<s>
A	O
liquid-crystal	B-Device
display	I-Device
(	O
LCD	B-Device
)	O
is	O
a	O
flat-panel	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
or	O
other	O
electronically	O
modulated	O
optical	O
device	O
that	O
uses	O
the	O
light-modulating	O
properties	O
of	O
liquid	B-Device
crystals	I-Device
combined	O
with	O
polarizers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Liquid	B-Device
crystals	I-Device
do	O
not	O
emit	O
light	O
directly	O
but	O
instead	O
use	O
a	O
backlight	O
or	O
reflector	O
to	O
produce	O
images	O
in	O
color	O
or	O
monochrome	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
LCDs	B-Device
are	O
available	O
to	O
display	O
arbitrary	O
images	O
(	O
as	O
in	O
a	O
general-purpose	O
computer	B-Device
display	I-Device
)	O
or	O
fixed	O
images	O
with	O
low	O
information	O
content	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
displayed	O
or	O
hidden	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
:	O
preset	O
words	O
,	O
digits	O
,	O
and	O
seven-segment	B-General_Concept
displays	I-General_Concept
,	O
as	O
in	O
a	O
digital	O
clock	O
,	O
are	O
all	O
good	O
examples	O
of	O
devices	O
with	O
these	O
displays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
use	O
the	O
same	O
basic	O
technology	O
,	O
except	O
that	O
arbitrary	O
images	O
are	O
made	O
from	O
a	O
matrix	O
of	O
small	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
,	O
while	O
other	O
displays	O
have	O
larger	O
elements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LCDs	B-Device
can	O
either	O
be	O
normally	O
on	O
(	O
positive	O
)	O
or	O
off	O
(	O
negative	O
)	O
,	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
polarizer	O
arrangement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
character	O
positive	O
LCD	B-Device
with	O
a	O
backlight	O
will	O
have	O
black	O
lettering	O
on	O
a	O
background	O
that	O
is	O
the	O
color	O
of	O
the	O
backlight	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
character	O
negative	O
LCD	B-Device
will	O
have	O
a	O
black	O
background	O
with	O
the	O
letters	O
being	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
color	O
as	O
the	O
backlight	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Optical	O
filters	O
are	O
added	O
to	O
white	O
on	O
blue	O
LCDs	B-Device
to	O
give	O
them	O
their	O
characteristic	O
appearance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LCDs	B-Device
are	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
applications	O
,	O
including	O
LCD	B-Device
televisions	O
,	O
computer	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
,	O
instrument	B-Protocol
panels	I-Protocol
,	O
aircraft	O
cockpit	O
displays	O
,	O
and	O
indoor	O
and	O
outdoor	O
signage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Small	O
LCD	B-Device
screens	I-Device
are	O
common	O
in	O
LCD	B-Device
projectors	I-Device
and	O
portable	O
consumer	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
,	O
watches	O
,	O
calculators	B-Application
,	O
and	O
mobile	O
telephones	O
,	O
including	O
smartphones	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
LCD	B-Device
screens	I-Device
have	O
replaced	O
heavy	O
,	O
bulky	O
and	O
less	O
energy-efficient	O
cathode-ray	B-Device
tube	I-Device
(	O
CRT	O
)	O
displays	O
in	O
nearly	O
all	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
phosphors	O
used	O
in	O
CRTs	O
make	O
them	O
vulnerable	O
to	O
image	B-General_Concept
burn-in	I-General_Concept
when	O
a	O
static	O
image	O
is	O
displayed	O
on	O
a	O
screen	O
for	O
a	O
long	O
time	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
the	O
table	O
frame	O
for	O
an	O
airline	O
flight	O
schedule	O
on	O
an	O
indoor	O
sign	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LCDs	B-Device
do	O
not	O
have	O
this	O
weakness	O
,	O
but	O
are	O
still	O
susceptible	O
to	O
image	B-Device
persistence	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
of	O
an	O
LCD	B-Device
typically	O
consists	O
of	O
a	O
layer	O
of	O
molecules	O
aligned	O
between	O
two	O
transparent	O
electrodes	O
,	O
often	O
made	O
of	O
Indium-Tin	O
oxide	O
(	O
ITO	O
)	O
and	O
two	O
polarizing	O
filters	O
(	O
parallel	O
and	O
perpendicular	O
polarizers	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
axes	O
of	O
transmission	O
of	O
which	O
are	O
(	O
in	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
cases	O
)	O
perpendicular	O
to	O
each	O
other	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Without	O
the	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
between	O
the	O
polarizing	O
filters	O
,	O
light	O
passing	O
through	O
the	O
first	O
filter	O
would	O
be	O
blocked	O
by	O
the	O
second	O
(	O
crossed	O
)	O
polarizer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
twisted	O
nematic	O
(	O
TN	O
)	O
device	O
,	O
the	O
surface	O
alignment	O
directions	O
at	O
the	O
two	O
electrodes	O
are	O
perpendicular	O
to	O
each	O
other	O
,	O
and	O
so	O
the	O
molecules	O
arrange	O
themselves	O
in	O
a	O
helical	B-Application
structure	O
,	O
or	O
twist	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
applied	O
voltage	O
is	O
large	O
enough	O
,	O
the	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
molecules	O
in	O
the	O
center	O
of	O
the	O
layer	O
are	O
almost	O
completely	O
untwisted	O
and	O
the	O
polarization	O
of	O
the	O
incident	O
light	O
is	O
not	O
rotated	O
as	O
it	O
passes	O
through	O
the	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
layer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
light	O
will	O
then	O
be	O
mainly	O
polarized	O
perpendicular	O
to	O
the	O
second	O
filter	O
,	O
and	O
thus	O
be	O
blocked	O
and	O
the	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
will	O
appear	O
black	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
controlling	O
the	O
voltage	O
applied	O
across	O
the	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
layer	O
in	O
each	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
,	O
light	O
can	O
be	O
allowed	O
to	O
pass	O
through	O
in	O
varying	O
amounts	O
thus	O
constituting	O
different	O
levels	O
of	O
gray	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
chemical	O
formula	O
of	O
the	O
liquid	B-Device
crystals	I-Device
used	O
in	O
LCDs	B-Device
may	O
vary	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
color	B-Device
LCD	I-Device
systems	O
use	O
the	O
same	O
technique	O
,	O
with	O
color	O
filters	O
used	O
to	O
generate	O
red	O
,	O
green	O
,	O
and	O
blue	O
subpixels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
LCD	B-Device
color	O
filters	O
are	O
made	O
with	O
a	O
photolithography	B-Algorithm
process	O
on	O
large	O
glass	O
sheets	O
that	O
are	O
later	O
glued	O
with	O
other	O
glass	O
sheets	O
containing	O
a	O
TFT	O
array	O
,	O
spacers	O
and	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
,	O
creating	O
several	O
color	B-Device
LCDs	I-Device
that	O
are	O
then	O
cut	O
from	O
one	O
another	O
and	O
laminated	O
with	O
polarizer	O
sheets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
black	O
resist	O
is	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
be	O
applied	O
;	O
this	O
will	O
create	O
a	O
black	O
grid	O
(	O
known	O
in	O
the	O
industry	O
as	O
a	O
black	O
matrix	O
)	O
that	O
will	O
separate	O
red	O
,	O
green	O
and	O
blue	O
subpixels	O
from	O
one	O
another	O
,	O
increasing	O
contrast	B-Device
ratios	O
and	O
preventing	O
light	O
from	O
leaking	O
from	O
one	O
subpixel	O
onto	O
other	O
surrounding	O
subpixels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
color-generation	O
method	O
used	O
in	O
early	O
color	O
PDAs	O
and	O
some	O
calculators	B-Application
was	O
done	O
by	O
varying	O
the	O
voltage	O
in	O
a	O
Super-twisted	B-General_Concept
nematic	I-General_Concept
LCD	B-Device
,	O
where	O
the	O
variable	O
twist	O
between	O
tighter-spaced	O
plates	O
causes	O
a	O
varying	O
double	O
refraction	O
birefringence	O
,	O
thus	O
changing	O
the	O
hue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
were	O
typically	O
restricted	O
to	O
3	O
colors	O
per	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
:	O
orange	O
,	O
green	O
,	O
and	O
blue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
most	O
of	O
2010-era	O
LCDs	B-Device
are	O
used	O
in	O
television	O
sets	O
,	O
monitors	O
and	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
they	O
have	O
high-resolution	B-Algorithm
matrix	O
arrays	O
of	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
to	O
display	O
arbitrary	O
images	O
using	O
backlighting	O
with	O
a	O
dark	O
background	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
this	O
purpose	O
,	O
TN	O
LCDs	B-Device
are	O
operated	O
between	O
parallel	O
polarizers	O
,	O
whereas	O
IPS	B-Architecture
LCDs	I-Architecture
feature	O
crossed	O
polarizers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
many	O
applications	O
IPS	B-Architecture
LCDs	I-Architecture
have	O
replaced	O
TN	O
LCDs	B-Device
,	O
particularly	O
in	O
smartphones	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
the	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
material	O
and	O
the	O
alignment	O
layer	O
material	O
contain	O
ionic	O
compounds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
avoided	O
either	O
by	O
applying	O
an	O
alternating	O
current	O
or	O
by	O
reversing	O
the	O
polarity	O
of	O
the	O
electric	O
field	O
as	O
the	O
device	O
is	O
addressed	B-General_Concept
(	O
the	O
response	O
of	O
the	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
layer	O
is	O
identical	O
,	O
regardless	O
of	O
the	O
polarity	O
of	O
the	O
applied	O
field	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Displays	O
for	O
a	O
small	O
number	O
of	O
individual	O
digits	O
or	O
fixed	O
symbols	O
(	O
as	O
in	O
digital	O
watches	O
and	O
pocket	O
calculators	B-Application
)	O
can	O
be	O
implemented	O
with	O
independent	O
electrodes	O
for	O
each	O
segment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	B-Device
,	O
full	O
alphanumeric	O
or	O
variable	O
graphics	O
displays	O
are	O
usually	O
implemented	O
with	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
arranged	O
as	O
a	O
matrix	O
