O
them	O
create	O
games	O
,	O
videos	O
,	O
and	O
music	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Scratch	B-Language
,	O
all	O
the	O
interactive	O
objects	O
,	O
graphics	O
,	O
and	O
sounds	O
can	O
be	O
easily	O
imported	O
to	O
a	O
new	O
program	O
and	O
combined	O
in	O
new	O
ways	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Scratch	B-Language
community	O
has	O
developed	O
and	O
uploaded	O
over	O
3,000,000	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Etoys	B-Application
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
programmable	O
virtual	B-Application
entities	O
behaving	O
on	O
the	O
computer	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Etoys	B-Application
provides	O
a	O
media-rich	O
authoring	O
environment	O
with	O
a	O
simple	O
,	O
powerful	O
scripted	O
object	O
model	O
for	O
many	O
kinds	O
of	O
objects	O
created	O
by	O
end-users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
includes	O
2D	O
and	O
3D	O
graphics	O
,	O
images	O
,	O
text	O
,	O
particles	O
,	O
presentations	O
,	O
web	O
pages	O
,	O
videos	O
,	O
sound	O
and	O
MIDI	O
,	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
share	O
desktops	O
with	O
other	O
Etoy	O
users	O
in	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
,	O
so	O
many	O
forms	O
of	O
immersive	O
mentoring	O
and	O
play	O
can	O
be	O
done	O
over	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Squeak	B-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
modern	O
,	O
open-source	B-Application
,	O
full-featured	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
Smalltalk	B-Application
language	O
and	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smalltalk	B-Application
is	O
an	O
object-oriented	B-Language
,	O
dynamically	O
typed	O
,	O
reflective	B-Language
language	O
created	O
to	O
underpin	O
the	O
"	O
new	O
world	O
"	O
of	O
computing	O
exemplified	O
by	O
"	O
human-computer	O
symbiosis	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
Lisp	B-Language
,	O
it	O
has	O
image-based	O
persistence	O
,	O
so	O
everything	O
is	O
modifiable	O
from	O
within	O
the	O
language	O
itself	O
(	O
see	O
Smalltalk	B-Application
#Reflection	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
greatly	O
influenced	O
the	O
industry	O
introducing	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
concepts	O
in	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programming	I-Language
and	O
just-in-time	O
compilation	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Squeak	B-Operating_System
is	O
the	O
vehicle	O
for	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
projects	O
including	O
multimedia	O
applications	O
,	O
educational	O
platforms	O
and	O
commercial	O
web	B-Application
application	I-Application
development	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Squeak	B-Operating_System
is	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
highly	O
portable	O
and	O
easy	O
to	O
debug	O
,	O
analyze	O
,	O
and	O
change	O
,	O
as	O
its	O
virtual	B-Application
machine	O
is	O
written	O
fully	O
in	O
Smalltalk	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pascal	B-Application
is	O
the	O
most	O
well-known	O
language	O
that	O
was	O
designed	O
with	O
education	O
in	O
mind	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
the	O
late	O
1970s	O
to	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
the	O
primary	O
choice	O
in	O
introductory	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
classes	O
for	O
teaching	O
students	O
programming	B-General_Concept
in	O
both	O
the	O
US	O
and	O
Europe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CircuitPython	B-Device
is	O
a	O
beginner-oriented	O
version	O
of	O
Python	B-Language
for	O
interactive	O
electronics	O
and	O
education	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rapira	B-Language
is	O
an	O
ALGOL-like	B-Language
procedural	B-Application
programming	I-Application
language	I-Application
,	O
with	O
a	O
simple	O
interactive	B-Application
development	I-Application
environment	I-Application
,	O
developed	O
in	O
the	O
Soviet	O
Union	O
to	O
teach	O
programming	B-General_Concept
in	O
schools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Src:Card	B-Language
is	O
a	O
tactile	O
offline	O
programming	B-General_Concept
language	O
embedded	O
in	O
an	O
educational	O
card	O