consisting	O
of	O
electrically	O
connected	O
rows	O
on	O
one	O
side	O
of	O
the	O
LC	O
layer	O
and	O
columns	O
on	O
the	O
other	O
side	O
,	O
which	O
makes	O
it	O
possible	O
to	O
address	O
each	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
at	O
the	O
intersections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
details	O
on	O
the	O
various	O
matrix	O
addressing	B-General_Concept
schemes	I-General_Concept
see	O
passive-matrix	B-Device
and	O
active-matrix	B-General_Concept
addressed	B-General_Concept
LCDs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
LCDs	B-Device
are	O
manufactured	O
in	O
cleanrooms	B-Application
borrowing	O
techniques	O
from	O
semiconductor	O
manufacturing	O
and	O
using	O
large	O
sheets	O
of	O
glass	O
whose	O
size	O
has	O
increased	O
over	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
displays	O
are	O
manufactured	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
cut	O
from	O
the	O
sheet	O
of	O
glass	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
mother	O
glass	O
or	O
LCD	B-Device
glass	O
substrate	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
increase	O
in	O
size	O
allows	O
more	O
displays	O
or	O
larger	O
displays	O
to	O
be	O
made	O
,	O
just	O
like	O
with	O
increasing	O
wafer	B-Architecture
sizes	O
in	O
semiconductor	O
manufacturing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GEN	O
511001250	O
–	O
13002002	O
–	O
2004GEN	O
5.513001500	O
GEN	O
615001800	O
–	O
18502002	O
–	O
2004	O
GEN	O
7187022002003Samsung	O
:	O
SAMSUNG	B-Application
Electronics	O
Announces	O
7th-Generation	O
TFT	B-Device
LCD	I-Device
Glass	O
Substrate	B-Architecture
,	O
Press	O
release	O
27	O
March	O
2003	O
,	O
Visited	O
2	O
August	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
manufacturers	O
have	O
adopted	O
Gen	O
8.6	O
mother	O
glass	O
sheets	O
which	O
are	O
only	O
slightly	O
larger	O
than	O
Gen	O
8.5	O
,	O
allowing	O
for	O
more	O
50	O
and	O
58	O
inch	O
LCDs	B-Device
to	O
be	O
made	O
per	O
mother	O
glass	O
,	O
specially	O
58	O
inch	O
LCDs	B-Device
,	O
in	O
which	O
case	O
6	O
can	O
be	O
produced	O
on	O
a	O
Gen	O
8.6	O
mother	O
glass	O
vs	O
only	O
3	O
on	O
a	O
Gen	O
8.5	O
mother	O
glass	O
,	O
significantly	O
reducing	O
waste	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
LCD	B-Device
Module	I-Device
(	O
LCM	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
ready-to-use	O
LCD	B-Device
with	O
a	O
backlight	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
a	O
factory	O
that	O
makes	O
LCD	B-Device
Modules	I-Device
does	O
not	O
necessarily	O
make	O
LCDs	B-Device
,	O
it	O
may	O
only	O
assemble	O
them	O
into	O
the	O
modules	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LCD	B-Device
glass	O
substrates	B-Architecture
are	O
made	O
by	O
companies	O
such	O
as	O
AGC	O
Inc.	O
,	O
Corning	O
Inc.	O
,	O
and	O
Nippon	O
Electric	O
Glass	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
origins	O
and	O
the	O
complex	O
history	O
of	O
liquid-crystal	B-Device
displays	I-Device
from	O
the	O
perspective	O
of	O
an	O
insider	O
during	O
the	O
early	O
days	O
were	O
described	O
by	O
Joseph	O
A	O
.	O
Castellano	O
in	O
Liquid	O
Gold	O
:	O
The	O
Story	O
of	O
Liquid	B-Device
Crystal	I-Device
Displays	I-Device
and	O
the	O
Creation	O
of	O
an	O
Industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
report	O
on	O
the	O
origins	O
and	O
history	O
of	O
LCD	B-Device
from	O
a	O
different	O
perspective	O
until	O
1991	O
has	O
been	O
published	O
by	O
Hiroshi	O
Kawamoto	O
,	O
available	O
at	O
the	O
IEEE	O
History	O
Center	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
description	O
of	O
Swiss	O
contributions	O
to	O
LCD	B-Device
developments	O
,	O
written	O
by	O
Peter	O
J	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1904	O
,	O
Otto	O
Lehmann	O
published	O
his	O
work	O
"	O
Flüssige	O
Kristalle	O
"	O
(	O
Liquid	B-Device
Crystals	I-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1911	O
,	O
Charles	O
Mauguin	O
first	O
experimented	O
with	O
liquid	B-Device
crystals	I-Device
confined	O
between	O
plates	O
in	O
thin	O
layers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1922	O
,	O
Georges	O
Friedel	O
described	O
the	O
structure	O
and	O
properties	O
of	O
liquid	B-Device
crystals	I-Device
and	O
classified	O
them	O
in	O
three	O
types	O
(	O
nematics	O
,	O
smectics	O
and	O
cholesterics	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1927	O
,	O
Vsevolod	O
Frederiks	O
devised	O
the	O
electrically	O
switched	O
light	O
valve	O
,	O
called	O
the	O
Fréedericksz	O
transition	O
,	O
the	O
essential	O
effect	O
of	O
all	O
LCD	B-Device
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1936	O
,	O
the	O
Marconi	O
Wireless	O
Telegraph	O
company	O
patented	O
the	O
first	O
practical	O
application	O
of	O
the	O
technology	O
,	O
"	O
The	O
Liquid	B-Device
Crystal	I-Device
Light	O
Valve	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1962	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
major	O
English	O
language	O
publication	O
Molecular	O
Structure	O
and	O
Properties	O
of	O
Liquid	B-Device
Crystals	I-Device
was	O
published	O
by	O
Dr.	O
George	O
W	O
.	O
Gray	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1962	O
,	O
Richard	O
Williams	O
of	O
RCA	O
found	O
that	O
liquid	B-Device
crystals	I-Device
had	O
some	O
interesting	O
electro-optic	O
characteristics	O
and	O
he	O
realized	O
an	O
electro-optical	O
effect	O
by	O
generating	O
stripe-patterns	O
in	O
a	O
thin	O
layer	O
of	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
material	O
by	O
the	O
application	O
of	O
a	O
voltage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
effect	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
an	O
electro-hydrodynamic	O
instability	O
forming	O
what	O
are	O
now	O
called	O
"	O
Williams	O
domains	O
"	O
inside	O
the	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Building	O
on	O
early	O
MOSFETs	B-Architecture
,	O
Paul	O
K	O
.	O
Weimer	O
at	O
RCA	O
developed	O
the	O
thin-film	O
transistor	B-Application
(	O
TFT	O
)	O
in	O
1962	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
MOSFET	B-Architecture
distinct	O
from	O
the	O
standard	O
bulk	O
MOSFET	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1964	O
,	O
George	O
H	O
.	O
Heilmeier	O
,	O
then	O
working	O
at	O
the	O
RCA	O
laboratories	O
on	O
the	O
effect	O
discovered	O
by	O
Williams	O
achieved	O
the	O
switching	O
of	O
colors	O
by	O
field-induced	O
realignment	O
of	O
dichroic	O
dyes	O
in	O
a	O
homeotropically	O
oriented	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Practical	O
problems	O
with	O
this	O
new	O
electro-optical	O
effect	O
made	O
Heilmeier	O
continue	O
to	O
work	O
on	O
scattering	O
effects	O
in	O
liquid	B-Device
crystals	I-Device
and	O
finally	O
the	O
achievement	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
operational	O
liquid-crystal	B-Device
display	I-Device
based	O
on	O
what	O
he	O
called	O
the	O
dynamic	B-Device
scattering	I-Device
mode	I-Device
(	O
DSM	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Application	O
of	O
a	O
voltage	O
to	O
a	O
DSM	O
display	O
switches	O
the	O
initially	O
clear	O
transparent	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
layer	O
into	O
a	O
milky	O
turbid	O
state	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
George	O
H	O
.	O
Heilmeier	O
was	O
inducted	O
in	O
the	O
National	O
Inventors	O
Hall	O
of	O
Fame	O
and	O
credited	O
with	O
the	O
invention	O
of	O
LCDs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
late	O
1960s	O
,	O
pioneering	O
work	O
on	O
liquid	B-Device
crystals	I-Device
was	O
undertaken	O
by	O
the	O
UK	O
's	O
Royal	O
Radar	O
Establishment	O
at	O
Malvern	O
,	O
England	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
team	O
at	O
RRE	O
supported	O
ongoing	O
work	O
by	O
George	O
William	O
Gray	O
and	O
his	O
team	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Hull	O
who	O
ultimately	O
discovered	O
the	O
cyanobiphenyl	O
liquid	B-Device
crystals	I-Device
,	O
which	O
had	O
correct	O
stability	O
and	O
temperature	O
properties	O
for	O
application	O
in	O
LCDs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
idea	O
of	O
a	O
TFT-based	O
liquid-crystal	B-Device
display	I-Device
(	O
LCD	B-Device
)	O
was	O
conceived	O
by	O
Bernard	O
Lechner	O
of	O
RCA	O
Laboratories	O
in	O
1968	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nester	O
and	O
J	O
.	O
Tults	O
demonstrated	O
the	O
concept	O
in	O
1968	O
with	O
an	O
18x2	O
matrix	O
dynamic	B-Device
scattering	I-Device
mode	I-Device
(	O
DSM	O
)	O
LCD	B-Device
that	O
used	O
standard	O
discrete	O
MOSFETs	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
4	O
,	O
1970	O
,	O
the	O
twisted	O
nematic	O
field	O
effect	O
(	O
TN	O
)	O
in	O
liquid	B-Device
crystals	I-Device
was	O
filed	O
for	O
patent	O
by	O
Hoffmann-LaRoche	O
in	O
Switzerland	B-Protocol
,	O
(	O
)	O
with	O
Wolfgang	O
Helfrich	O
and	O
Martin	O
Schadt	O
(	O
then	O
working	O
for	O
the	O
Central	O
Research	O
Laboratories	O
)	O
listed	O
as	O
inventors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hoffmann-La	O
Roche	O
licensed	O
the	O
invention	O
to	O
Swiss	O
manufacturer	O
Brown	O
,	O
Boveri	O
&	O
Cie	O
,	O
its	O
joint	O
venture	O
partner	O
at	O
that	O
time	O
,	O
which	O
produced	O
TN	O
displays	O
for	O
wristwatches	O
and	O
other	O
applications	O
during	O
the	O
1970s	O
for	O
the	O
international	O
markets	O
including	O
the	O
Japanese	O
electronics	O
industry	O
,	O
which	O
soon	O
produced	O
the	O
first	O
digital	O
quartz	O
wristwatches	O
with	O
TN-LCDs	O
and	O
numerous	O
other	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
James	O
Fergason	O
,	O
while	O
working	O
with	O
Sardari	O
Arora	O
and	O
Alfred	O
Saupe	O
at	O
Kent	O
State	O
University	O
Liquid	B-Device
Crystal	I-Device
Institute	O
,	O
filed	O
an	O
identical	O
patent	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
on	O
April	O
22	O
,	O
1971	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1971	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
of	O
Fergason	O
,	O
ILIXCO	O
(	O
now	O
LXD	O
Incorporated	O
)	O
,	O
produced	O
LCDs	B-Device