game	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AgentSheets	B-Language
and	O
AgentCubes	B-Language
are	O
two	O
computational	O
thinking	O
tools	O
to	O
author	O
2D/3D	O
games	O
and	O
simulations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Authoring	O
takes	O
place	O
through	O
desktop	O
applications	O
or	O
browser-based	B-Application
apps	O
and	O
can	O
create	O
2D/3D	O
games	O
playable	O
in	O
HTML5	O
compliant	O
browsers	O
including	O
mobile	O
ones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alice	B-Application
is	O
a	O
free	O
programming	B-General_Concept
software	O
designed	O
to	O
teach	O
event-driven	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programming	I-Language
to	O
children	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Programmers	O
create	O
interactive	O
stories	O
using	O
a	O
modern	O
IDE	B-Application
interface	O
with	O
a	O
drag	O
and	O
drop	O
style	O
of	O
programming	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Story	O
Telling	O
Alice	B-Application
is	O
an	O
Alice	B-Application
variant	O
designed	O
for	O
younger	O
children	O
,	O
with	O
an	O
even	O
stronger	O
story	O
telling	O
bent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Blockly	B-Language
is	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
web-based	B-Application
,	O
graphical	O
language	O
where	O
users	O
can	O
drag	O
blocks	O
together	O
to	O
build	O
an	O
application	O
;	O
no	O
typing	O
is	O
required	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
developed	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
CiMPLE	B-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
visual	O
language	O
for	O
programming	B-General_Concept
robotic	O
kit	O
for	O
children	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
built	O
atop	O
C	B-Language
as	O
a	O
DSL	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
language	O
bears	O
strong	O
resemblance	O
to	O
the	O
C	B-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Approximately	O
5000+	O
students	O
in	O
India	O
have	O
bought	O
the	O
iPitara	O
kit	O
and	O
programmed	O
it	O
using	O
CiMPLE	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
information	O
is	O
at	O
CiMPLE	B-General_Concept
Original	O
Developers	O
Weblog	O
and	O
ThinkLabs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Physical	B-Language
Etoys	I-Language
is	O
a	O
free	O
open-source	B-Application
extension	O
of	O
Etoys	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
run	O
on	O
Windows	B-Application
,	O
Linux	B-Application
and	O
Sugar	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Physical	B-Language
Etoys	I-Language
lets	O
different	O
electronic	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
Lego	B-Application
NXT	I-Application
,	O
Arduino	O
boards	O
,	O
Sphero	O
,	O
Kinect	B-Algorithm
,	O
Wiimote	B-Device
joystick	O
,	O
among	O
others	O
,	O
interact	O
between	O
themselves	O
due	O
to	O
its	O
block	O
scripting	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hackety	B-Application
Hack	I-Application
is	O
a	O
free	O
Ruby-based	O
environment	O
aiming	O
to	O
make	O
learning	O
programming	B-General_Concept
easy	O
for	O
beginners	O
,	O
especially	O
teenagers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Karel	B-Language
,	O
Karel++	B-Language
,	O
and	O
Karel	B-Language
J	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
Karel	B-Language
is	O
its	O
own	O
language	O
,	O
Karel++	B-Language
is	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
Karel	B-Language
implemented	O
in	O
C++	B-Language
,	O
while	O
Karel	B-Language
J	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Robot	O
is	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
Karel	B-Language
implemented	O
in	O
Java	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kodu	B-Application
is	O
a	O
language	O
that	O
is	O
simple	O
and	O
entirely	O
icon	O
based	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Kodu	B-Application
language	O
is	O
designed	O
specifically	O
for	O
game	O
development	O
and	O
provides	O
specialized	O
primitives	O
derived	O
from	O
gaming	O
scenarios	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Kodu	B-Application
tool	O
is	O
available	O
in	O
three	O
forms	O
:	O
PC	B-Device
as	O
a	O
free	O
download	O
in	O
public	O
beta	O
and	O
academic	O
forms	O
,	O
and	O
as	O
a	O
low-cost	O
Xbox	B-Operating_System
360	I-Operating_System