based	O
on	O
the	O
TN-effect	O
,	O
which	O
soon	O
superseded	O
the	O
poor-quality	O
DSM	O
types	O
due	O
to	O
improvements	O
of	O
lower	O
operating	O
voltages	O
and	O
lower	O
power	O
consumption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tetsuro	O
Hama	O
and	O
Izuhiko	O
Nishimura	O
of	O
Seiko	O
received	O
a	O
US	O
patent	O
dated	O
February	O
1971	O
,	O
for	O
an	O
electronic	O
wristwatch	O
incorporating	O
a	O
TN-LCD	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1972	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
wristwatch	O
with	O
TN-LCD	O
was	O
launched	O
on	O
the	O
market	O
:	O
The	O
Gruen	O
Teletime	O
which	O
was	O
a	O
four	O
digit	O
display	O
watch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1972	O
,	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
the	O
active-matrix	B-General_Concept
thin-film	O
transistor	B-Application
(	O
TFT	O
)	O
liquid-crystal	B-Device
display	I-Device
panel	O
was	O
prototyped	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
by	O
T	O
.	O
Peter	O
Brody	O
's	O
team	O
at	O
Westinghouse	O
,	O
in	O
Pittsburgh	O
,	O
Pennsylvania	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
.	O
Asars	O
and	O
G	O
.	O
D	O
.	O
Dixon	O
at	O
Westinghouse	O
Research	O
Laboratories	O
demonstrated	O
the	O
first	O
thin-film-transistor	B-Device
liquid-crystal	I-Device
display	I-Device
(	O
TFT	B-Device
LCD	I-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
all	O
modern	O
high-resolution	B-Algorithm
and	O
high-quality	O
electronic	B-Device
visual	I-Device
display	I-Device
devices	O
use	O
TFT-based	O
active	B-General_Concept
matrix	I-General_Concept
displays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Brody	O
and	O
Fang-Chen	O
Luo	O
demonstrated	O
the	O
first	O
flat	O
active-matrix	B-Device
liquid-crystal	I-Device
display	I-Device
(	O
AM	O
LCD	B-Device
)	O
in	O
1974	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
Brody	O
coined	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
active	B-General_Concept
matrix	I-General_Concept
"	O
in	O
1975	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1972	O
North	O
American	O
Rockwell	O
Microelectronics	O
Corp	O
introduced	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
DSM	O
LCDs	B-Device
for	O
calculators	B-Application
for	O
marketing	O
by	O
Lloyds	O
Electronics	O
Inc	O
,	O
though	O
these	O
required	O
an	O
internal	O
light	O
source	O
for	O
illumination	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sharp	O
Corporation	O
followed	O
with	O
DSM	O
LCDs	B-Device
for	O
pocket-sized	O
calculators	B-Application
in	O
1973	O
and	O
then	O
mass-produced	O
TN	O
LCDs	B-Device
for	O
watches	O
in	O
1975	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
Japanese	O
companies	O
soon	O
took	O
a	O
leading	O
position	O
in	O
the	O
wristwatch	O
market	O
,	O
like	O
Seiko	O
and	O
its	O
first	O
6-digit	O
TN-LCD	O
quartz	O
wristwatch	O
,	O
and	O
Casio	O
's	O
'	O
Casiotron	O
 '	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Color	B-Device
LCDs	I-Device
based	O
on	O
Guest-Host	O
interaction	O
were	O
invented	O
by	O
a	O
team	O
at	O
RCA	O
in	O
1968	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
particular	O
type	O
of	O
such	O
a	O
color	B-Device
LCD	I-Device
was	O
developed	O
by	O
Japan	O
's	O
Sharp	O
Corporation	O
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
,	O
receiving	O
patents	O
for	O
their	O
inventions	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
patent	O
by	O
Shinji	O
Kato	O
and	O
Takaaki	O
Miyazaki	O
in	O
May	O
1975	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
improved	O
by	O
Fumiaki	O
Funada	O
and	O
Masataka	O
Matsuura	O
in	O
December	O
1975	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TFT	B-Device
LCDs	I-Device
similar	O
to	O
the	O
prototypes	O
developed	O
by	O
a	O
Westinghouse	O
team	O
in	O
1972	O
were	O
patented	O
in	O
1976	O
by	O
a	O
team	O
at	O
Sharp	O
consisting	O
of	O
Fumiaki	O
Funada	O
,	O
Masataka	O
Matsuura	O
,	O
and	O
Tomio	O
Wada	O
,	O
then	O
improved	O
in	O
1977	O
by	O
a	O
Sharp	O
team	O
consisting	O
of	O
Kohei	O
Kishi	O
,	O
Hirosaku	O
Nonomura	O
,	O
Keiichiro	O
Shimizu	O
,	O
and	O
Tomio	O
Wada	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
these	O
TFT-LCDs	B-Device
were	O
not	O
yet	O
ready	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
products	O
,	O
as	O
problems	O
with	O
the	O
materials	O
for	O
the	O
TFTs	O
were	O
not	O
yet	O
solved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1983	O
,	O
researchers	O
at	O
Brown	O
,	O
Boveri	O
&	O
Cie	O
(	O
BBC	O
)	O
Research	O
Center	O
,	O
Switzerland	B-Protocol
,	O
invented	O
the	O
super-twisted	B-General_Concept
nematic	I-General_Concept
(	O
STN	O
)	O
structure	O
for	O
passive	O
matrix-addressed	O
LCDs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
were	O
listed	O
as	O
inventors	O
in	O
the	O
corresponding	O
patent	O
applications	O
filed	O
in	O
Switzerland	B-Protocol
on	O
July	O
7	O
,	O
1983	O
,	O
and	O
October	O
28	O
,	O
1983	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Patents	O
were	O
granted	O
in	O
Switzerland	B-Protocol
CH	O
665491	O
,	O
Europe	O
EP	O
0131216	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
more	O
countries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Philips	O
had	O
the	O
required	O
know-how	O
to	O
design	O
and	O
build	O
integrated	O
circuits	O
for	O
the	O
control	O
of	O
large	O
LCD	B-Device
panels	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
Philips	O
had	O
better	O
access	O
to	O
markets	O
for	O
electronic	O
components	O
and	O
intended	O
to	O
use	O
LCDs	B-Device
in	O
new	O
product	O
generations	O
of	O
hi-fi	O
,	O
video	O
equipment	O
and	O
telephones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1984	O
,	O
Philips	O
researchers	O
Theodorus	O
Welzen	O
and	O
Adrianus	O
de	O
Vaan	O
invented	O
a	O
video	O
speed-drive	O
scheme	O
that	O
solved	O
the	O
slow	O
response	O
time	O
of	O
STN-LCDs	O
,	O
enabling	O
high-resolution	B-Algorithm
,	O
high-quality	O
,	O
and	O
smooth-moving	O
video	O
images	O
on	O
STN-LCDs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1985	O
,	O
Philips	O
inventors	O
Theodorus	O
Welzen	O
and	O
Adrianus	O
de	O
Vaan	O
solved	O
the	O
problem	O
of	O
driving	O
high-resolution	B-Algorithm
STN-LCDs	O
using	O
low-voltage	O
(	O
CMOS-based	O
)	O
drive	O
electronics	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
application	O
of	O
high-quality	O
(	O
high	B-Algorithm
resolution	I-Algorithm
and	O
video	O
speed	O
)	O
LCD	B-Device
panels	I-Device
in	O
battery-operated	O
portable	O
products	O
like	O
notebook	O
computers	O
and	O
mobile	O
phones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1985	O
,	O
Philips	O
acquired	O
100%	O
of	O
the	O
Videlec	O
AG	O
company	O
based	O
in	O
Switzerland	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Years	O
later	O
,	O
Philips	O
successfully	O
produced	O
and	O
marketed	O
complete	O
modules	O
(	O
consisting	O
of	O
the	O
LCD	B-Device
screen	I-Device
,	O
microphone	O
,	O
speakers	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
color	B-Device
LCD	I-Device
televisions	O
were	O
developed	O
as	O
handheld	O
televisions	O
in	O
Japan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1980	O
,	O
Hattori	O
Seiko	O
's	O
R&D	O
group	O
began	O
development	O
on	O
color	B-Device
LCD	I-Device
pocket	O
televisions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1982	O
,	O
Seiko	O
Epson	O
released	O
the	O
first	O
LCD	B-Device
television	O
,	O
the	O
Epson	O
TV	O
Watch	O
,	O
a	O
wristwatch	O
equipped	O
with	O
a	O
small	O
active-matrix	B-Device
LCD	I-Device
television	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sharp	O
Corporation	O
introduced	O
dot	B-General_Concept
matrix	I-General_Concept
TN-LCD	O
in	O
1983	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1984	O
,	O
Epson	O
released	O
the	O
ET-10	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
full-color	O
,	O
pocket	O
LCD	B-Device
television	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
same	O
year	O
,	O
Citizen	O
Watch	O
,	O
introduced	O
the	O
Citizen	O
Pocket	O
TV	O
,	O
a	O
2.7-inch	O
color	B-Device
LCD	I-Device
TV	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
first	O
commercial	O
TFT	B-Device
LCD	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1988	O
,	O
Sharp	O
demonstrated	O
a	O
14-inch	O
,	O
active-matrix	B-General_Concept
,	O
full-color	O
,	O
full-motion	O
TFT-LCD	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
led	O
to	O
Japan	O
launching	O
an	O
LCD	B-Device
industry	O
,	O
which	O
developed	O
large-size	O
LCDs	B-Device
,	O
including	O
TFT	O
computer	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
and	O
LCD	B-Device
televisions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Epson	O
developed	O
the	O
3LCD	B-General_Concept
projection	O
technology	O
in	O
the	O
1980s	O
,	O
and	O
licensed	O
it	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
projectors	O
in	O
1988	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Epson	O
's	O
VPJ-700	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
January	O
1989	O
,	O
was	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
compact	B-General_Concept
,	O
full-color	O
LCD	O
projector	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1990	O
,	O
under	O
different	O
titles	O
,	O
inventors	O
conceived	O
electro	O
optical	O
effects	O
as	O
alternatives	O
to	O
twisted	O
nematic	O
field	O
effect	O
LCDs	B-Device
(	O
TN	O
-	O
and	O
STN	O
-	O
LCDs	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
approach	O
was	O
to	O
use	O
interdigital	O
electrodes	O
on	O
one	O
glass	O
substrate	B-Architecture
only	O
to	O
produce	O
an	O
electric	O
field	O
essentially	O
parallel	O
to	O
the	O
glass	O
substrates	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
take	O
full	O
advantage	O
of	O
the	O
properties	O
of	O
this	O
In	B-Architecture
Plane	I-Architecture
Switching	I-Architecture
(	O
IPS	B-Architecture
)	O
technology	O
further	O
work	O
was	O
needed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1992	O
,	O
shortly	O
thereafter	O
,	O
engineers	O
at	O
Hitachi	O
work	O
out	O
various	O
practical	O
details	O
of	O
the	O
IPS	B-Architecture
technology	I-Architecture
to	O
interconnect	O
the	O
thin-film	O
transistor	B-Application
array	O
as	O
a	O
matrix	O
and	O
to	O
avoid	O
undesirable	O
stray	O
fields	O
in	O
between	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hitachi	O
also	O
improved	O
the	O
viewing	B-General_Concept
angle	I-General_Concept
dependence	O
further	O
by	O
optimizing	O
the	O
shape	O
of	O
the	O
electrodes	O
(	O
Super	O
IPS	B-Architecture
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NEC	O
and	O
Hitachi	O
become	O
early	O
manufacturers	O
of	O
active-matrix	B-General_Concept
addressed	B-General_Concept
LCDs	B-Device
based	O
on	O
the	O
IPS	B-Architecture
technology	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
a	O
milestone	O
for	O
implementing	O
large-screen	O
LCDs	B-Device
having	O
acceptable	O
visual	O
performance	O
for	O
flat-panel	B-General_Concept
computer	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
and	O
television	O
screens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1996	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
developed	O
the	O
optical	O
patterning	O
technique	O
that	O
enables	O
multi-domain	O
LCD	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multi-domain	O
and	O
In	B-Architecture
Plane	I-Architecture
Switching	I-Architecture
subsequently	O
remain	O
the	O
dominant	O
LCD	B-Device
designs	O
through	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
,	O
the	O
LCD	B-Device
industry	O
began	O
shifting	O
away	O
from	O
Japan	O
,	O
towards	O
South	O
Korea	O
and	O
Taiwan	O
,	O
and	O
later	O
on	O
towards	O
China	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2007	O
the	O
image	O
quality	O
of	O
LCD	B-Device
televisions	O
surpassed	O
the	O
image	O
quality	O
of	O
cathode-ray-tube-based	O
(	O
CRT	O
)	O
TVs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
fourth	O
quarter	O
of	O
2007	O
,	O
LCD	B-Device
televisions	O
surpassed	O
CRT	O
TVs	O
in	O
worldwide	O
sales	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LCD	B-Device
TVs	O
were	O
projected	O
to	O
account	O
50%	O
of	O
the	O
200million	O
TVs	O
to	O
be	O
shipped	O
globally	O
in	O
2006	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
Displaybank	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2011	O
,	O
Toshiba	O
announced	O
2560×1600	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
on	O
a	O
6.1-inch	O
(	O
155mm	O
)	O
LCD	B-Device
panel	I-Device
,	O
suitable	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
a	O
tablet	B-Device
computer	I-Device
,	O
especially	O
for	O
Chinese	O
character	O
display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2010s	O
also	O
saw	O
the	O
wide	O
adoption	O
of	O
TGP	O
(	O
Tracking	O
Gate-line	O
in	O
Pixel	B-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
which	O
moves	O
the	O
driving	O
circuitry	O
from	O
the	O
borders	O
of	O
the	O
display	O
to	O
in	O
between	O
the	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
,	O
allowing	O
for	O
narrow	O
bezels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
Panasonic	O
developed	O
IPS	B-Architecture
LCDs	I-Architecture
with	O
a	O
contrast	B-Device
ratio	O
of	O
1,000,000	O
:1	O
,	O
rivaling	O
OLEDs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
technology	O
was	O
later	O
put	O
into	O
mass	O
production	O
as	O
dual	O
layer	O
,	O
dual	O
panel	O
or	O
LMCL	O
(	O
Light	O
Modulating	O
Cell	O
Layer	O
)	O
LCDs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technology	O
uses	O
2	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
layers	O
instead	O
of	O
one	O
,	O
and	O
may	O
be	O
used	O
along	O
with	O
a	O
mini-LED	O
backlight	O
and	O
quantum	O
dot	O
sheets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
LCDs	B-Device
produce	O
no	O
light	O
of	O
their	O
own	O
,	O
they	O
require	O
external	O
light	O
to	O
produce	O
a	O
visible	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
transmissive	O
type	O
of	O
LCD	B-Device
,	O
the	O
light	O
source	O
is	O
provided	O
at	O
the	O
back	O
of	O
the	O
glass	O
stack	O
and	O
is	O
called	O
a	O
backlight	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Active-matrix	B-Device
LCDs	I-Device
are	O
almost	O
always	O
backlit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Passive	O
LCDs	B-Device
may	O
be	O
backlit	O
but	O
many	O
use	O
a	O
reflector	O
at	O
the	O
back	O
of	O
the	O
glass	O
stack	O
to	O
utilize	O
ambient	O
light	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transflective	B-General_Concept
LCDs	I-General_Concept
combine	O
the	O
features	O
of	O
a	O
backlit	O
transmissive	O
display	O
and	O
a	O
reflective	O
display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
common	O
implementations	O
of	O
LCD	B-Device
backlight	O
technology	O
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
CCFL	O
:	O
The	O
LCD	B-Device
panel	I-Device
is	O
lit	O
either	O
by	O
two	O
cold	O
cathode	O
fluorescent	O
lamps	O
placed	O
at	O
opposite	O
edges	O
of	O
the	O
display	O
or	O
an	O
array	O
of	O
parallel	O
CCFLs	O
behind	O
larger	O
displays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
EL-WLED	O
:	O
The	O
LCD	B-Device
panel	I-Device
is	O
lit	O
by	O
a	O
row	O
of	O
white	O
LEDs	O
placed	O
at	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
edges	O
of	O
the	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
light	O
diffuser	O
(	O
light	O
guide	O
plate	O
,	O
LGP	O
)	O
is	O
then	O
used	O
to	O
spread	O
the	O
light	O
evenly	O
across	O
the	O
whole	O
display	O
,	O
similarly	O
to	O
edge-lit	O
CCFL	O
LCD	B-Device
backlights	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
diffuser	O
is	O
made	O
out	O
of	O
either	O
PMMA	O
plastic	O
or	O
special	O
glass	O
,	O
PMMA	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
most	O
cases	O
because	O
it	O
is	O
rugged	O
,	O
while	O
special	O
glass	O
is	O
used	O
when	O
the	O
thickness	O
of	O
the	O
LCD	B-Device
is	O
of	O
primary	O
concern	O
,	O
because	O
it	O
does	O
n't	O
expand	O
as	O
much	O
when	O
heated	O
or	O
exposed	O
to	O
moisture	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
LCDs	B-Device
to	O
be	O
just	O
5mm	O
thick	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Quantum	O
dots	O
may	O
be	O
placed	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
diffuser	O
as	O
a	O
quantum	O
dot	O
enhancement	O
film	O
(	O
QDEF	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
case	O
they	O
need	O
a	O
layer	O
to	O
be	O
protected	O
from	O
heat	O
and	O
humidity	O
)	O
or	O
on	O
the	O
color	O
filter	O
of	O
the	O
LCD	B-Device
,	O
replacing	O
the	O
resists	O
that	O
are	O
normally	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2012	O
,	O
this	O
design	O
is	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
one	O
in	O
desktop	O
computer	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
LCD	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
using	O
this	O
technology	O
have	O
a	O
feature	O
called	O
dynamic	O
contrast	B-Device
,	O
invented	O
by	O
Philips	O
researchers	O
Douglas	O
Stanton	O
,	O
Martinus	O
Stroomer	O
and	O
Adrianus	O
de	O
Vaan	O
Using	O
PWM	O
(	O
pulse-width	B-Algorithm
modulation	I-Algorithm
,	O
a	O
technology	O
where	O
the	O
intensity	O
of	O
the	O
LEDs	O
are	O
kept	O
constant	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
brightness	O
adjustment	O
is	O
achieved	O
by	O
varying	O
a	O
time	O
interval	O
of	O
flashing	O
these	O
constant	O
light	O
intensity	O
light	O
sources	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
backlight	O
is	O
dimmed	O
to	O
the	O
brightest	O
color	O
that	O
appears	O
on	O
the	O
screen	O
while	O
simultaneously	O
boosting	O
the	O
LCD	B-Device
contrast	B-Device
to	O
the	O
maximum	O
achievable	O
levels	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
1000:1	O
contrast	B-Device
ratio	O
of	O
the	O
LCD	B-Device
panel	I-Device
to	O
be	O
scaled	O
to	O
different	O
light	O
intensities	O
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
the	O
"	O
30000:1	O
"	O
contrast	B-Device
ratios	O
seen	O
in	O
the	O
advertising	O
on	O
some	O
of	O
these	O
monitors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
computer	B-Device
screen	I-Device
images	O
usually	O
have	O
full	O
white	O
somewhere	O
in	O
the	O
image	O
,	O
the	O
backlight	O
will	O
usually	O
be	O
at	O
full	O
intensity	O
,	O
making	O
this	O
"	O
feature	O
"	O
mostly	O
a	O
marketing	O
gimmick	O
for	O
computer	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
,	O
however	O
for	O
TV	O
screens	O
it	O
drastically	O
increases	O
the	O
perceived	O
contrast	B-Device
ratio	O
and	O
dynamic	O
range	O
,	O
improves	O
the	O
viewing	B-General_Concept
angle	I-General_Concept
dependency	O
and	O
drastically	O
reducing	O
the	O
power	O
consumption	O
of	O
conventional	O
LCD	B-Device
televisions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WLED	O
array	O
:	O
The	O
LCD	B-Device
panel	I-Device
is	O
lit	O
by	O
a	O
full	O
array	O
of	O
white	O
LEDs	O
placed	O
behind	O
a	O
diffuser	O
behind	O
the	O
panel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LCDs	B-Device
that	O
use	O
this	O
implementation	O
will	O
usually	O
have	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
dim	O
or	O
completely	O
turn	O
off	O
the	O
LEDs	O
in	O
the	O
dark	O
areas	O
of	O
the	O
image	O
being	O
displayed	O
,	O
effectively	O
increasing	O
the	O
contrast	B-Device
ratio	O
of	O
the	O
display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
more	O
dimming	O
zones	O
,	O
the	O
more	O
precise	O
the	O
dimming	O
,	O
with	O
less	O
obvious	O
blooming	O
artifacts	O
which	O
are	O
visible	O
as	O
dark	O
grey	O
patches	O
surrounded	O
by	O
the	O
unlit	O
areas	O
of	O
the	O
LCD	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2012	O
,	O
this	O
design	O
gets	O
most	O
of	O
its	O
use	O
from	O
upscale	O
,	O
larger-screen	O
LCD	B-Device
televisions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
implementation	O
is	O
most	O
popular	O
on	O
professional	O
graphics	O
editing	O
LCDs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2012	O