Live	O
download	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Logo	B-Device
is	O
an	O
educational	O
language	O
for	O
children	O
,	O
designed	O
in	O
1967	O
by	O
Daniel	O
G	O
.	O
Bobrow	O
,	O
Wally	O
Feurzeig	O
,	O
Seymour	O
Papert	O
and	O
Cynthia	O
Solomon	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
the	O
language	O
is	O
remembered	O
mainly	O
for	O
its	O
use	O
of	O
"	O
turtle	B-Application
graphics	I-Application
"	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
commands	O
for	O
movement	O
and	O
drawing	O
produced	O
line	B-Application
graphics	I-Application
either	O
on	O
screen	O
or	O
with	O
a	O
small	O
robot	O
called	O
a	O
"	O
turtle	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
language	O
was	O
originally	O
conceived	O
to	O
teach	O
concepts	O
of	O
programming	B-General_Concept
related	O
to	O
Lisp	B-Language
and	O
only	O
later	O
to	O
enable	O
what	O
Papert	O
called	O
"	O
body-syntonic	O
reasoning	O
"	O
where	O
students	O
could	O
understand	O
(	O
and	O
predict	O
and	O
reason	O
about	O
)	O
the	O
turtle	O
's	O
motion	O
by	O
imagining	O
what	O
they	O
would	O
do	O
if	O
they	O
were	O
the	O
turtle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lego	B-Application
Mindstorms	I-Application
is	O
a	O
line	O
of	O
Lego	O
sets	O
combining	O
programmable	O
bricks	O
with	O
electric	O
motors	O
,	O
sensors	O
,	O
Lego	O
bricks	O
,	O
and	O
Lego	O
Technic	O
pieces	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
gears	O
,	O
axles	O
,	O
and	O
beams	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
retail	O
version	O
of	O
Lego	B-Application
Mindstorms	I-Application
was	O
released	O
in	O
1998	O
and	O
marketed	O
commercially	O
as	O
the	O
Robotics	O
Invention	O
System	O
(	O
RIS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
current	O
version	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
2006	O
as	O
Lego	B-Application
Mindstorms	I-Application
NXT	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
programming	B-General_Concept
languages	O
is	O
used	O
for	O
the	O
mindstorms	O
from	O
Logo	B-Device
to	O
BASIC	O
to	O
derivatives	O
of	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
Smalltalk	B-Application
and	O
C	B-Language
.	O
The	O
Mindstorm	O
approach	O
to	O
programming	B-General_Concept
now	O
have	O
dedicated	O
physical	O
sites	O
called	O
Computer	O
Clubhouses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mama	B-Application
is	O
an	O
educational	O
object	B-Language
oriented	I-Language
language	I-Language
designed	O
to	O
help	O
young	O
students	O
start	O
programming	B-General_Concept
by	O
providing	O
all	O
the	O
language	O
elements	O
in	O
the	O
student	O
mother	O
tongue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mama	B-Application
language	O
is	O
available	O
in	O
several	O
languages	O
,	O
with	O
both	O
LTR	O
and	O
RTL	O
language	O
direction	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
was	O
built	O
atop	O
Carnegie	O
Mellon	O
's	O
Alice	B-Application
development	O
environment	O
,	O
supporting	O
scripting	O
of	O
the	O
3D	O
stage	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
new	O
variant	O
of	O
Mama	B-Application
was	O
designed	O
to	O
help	O
young	O
students	O
start	O
programming	B-General_Concept
by	O
building	O
3D	O
animations	O
and	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
document	O
on	O
educational	O
programming	B-General_Concept
principles	O
explains	O
Mama	B-Application
's	O
design	O
considerations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RoboMind	O
is	O
a	O
simple	O
educational	O
programming	B-Application
environment	I-Application
that	O
lets	O
beginners	O
program	O
a	O
robot	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
introduces	O
popular	O
programming	B-General_Concept
techniques	O
and	O
also	O
some	O
robotics	O
and	O
artificial	O
intelligence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scratch	B-Language
is	O
a	O
blocks-based	O
graphical	O
language	O
to	O
create	O
animated	O
stories	O
and	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Snap	B-Application
!	I-Application
</s>
<s>
is	O
a	O
free	O
open-source	B-Application
blocks-based	O
graphical	O
language	O
implemented	O
in	O
JavaScript	B-Language
and	O
originally	O
derived	O
MIT	O
's	O
Scratch	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Snap	B-Application
!	I-Application