,	O
LCDs	B-Device
in	O
this	O
category	O
usually	O
cost	O
more	O
than	O
$1000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2016	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
this	O
category	O
has	O
drastically	O
reduced	O
and	O
such	O
LCD	B-Device
televisions	O
obtained	O
same	O
price	O
levels	O
as	O
the	O
former	O
28	O
"	O
(	O
71cm	O
)	O
CRT	O
based	O
categories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Monochrome	B-Device
LEDs	O
:	O
such	O
as	O
red	O
,	O
green	O
,	O
yellow	O
or	O
blue	O
LEDs	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
small	O
passive	O
monochrome	B-Device
LCDs	B-Device
typically	O
used	O
in	O
clocks	O
,	O
watches	O
and	O
small	O
appliances	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
deeper	O
blacks	O
and	O
higher	O
contrast	B-Device
ratio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
,	O
most	O
LCD	B-Device
screens	I-Device
are	O
being	O
designed	O
with	O
an	O
LED	O
backlight	O
instead	O
of	O
the	O
traditional	O
CCFL	O
backlight	O
,	O
while	O
that	O
backlight	O
is	O
dynamically	O
controlled	O
with	O
the	O
video	O
information	O
(	O
dynamic	O
backlight	O
control	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
LCD	B-Device
backlight	O
systems	O
are	O
made	O
highly	O
efficient	O
by	O
applying	O
optical	O
films	O
such	O
as	O
prismatic	O
structure	O
(	O
prism	O
sheet	O
)	O
to	O
gain	O
the	O
light	O
into	O
the	O
desired	O
viewer	O
directions	O
and	O
reflective	O
polarizing	O
films	O
that	O
recycle	O
the	O
polarized	O
light	O
that	O
was	O
formerly	O
absorbed	O
by	O
the	O
first	O
polarizer	O
of	O
the	O
LCD	B-Device
(	O
invented	O
by	O
Philips	O
researchers	O
Adrianus	O
de	O
Vaan	O
and	O
Paulus	O
Schaareman	O
)	O
,	O
generally	O
achieved	O
using	O
so	O
called	O
DBEF	O
films	O
manufactured	O
and	O
supplied	O
by	O
3M	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Improved	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
prism	O
sheet	O
have	O
a	O
wavy	O
rather	O
than	O
a	O
prismatic	O
structure	O
,	O
and	O
introduce	O
waves	O
laterally	O
into	O
the	O
structure	O
of	O
the	O
sheet	O
while	O
also	O
varying	O
the	O
height	O
of	O
the	O
waves	O
,	O
directing	O
even	O
more	O
light	O
towards	O
the	O
screen	O
and	O
reducing	O
aliasing	O
or	O
moiré	O
between	O
the	O
structure	O
of	O
the	O
prism	O
sheet	O
and	O
the	O
subpixels	O
of	O
the	O
LCD	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
reflective	O
polarizers	O
using	O
uniaxial	O
oriented	O
polymerized	O
liquid	B-Device
crystals	I-Device
(	O
birefringent	O
polymers	O
or	O
birefringent	O
glue	O
)	O
are	O
invented	O
in	O
1989	O
by	O
Philips	O
researchers	O
Dirk	O
Broer	O
,	O
Adrianus	O
de	O
Vaan	O
and	O
Joerg	O
Brambring	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
combination	O
of	O
such	O
reflective	O
polarizers	O
,	O
and	O
LED	O
dynamic	O
backlight	O
control	O
make	O
today	O
's	O
LCD	B-Device
televisions	O
far	O
more	O
efficient	O
than	O
the	O
CRT-based	O
sets	O
,	O
leading	O
to	O
a	O
worldwide	O
energy	O
saving	O
of	O
600	O
TWh	O
(	O
2017	O
)	O
,	O
equal	O
to	O
10%	O
of	O
the	O
electricity	O
consumption	O
of	O
all	O
households	O
worldwide	O
or	O
equal	O
to	O
2	O
times	O
the	O
energy	O
production	O
of	O
all	O
solar	O
cells	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
standard	O
television	O
receiver	O
screen	O
,	O
a	O
modern	O
LCD	B-Device
panel	I-Device
,	O
has	O
over	O
six	O
million	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
they	O
are	O
all	O
individually	O
powered	O
by	O
a	O
wire	O
network	O
embedded	O
in	O
the	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
this	O
grid	O
each	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
has	O
a	O
positive	O
connection	O
on	O
one	O
side	O
and	O
a	O
negative	O
connection	O
on	O
the	O
other	O
side	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
's	O
three	O
for	O
red	O
,	O
green	O
and	O
blue	O
and	O
1920	O
columns	O
of	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
for	O
each	O
color	O
for	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
5760	O
wires	O
going	O
vertically	O
and	O
1080	O
rows	O
of	O
wires	O
going	O
horizontally	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
LCD	B-Device
panel	I-Device
is	O
powered	O
by	O
LCD	B-Device
drivers	O
that	O
are	O
carefully	O
matched	O
up	O
with	O
the	O
edge	O
of	O
the	O
LCD	B-Device
panel	I-Device
at	O
the	O
factory	O
level	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
drivers	O
may	O
be	O
installed	O
using	O
several	O
methods	O
,	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
of	O
which	O
are	O
COG	O
(	O
Chip-On-Glass	O
)	O
and	O
TAB	O
(	O
Tape-automated	O
bonding	O
)	O
These	O
same	O
principles	O
apply	O
also	O
for	O
smartphone	B-Application
screens	O
that	O
are	O
much	O
smaller	O
than	O
TV	O
screens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LCD	B-Device
panels	I-Device
typically	O
use	O
thinly-coated	O
metallic	O
conductive	O
pathways	O
on	O
a	O
glass	O
substrate	B-Architecture
to	O
form	O
the	O
cell	O
circuitry	O
to	O
operate	O
the	O
panel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
,	O
interfacing	O
is	O
accomplished	O
using	O
anisotropic	B-Device
conductive	I-Device
film	I-Device
or	O
,	O
for	O
lower	O
densities	O
,	O
elastomeric	B-Protocol
connectors	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Monochrome	B-Device
and	O
later	O
color	O
passive-matrix	B-Device
LCDs	B-Device
were	O
standard	O
in	O
most	O
early	O
laptops	O
(	O
although	O
a	O
few	O
used	O
plasma	O
displays	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
original	O
Nintendo	B-Device
Game	I-Device
Boy	I-Device
until	O
the	O
mid-1990s	O
,	O
when	O
color	O
active-matrix	B-General_Concept
became	O
standard	O
on	O
all	O
laptops	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
commercially	O
unsuccessful	O
Macintosh	B-Device
Portable	I-Device
(	O
released	O
in	O
1989	O
)	O
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
use	O
an	O
active-matrix	B-General_Concept
display	O
(	O
though	O
still	O
monochrome	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Passive-matrix	B-Device
LCDs	B-Device
are	O
still	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
2010s	O
for	O
applications	O
less	O
demanding	O
than	O
laptop	O
computers	O
and	O
TVs	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
inexpensive	O
calculators	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Displays	O
having	O
a	O
passive-matrix	B-Device
structure	O
are	O
employing	O
super-twisted	B-General_Concept
nematic	I-General_Concept
STN	O
(	O
invented	O
by	O
Brown	O
Boveri	O
Research	O
Center	O
,	O
Baden	O
,	O
Switzerland	B-Protocol
,	O
in	O
1983	O
;	O
scientific	O
details	O
were	O
published	O
)	O
or	O
double-layer	O
STN	O
(	O
DSTN	O
)	O
technology	O
(	O
the	O
latter	O
of	O
which	O
addresses	O
a	O
color-shifting	O
problem	O
with	O
the	O
former	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
color-STN	O
(	O
CSTN	B-General_Concept
)	O
in	O
which	O
color	O
is	O
added	O
by	O
using	O
an	O
internal	O
filter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
STN	O
LCDs	B-Device
have	O
been	O
optimized	O
for	O
passive-matrix	B-Device
addressing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
exhibit	O
a	O
sharper	O
threshold	O
of	O
the	O
contrast-vs-voltage	O
characteristic	O
than	O
the	O
original	O
TN	O
LCDs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
important	O
,	O
because	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
are	O
subjected	O
to	O
partial	O
voltages	O
even	O
while	O
not	O
selected	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Crosstalk	B-Algorithm
between	O
activated	O
and	O
non-activated	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
has	O
to	O
be	O
handled	O
properly	O
by	O
keeping	O
the	O
RMS	O
voltage	O
of	O
non-activated	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
below	O
the	O
threshold	O
voltage	O
as	O
discovered	O
by	O
Peter	O
J	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wild	O
in	O
1972	O
,	O
while	O
activated	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
are	O
subjected	O
to	O
voltages	O
above	O
threshold	O
(	O
the	O
voltages	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
"	O
Alt	O
&	O
Pleshko	O
"	O
drive	O
scheme	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
STN	O
LCDs	B-Device
have	O
to	O
be	O
continuously	O
refreshed	O
by	O
alternating	O
pulsed	O
voltages	O
of	O
one	O
polarity	O
during	O
one	O
frame	O
and	O
pulses	O
of	O
opposite	O
polarity	O
during	O
the	O
next	O
frame	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Individual	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
are	O
addressed	B-General_Concept
by	O
the	O
corresponding	O
row	O
and	O
column	O
circuits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
type	O
of	O
display	O
is	O
called	O
passive-matrix	B-Device
addressed	I-Device
,	O
because	O
the	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
must	O
retain	O
its	O
state	O
between	O
refreshes	O
without	O
the	O
benefit	O
of	O
a	O
steady	O
electrical	O
charge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
(	O
and	O
,	O
correspondingly	O
,	O
columns	O
and	O
rows	O
)	O
increases	O
,	O
this	O
type	O
of	O
display	O
becomes	O
less	O
feasible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Slow	O
response	O
times	O
and	O
poor	O
contrast	B-Device
are	O
typical	O
of	O
passive-matrix	B-Device
addressed	I-Device
LCDs	B-Device
with	O
too	O
many	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
and	O
driven	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
"	O
Alt	O
&	O
Pleshko	O
"	O
drive	O
scheme	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bistable	O
LCDs	B-Device
do	O
not	O
require	O
continuous	O
refreshing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1984	O
HA	O
van	O
Sprang	O
and	O
AJSM	O
de	O
Vaan	O
invented	O
an	O
STN	O
type	O
display	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
operated	O
in	O
a	O
bistable	O
mode	O
,	O
enabling	O
extremely	O
high	B-Algorithm
resolution	I-Algorithm
images	O
up	O
to	O
4000	O
lines	O
or	O
more	O
using	O
only	O
low	O
voltages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
a	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
may	O
be	O
either	O
in	O
an	O
on-state	O
or	O
in	O
an	O
off	O
state	O
at	O
the	O
moment	O
new	O
information	O
needs	O
to	O
be	O
written	O
to	O
that	O
particular	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
addressing	O
method	O
of	O
these	O
bistable	B-Device
displays	I-Device
is	O
rather	O
complex	O
,	O
a	O
reason	O
why	O
these	O
displays	O
did	O
not	O
made	O
it	O
to	O
the	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
changed	O
when	O
in	O
the	O
2010	O
"	O
zero-power	O
"	O
(	O
bistable	O
)	O
LCDs	B-Device
became	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Potentially	O
,	O
passive-matrix	B-Device
addressing	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
with	O
devices	O
if	O
their	O
write/erase	O
characteristics	O
are	O
suitable	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
the	O
case	O
for	O
ebooks	O
which	O
need	O
to	O
show	O
still	O
pictures	O
only	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
High-resolution	B-Algorithm
color	O
displays	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
modern	O
LCD	B-Device
computer	I-Device
monitors	I-Device
and	O
televisions	O
,	O
use	O
an	O
active-matrix	B-General_Concept
structure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
matrix	O
of	O
thin-film	O
transistors	B-Application
(	O
TFTs	O
)	O
is	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
electrodes	O
in	O
contact	O
with	O
the	O
LC	O
layer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
has	O
its	O
own	O
dedicated	O
transistor	B-Application
,	O
allowing	O
each	O
column	O
line	O
to	O
access	O
one	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
a	O
row	O
line	O
is	O
selected	O
,	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
column	O
lines	O
are	O
connected	O
to	O
a	O
row	O
of	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
and	O
voltages	O
corresponding	O
to	O
the	O
picture	O
information	O
are	O
driven	O
onto	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
column	O
lines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Active-matrix	B-General_Concept
addressed	B-General_Concept
displays	O
look	O
brighter	O
and	O
sharper	O
than	O
passive-matrix	B-Device
addressed	I-Device
displays	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
size	O
,	O
and	O
generally	O
have	O
quicker	O
response	O
times	O
,	O
producing	O
much	O
better	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sharp	O
produces	O
bistable	O
reflective	O
LCDs	B-Device
with	O
a	O
1-bit	O
SRAM	O
cell	O
per	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
that	O
only	O
requires	O
small	O
amounts	O
of	O
power	O
to	O
maintain	O
an	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Segment	O
LCDs	B-Device
can	O
also	O
have	O
color	O
by	O
using	O
Field	O
Sequential	O
Color	O
(	O
FSC	O
LCD	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
kind	O
of	O
displays	O
have	O
a	O
high	O
speed	O
passive	O
segment	O
LCD	B-Device
panel	I-Device
with	O
an	O
RGB	O
backlight	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
LCD	B-Device
panel	I-Device
is	O
synchronized	O
with	O
the	O
backlight	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
FSC	O
LCD	B-Device
divides	O
a	O
color	O
image	O
into	O
3	O
images	O
(	O
one	O
Red	O
,	O
one	O
Green	O
and	O
one	O
Blue	O
)	O
and	O
it	O
displays	O
them	O
in	O
order	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
FSC	O
LCD	B-Device
needs	O
an	O
LCD	B-Device
panel	I-Device
with	O
a	O
refresh	O
rate	O
of	O
180Hz	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
response	O
time	O
is	O
reduced	O
to	O
just	O
5	O
milliseconds	O
when	O
compared	O
with	O
normal	O
STN	O
LCD	B-Device
panels	I-Device
which	O
have	O
a	O
response	O
time	O
of	O
16	O
milliseconds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FSC	O
LCDs	B-Device
contain	O
a	O
Chip-On-Glass	O
driver	O
IC	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
with	O
a	O
capacitive	O
touchscreen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Samsung	B-Application
introduced	O
UFB	O
(	O
Ultra	O
Fine	O
&	O
Bright	O
)	O
displays	O
back	O
in	O
2002	O
,	O
utilized	O
the	O
super-birefringent	O
effect	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
the	O
luminance	O
,	O
color	O
gamut	O
,	O
and	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
contrast	B-Device
of	O
a	O
TFT-LCD	B-Device
,	O
but	O
only	O
consumes	O
as	O
much	O
power	O
as	O
an	O
STN	O
display	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
Samsung	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
being	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
Samsung	B-Application
cellular-telephone	O
models	O
produced	O
until	O
late	O
2006	O
,	O
when	O
Samsung	B-Application
stopped	O
producing	O
UFB	O
displays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twisted	O
nematic	O
displays	O
contain	O
liquid	B-Device
crystals	I-Device
that	O
twist	O
and	O
untwist	O
at	O
varying	O
degrees	O
to	O
allow	O
light	O
to	O
pass	O
through	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
no	O
voltage	O
is	O
applied	O
to	O
a	O
TN	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
cell	O
,	O
polarized	O
light	O
passes	O
through	O
the	O
90-degrees	O
twisted	O
LC	O
layer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
proportion	O
to	O
the	O
voltage	O
applied	O
,	O
the	O
liquid	B-Device
crystals	I-Device
untwist	O
changing	O
the	O
polarization	O
and	O
blocking	O
the	O
light	O
's	O
path	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In-plane	B-Architecture
switching	I-Architecture
is	O
an	O
LCD	B-Device
technology	O
that	O
aligns	O
the	O
liquid	B-Device
crystals	I-Device
in	O
a	O
plane	O
parallel	O
to	O
the	O
glass	O
substrates	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
method	O
,	O
the	O
electrical	O
field	O
is	O
applied	O
through	O
opposite	O
electrodes	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
glass	O
substrate	B-Architecture
,	O
so	O
that	O
the	O
liquid	B-Device
crystals	I-Device
can	O
be	O
reoriented	O
(	O
switched	O
)	O
essentially	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
plane	O
,	O
although	O
fringe	O
fields	O
inhibit	O
a	O
homogeneous	O
reorientation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
requires	O
two	O
transistors	B-Application
for	O
each	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
instead	O
of	O
the	O
single	O
transistor	B-Application
needed	O
for	O
a	O
standard	O
thin-film	O
transistor	B-Application
(	O
TFT	O
)	O
display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IPS	B-Architecture
technology	I-Architecture
is	O
used	O
in	O
everything	O
from	O
televisions	O
,	O
computer	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
,	O
and	O
even	O
wearable	O
devices	O
,	O
especially	O
almost	O
all	O
LCD	B-Device
smartphone	B-Application
panels	O
are	O
IPS/FFS	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IPS	B-Architecture
displays	I-Architecture
belong	O
to	O
the	O
LCD	B-Device
panel	I-Device
family	O
screen	O
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
LG	O
Enhanced	O
IPS	B-Architecture
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
2001	O
by	O
Hitachi	O
as	O
17	O
"	O
monitor	O
in	O
Market	O
,	O
the	O
additional	O
transistors	B-Application
resulted	O
in	O
blocking	O
more	O
transmission	O
area	O
,	O
thus	O
requiring	O
a	O
brighter	O
backlight	O
and	O
consuming	O
more	O
power	O
,	O
making	O
this	O
type	O
of	O
display	O
less	O
desirable	O
for	O
notebook	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Panasonic	O
Himeji	O
G8.5	O
was	O
using	O
an	O
enhanced	O
version	O
of	O
IPS	B-Architecture
,	O
also	O
LGD	O
in	O
Korea	O
,	O
then	O
currently	O
the	O
world	O
biggest	O
LCD	B-Device
panel	I-Device
manufacture	O
BOE	O
in	O
China	O
is	O
also	O
IPS/FFS	O
mode	O
TV	O
panel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Super-IPS	O
was	O
later	O
introduced	O
after	O
in-plane	B-Architecture
switching	I-Architecture
with	O
even	O
better	O
response	O
times	O
and	O
color	O
reproduction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
LG	O
Display	O
announced	O
the	O
implementation	O
of	O
a	O
new	O
technology	O
called	O
M+	O
which	O
is	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
white	O
subpixel	O
along	O
with	O
the	O
regular	O
RGB	O
dots	O
in	O
their	O
IPS	B-Architecture
panel	I-Architecture
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
of	O
the	O
new	O
M+	O
technology	O
was	O
employed	O
on	O
4K	B-Device
TV	I-Device
sets	O
which	O
led	O
to	O
a	O
controversy	O
after	O
tests	O
showed	O
that	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
a	O
white	O
sub	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
replacing	O
the	O
traditional	O
RGB	O
structure	O
would	O
reduce	O
the	O
resolution	B-General_Concept
by	O
around	O
25%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
means	O
that	O
a	O
4K	B-Device
TV	I-Device
cannot	O
display	O
the	O
full	O
UHD	B-Device
TV	I-Device
standard	I-Device
.	I-Device
</s>
<s>
The	O
media	O
and	O
internet	O
users	O
later	O
called	O
this	O
"	O
RGBW	O
"	O
TVs	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
white	O
sub	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
LG	O
Display	O
has	O
developed	O
this	O
technology	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
notebook	O
display	O
,	O
outdoor	O
and	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
it	O
became	O
more	O
popular	O
in	O
the	O
TV	O
market	O
because	O
the	O
announced	O
4K	B-Device
UHD	O
resolution	B-General_Concept
but	O
still	O
being	O
incapable	O
of	O
achieving	O
true	O
UHD	O
resolution	B-General_Concept
defined	O
by	O
the	O
CTA	O
as	O
3840x2160	O
active	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
with	O
8-bit	O
color	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
negatively	O
impacts	O
the	O