</s>
<s>
adds	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
create	O
new	O
blocks	O
and	O
has	O
first-class	B-Application
functions	I-Application
that	O
enables	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
anonymous	B-General_Concept
functions	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
is	O
entirely	O
hosted	O
on	O
GitHub	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stagecast	B-Language
Creator	I-Language
is	O
a	O
visual	O
programming	B-General_Concept
system	O
based	O
on	O
programming	B-Application
by	I-Application
demonstration	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stencyl	B-Application
is	O
a	O
visual	O
programming	B-General_Concept
and	O
game	O
development	O
IDE	B-Application
that	O
has	O
been	O
used	O
for	O
education	O
and	O
commerce	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
it	O
uses	O
of	O
code	O
blocks	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
MIT	O
's	O
Scratch	B-Language
visual	O
language	O
(	O
listed	O
above	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
permits	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
normal	O
typed	O
code	O
(	O
separate	O
or	O
intermingled	O
)	O
through	O
its	O
own	O
API	B-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
Haxe	B-Language
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ToonTalk	B-Language
is	O
a	O
language	O
and	O
environment	O
that	O
looks	O
like	O
a	O
video	O
game	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
based	O
upon	O
concurrent	B-Application
constraint	I-Application
programming	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Curry	B-Application
is	O
a	O
teaching	O
language	O
designed	O
to	O
amalgamate	O
the	O
most	O
important	O
declarative	O
programming	B-General_Concept
paradigms	O
,	O
namely	O
functional	O
programming	B-General_Concept
(	O
nested	O
expressions	O
,	O
higher-order	O
functions	O
,	O
lazy	O
evaluation	O
)	O
and	O
logic	B-Language
programming	I-Language
(	O
logical	O
variables	O
,	O
partial	O
data	B-General_Concept
structures	I-General_Concept
,	O
built-in	O
search	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
integrates	O
the	O
two	O
most	O
import	O
operational	O
principles	O
developed	O
in	O
the	O
area	O
of	O
integrated	O
functional	O
logic	B-Language
languages	I-Language
:	O
"	O
residuation	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
narrowing	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Flowgorithm	B-Application
is	O
a	O
graphical	O
authoring	B-Application
tool	I-Application
for	O
writing	O
and	O
executing	O
programs	O
via	O
flowcharts	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
flowchart	B-Language
can	O
be	O
converted	O
to	O
several	O
major	O
languages	O
such	O
as	O
C#	B-Application
,	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
Visual	B-Language
Basic	I-Language
.NET	I-Language
and	O
Python	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
M2001	B-Language
is	O
a	O
modular	B-Architecture
mathematical	O
language	O
for	O
developing	O
and	O
presenting	O
mathematical	O
algorithms	O
,	O
from	O
modern	O
discrete	O
to	O
classical	O
continuous	O
mathematics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
built	O
on	O
a	O
semantic	O
framework	O
based	O
in	O
category	O
theory	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
syntax	O
similar	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
Pascal	B-Application
or	O
Modula-2	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oz	B-Language
is	O
a	O
language	O
designed	O
to	O
teach	O
computer	O
theory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oz	B-Language
contains	O
in	O
a	O
simple	O
and	O
well-factored	O
way	O
,	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
concepts	O
of	O
the	O
major	O
programming	B-General_Concept
paradigms	O
,	O
including	O
logic	O
,	O
functional	O
(	O
both	O
lazy	O
and	O
eager	O
)	O
,	O
imperative	O
,	O
object-oriented	B-Language
,	O
constraint	O
,	O
distributed	O
,	O
and	O
concurrent	O
programming	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
a	O
canonical	O
textbook	O
Concepts	O
,	O
Techniques	O
,	O
and	O
Models	O
of	O
Computer	B-General_Concept
Programming	I-General_Concept
and	O
a	O
freely	O
available	O
standard	O
implementation	O
,	O
the	O
Mozart	B-Language
Programming	I-Language
System	I-Language
.	O
</s>