rendering	O
of	O
text	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
a	O
bit	O
fuzzier	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
especially	O
noticeable	O
when	O
a	O
TV	O
is	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
PC	B-Device
monitor	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
,	O
LG	O
claimed	O
the	O
smartphone	B-Application
LG	O
Optimus	O
Black	O
(	O
IPS	B-Architecture
LCD	I-Architecture
(	O
LCD	B-Device
NOVA	O
)	O
)	O
has	O
the	O
brightness	O
up	O
to	O
700	O
nits	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
competitor	O
has	O
only	O
IPS	B-Architecture
LCD	I-Architecture
with	O
518	O
nits	O
and	O
double	O
an	O
active-matrix	B-Algorithm
OLED	I-Algorithm
(	O
AMOLED	B-Algorithm
)	O
display	O
with	O
305	O
nits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LG	O
also	O
claimed	O
the	O
NOVA	O
display	O
to	O
be	O
50	O
percent	O
more	O
efficient	O
than	O
regular	O
LCDs	B-Device
and	O
to	O
consume	O
only	O
50	O
percent	O
of	O
the	O
power	O
of	O
AMOLED	B-Algorithm
displays	I-Algorithm
when	O
producing	O
white	O
on	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
it	O
comes	O
to	O
contrast	B-Device
ratio	O
,	O
AMOLED	B-Algorithm
display	I-Algorithm
still	O
performs	O
best	O
due	O
to	O
its	O
underlying	O
technology	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
black	O
levels	O
are	O
displayed	O
as	O
pitch	O
black	O
and	O
not	O
as	O
dark	O
gray	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
screen	O
also	O
had	O
Nokia	O
's	O
Clearblack	O
layer	O
,	O
improving	O
the	O
contrast	B-Device
ratio	O
and	O
bringing	O
it	O
closer	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
the	O
AMOLED	B-Algorithm
screens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Known	O
as	O
fringe	O
field	O
switching	O
(	O
FFS	O
)	O
until	O
2003	O
,	O
advanced	O
fringe	O
field	O
switching	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
IPS	B-Architecture
or	O
S-IPS	O
offering	O
superior	O
performance	O
and	O
color	O
gamut	O
with	O
high	O
luminosity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AFFS	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
Hydis	O
Technologies	O
Co.	O
,	O
Ltd	O
,	O
Korea	O
(	O
formally	O
Hyundai	O
Electronics	O
,	O
LCD	B-Device
Task	O
Force	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AFFS-applied	O
notebook	O
applications	O
minimize	O
color	O
distortion	O
while	O
maintaining	O
a	O
wider	O
viewing	B-General_Concept
angle	I-General_Concept
for	O
a	O
professional	O
display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vertical-alignment	O
displays	O
are	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
LCDs	B-Device
in	O
which	O
the	O
liquid	B-Device
crystals	I-Device
naturally	O
align	O
vertically	O
to	O
the	O
glass	O
substrates	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
no	O
voltage	O
is	O
applied	O
,	O
the	O
liquid	B-Device
crystals	I-Device
remain	O
perpendicular	O
to	O
the	O
substrate	B-Architecture
,	O
creating	O
a	O
black	O
display	O
between	O
crossed	O
polarizers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
voltage	O
is	O
applied	O
,	O
the	O
liquid	B-Device
crystals	I-Device
shift	O
to	O
a	O
tilted	O
position	O
,	O
allowing	O
light	O
to	O
pass	O
through	O
and	O
create	O
a	O
gray-scale	O
display	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
tilt	O
generated	O
by	O
the	O
electric	O
field	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
a	O
deeper-black	O
background	O
,	O
a	O
higher	O
contrast	B-Device
ratio	O
,	O
a	O
wider	O
viewing	B-General_Concept
angle	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
better	O
image	O
quality	O
at	O
extreme	O
temperatures	O
than	O
traditional	O
twisted-nematic	O
displays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compared	O
to	O
IPS	B-Architecture
,	O
the	O
black	O
levels	O
are	O
still	O
deeper	O
,	O
allowing	O
for	O
a	O
higher	O
contrast	B-Device
ratio	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
viewing	B-General_Concept
angle	I-General_Concept
is	O
narrower	O
,	O
with	O
color	O
and	O
especially	O
contrast	B-Device
shift	O
being	O
more	O
apparent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Blue	B-Device
phase	I-Device
mode	I-Device
LCDs	I-Device
have	O
been	O
shown	O
as	O
engineering	O
samples	O
early	O
in	O
2008	O
,	O
but	O
they	O
are	O
not	O
in	O
mass-production	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
physics	O
of	O
blue	B-Device
phase	I-Device
mode	I-Device
LCDs	I-Device
suggest	O
that	O
very	O
short	O
switching	O
times	O
( ≈1	O
ms	O
)	O
can	O
be	O
achieved	O
,	O
so	O
time	O
sequential	O
color	O
control	O
can	O
possibly	O
be	O
realized	O
and	O
expensive	O
color	O
filters	O
would	O
be	O
obsolete	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
LCD	B-Device
panels	I-Device
have	O
defective	O
transistors	B-Application
,	O
causing	O
permanently	O
lit	O
or	O
unlit	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
which	O
are	O
commonly	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
stuck	B-General_Concept
pixels	I-General_Concept
or	O
dead	B-General_Concept
pixels	I-General_Concept
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
integrated	O
circuits	O
(	O
ICs	O
)	O
,	O
LCD	B-Device
panels	I-Device
with	O
a	O
few	O
defective	O
transistors	B-Application
are	O
usually	O
still	O
usable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Manufacturers	O
 '	O
policies	O
for	O
the	O
acceptable	O
number	O
of	O
defective	B-General_Concept
pixels	I-General_Concept
vary	O
greatly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
one	O
point	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
held	O
a	O
zero-tolerance	O
policy	O
for	O
LCD	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
sold	O
in	O
Korea	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2005	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
adheres	O
to	O
the	O
less	O
restrictive	O
ISO	B-General_Concept
13406-2	I-General_Concept
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
companies	O
have	O
been	O
known	O
to	O
tolerate	O
as	O
many	O
as	O
11	O
dead	B-General_Concept
pixels	I-General_Concept
in	O
their	O
policies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dead	B-General_Concept
pixel	I-General_Concept
policies	O
are	O
often	O
hotly	O
debated	O
between	O
manufacturers	O
and	O
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
regulate	O
the	O
acceptability	O
of	O
defects	O
and	O
to	O
protect	O
the	O
end	O
user	O
,	O
ISO	O
released	O
the	O
ISO	B-General_Concept
13406-2	I-General_Concept
standard	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
made	O
obsolete	O
in	O
2008	O
with	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
ISO	O
9241	O
,	O
specifically	O
ISO-9241-302	O
,	O
303	O
,	O
305	O
,	O
307:2008	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
defects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
not	O
every	O
LCD	B-Device
manufacturer	O
conforms	O
to	O
the	O
ISO	O
standard	O
and	O
the	O
ISO	O
standard	O
is	O
quite	O
often	O
interpreted	O
in	O
different	O
ways	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LCD	B-Device
panels	I-Device
are	O
more	O
likely	O
to	O
have	O
defects	O
than	O
most	O
ICs	O
due	O
to	O
their	O
larger	O
size	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
300mm	O
SVGA	O
LCD	B-Device
has	O
8	O
defects	O
and	O
a	O
150mm	O
wafer	B-Architecture
has	O
only	O
3	O
defects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
134	O
of	O
the	O
137	O
dies	O
on	O
the	O
wafer	B-Architecture
will	O
be	O
acceptable	O
,	O
whereas	O
rejection	O
of	O
the	O
whole	O
LCD	B-Device
panel	I-Device
would	O
be	O
a	O
0%	O
yield	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
SVGA	O
LCD	B-Device
panel	I-Device
with	O
4	O
defective	B-General_Concept
pixels	I-General_Concept
is	O
usually	O
considered	O
defective	O
and	O
customers	O
can	O
request	O
an	O
exchange	O
for	O
a	O
new	O
one	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
manufacturers	O
,	O
notably	O
in	O
South	O
Korea	O
where	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
largest	O
LCD	B-Device
panel	I-Device
manufacturers	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
LG	O
,	O
are	O
located	O
,	O
now	O
have	O
a	O
zero-defective-pixel	O
guarantee	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
an	O
extra	O
screening	O
process	O
which	O
can	O
then	O
determine	O
"	O
A	O
"	O
-	O
and	O
"	O
B	O
"	O
-grade	O
panels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
manufacturers	O
would	O
replace	O
a	O
product	O
even	O
with	O
one	O
defective	B-General_Concept
pixel	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
where	O
such	O
guarantees	O
do	O
not	O
exist	O
,	O
the	O
location	O
of	O
defective	B-General_Concept
pixels	I-General_Concept
is	O
important	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
display	O
with	O
only	O
a	O
few	O
defective	B-General_Concept
pixels	I-General_Concept
may	O
be	O
unacceptable	O
if	O
the	O
defective	B-General_Concept
pixels	I-General_Concept
are	O
near	O
each	O
other	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LCD	B-Device
panels	I-Device
also	O
have	O
defects	O
known	O
as	O
clouding	O
(	O
or	O
less	O
commonly	O
mura	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
describes	O
the	O
uneven	O
patches	O
of	O
changes	O
in	O
luminance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2010	O
,	O
most	O
premium	O
branded	O
computer	O
LCD	B-Device
panel	I-Device
manufacturers	O
specify	O
their	O
products	O
as	O
having	O
zero	O
defects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kent	O
Displays	O
has	O
also	O
developed	O
a	O
"	O
no-power	O
"	O
display	O
that	O
uses	O
polymer	O
stabilized	O
cholesteric	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
(	O
ChLCD	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2004	O
,	O
researchers	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Oxford	O
demonstrated	O
two	O
new	O
types	O
of	O
zero-power	O
bistable	O
LCDs	B-Device
based	O
on	O
Zenithal	O
bistable	O
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
bistable	O
technologies	O
,	O
like	O
the	O
360°	O
BTN	O
and	O
the	O
bistable	O
cholesteric	O
,	O
depend	O
mainly	O
on	O
the	O
bulk	O
properties	O
of	O
the	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
(	O
LC	O
)	O
and	O
use	O
standard	O
strong	O
anchoring	O
,	O
with	O
alignment	O
films	O
and	O
LC	O
mixtures	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
traditional	O
monostable	O
materials	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Resolution	B-General_Concept
The	O
resolution	B-General_Concept
of	O
an	O
LCD	B-Device
is	O
expressed	O
by	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
columns	O
and	O
rows	O
of	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
1024×768	B-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
is	O
usually	O
composed	O
3	O
sub-pixels	O
,	O
a	O
red	O
,	O
a	O
green	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
blue	O
one	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
had	O
been	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
few	O
features	O
of	O
LCD	B-Device
performance	O
that	O
remained	O
uniform	O
among	O
different	O
designs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
newer	O
designs	O
that	O
share	O
sub-pixels	O
among	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
and	O
add	O
Quattron	B-Device
which	O
attempt	O
to	O
efficiently	O
increase	O
the	O
perceived	O
resolution	B-General_Concept
of	O
a	O
display	O
without	O
increasing	O
the	O
actual	O
resolution	B-General_Concept
,	O
to	O
mixed	O
results	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Spatial	O
performance	O
:	O
For	O
a	O
computer	B-Device
monitor	I-Device
or	O
some	O
other	O
display	O
that	O
is	O
being	O
viewed	O
from	O
a	O
very	O
close	O
distance	O
,	O
resolution	B-General_Concept
is	O
often	O
expressed	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
dot	O
pitch	O
or	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
per	O
inch	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
consistent	O
with	O
the	O
printing	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Viewing	B-General_Concept
Angle	I-General_Concept
of	O
an	O
LCD	B-Device
may	O
be	O
important	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
display	O
and	O
its	O
usage	O
,	O
the	O
limitations	O
of	O
certain	O
display	O
technologies	O
mean	O
the	O
display	O
only	O
displays	O
accurately	O
at	O
certain	O
angles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Temporal	O
performance	O
:	O
the	O
temporal	O
resolution	B-General_Concept
of	O
an	O
LCD	B-Device
is	O
how	O
well	O
it	O
can	O
display	O
changing	O
images	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
accuracy	O
and	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
times	O
per	O
second	O
the	O
display	O
draws	O
the	O
data	O
it	O
is	O
being	O
given	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LCD	B-Device
pixels	B-Algorithm
do	O
not	O
flash	O
on/off	O
between	O
frames	O
,	O
so	O
LCD	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
exhibit	O
no	O
refresh-induced	O
flicker	O
no	O
matter	O
how	O
low	O
the	O
refresh	O
rate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Individual	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
response	O
time	O
is	O
also	O
important	O
,	O
as	O
all	O
displays	O
have	O
some	O
inherent	O
latency	O
in	O
displaying	O
an	O
image	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
large	O
enough	O
to	O
create	O
visual	O
artifacts	O
if	O
the	O
displayed	O
image	O
changes	O
rapidly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
additional	O
aspects	O
to	O
LCD	B-Device
color	O
and	O
color	O
management	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
white	O
point	O
and	O
gamma	O
correction	O
,	O
which	O
describe	O
what	O
color	O
white	O
is	O
and	O
how	O
the	O
other	O
colors	O
are	O
displayed	O
relative	O
to	O
white	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Brightness	O
and	O
contrast	B-Device
ratio	O
:	O
Contrast	B-Device
ratio	O
is	O
the	O
ratio	O
of	O
the	O
brightness	O
of	O
a	O
full-on	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
to	O
a	O
full-off	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
LCD	B-Device
itself	O
is	O
only	O
a	O
light	O
valve	O
and	O
does	O
not	O
generate	O
light	O
;	O
the	O
light	O
comes	O
from	O
a	O
backlight	O
that	O
is	O
either	O
fluorescent	O
or	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
LEDs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Brightness	O
is	O
usually	O
stated	O
as	O
the	O
maximum	O
light	O
output	O
of	O
the	O
LCD	B-Device
,	O
which	O
can	O
vary	O
greatly	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
transparency	O
of	O
the	O
LCD	B-Device
and	O
the	O
brightness	O
of	O
the	O
backlight	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Brighter	O
backlight	O
allows	O
stronger	O
contrast	B-Device
and	O
higher	O
dynamic	O
range	O
(	O
HDR	O
displays	O
are	O
graded	O
in	O
peak	O
luminance	O
)	O
,	O
but	O
there	O
is	O
always	O
a	O
trade-off	O
between	O
brightness	O
and	O
power	O
consumption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
the	O
comparisons	O
are	O
with	O
CRT	B-Device
displays	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Very	O
compact	B-General_Concept
,	O
thin	O
and	O
light	O
,	O
especially	O
in	O
comparison	O
with	O
bulky	O
,	O
heavy	O
CRT	B-Device
displays	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Depending	O
on	O
the	O
set	O
display	O
brightness	O
and	O
content	O
being	O
displayed	O
,	O
the	O
older	O
CCFT	O
backlit	O
models	O
typically	O
use	O
less	O
than	O
half	O
of	O
the	O
power	O
a	O
CRT	B-Device
monitor	I-Device
of	O
the	O
same	O
size	O
viewing	O
area	O
would	O
use	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
modern	O
LED	O
backlit	O
models	O
typically	O
use	O
10	O
–	O
25%	O
of	O
the	O
power	O
a	O
CRT	B-Device
monitor	I-Device
would	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Usually	O
no	O
refresh-rate	O
flicker	O
,	O
because	O
the	O
LCD	B-Device
pixels	B-Algorithm
hold	O
their	O
state	O
between	O
refreshes	O
(	O
which	O
are	O
usually	O
done	O
at	O
200Hz	O
or	O
faster	O
,	O
regardless	O
of	O
the	O
input	O
refresh	O
rate	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sharp	O
image	O
with	O
no	O
bleeding	O
or	O
smearing	O
when	O
operated	O
at	O
native	B-General_Concept
resolution	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Emits	O
almost	O
no	O
undesirable	O
electromagnetic	O
radiation	O
(	O
in	O
the	O
extremely	B-Language
low	I-Language
frequency	I-Language
range	O
)	O
,	O
unlike	O
a	O
CRT	B-Device
monitor	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
No	O
theoretical	O
resolution	B-General_Concept
limit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
multiple	O
LCD	B-Device
panels	I-Device
are	O
used	O
together	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
single	O
canvas	O
,	O
each	O
additional	O
panel	O
increases	O
the	O
total	O
resolution	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
display	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
commonly	O
called	O
stacked	O
resolution	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
LCDs	B-Device
can	O
be	O
made	O
transparent	B-Device
and	I-Device
flexible	I-Device
,	O
but	O
they	O
cannot	O
emit	O
light	O
without	O
a	O
backlight	O
like	O
OLED	O
and	O
microLED	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
other	O
technologies	O
that	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
made	O
flexible	O
and	O
transparent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Masking	O
effect	O
:	O
the	O
LCD	B-Device
grid	O
can	O
mask	O
the	O
effects	O
of	O
spatial	O
and	O
grayscale	O
quantization	O
,	O
creating	O
the	O
illusion	O
of	O
higher	O
image	O
quality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
an	O
inherently	O
digital	O
device	O
,	O
the	O
LCD	B-Device
can	O
natively	O
display	O
digital	O
data	O
from	O
a	O
DVI	B-Protocol
or	O
HDMI	B-Protocol
connection	O
without	O
requiring	O
conversion	O
to	O
analog	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
LCD	B-Device
panels	I-Device
have	O
native	O
fiber	O
optic	O
inputs	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
DVI	B-Protocol
and	O
HDMI	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
LCD	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
are	O
powered	O
by	O
a	O
12V	O
power	O
supply	O
,	O
and	O
if	O
built	O
into	O
a	O
computer	O
can	O
be	O
powered	O
by	O
its	O
12V	O
power	O
supply	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Can	O
be	O
made	O
with	O
very	O
narrow	O
frame	O
borders	O
,	O
allowing	O
multiple	O
LCD	B-Device
screens	I-Device
to	O
be	O
arrayed	O
side	O
by	O
side	O
to	O
make	O
up	O
what	O
looks	O
like	O
one	O
big	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Limited	O
viewing	B-General_Concept
angle	I-General_Concept
in	O
some	O
older	O
or	O
cheaper	O
monitors	O
,	O
causing	O
color	O
,	O
saturation	O
,	O
contrast	B-Device
and	O
brightness	O
to	O
vary	O
with	O
user	O
position	O
,	O
even	O
within	O
the	O
intended	O
viewing	B-General_Concept
angle	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Special	O
films	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
increase	O
the	O
viewing	B-General_Concept
angles	I-General_Concept
of	O
LCDs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Uneven	O
backlighting	O
in	O
some	O
monitors	O
(	O
more	O
common	O
in	O
IPS-types	O
and	O
older	O
TNs	O
)	O
,	O
causing	O
brightness	O
distortion	O
,	O
especially	O
toward	O
the	O
edges	O
(	O
"	O
backlight	O
bleed	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Black	O
levels	O
may	O
not	O
be	O
as	O
dark	O
as	O
required	O
because	O
individual	O
liquid	B-Device
crystals	I-Device
cannot	O
completely	O
block	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
backlight	O
from	O
passing	O
through	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2012	O
,	O
most	O
implementations	O
of	O
LCD	B-Device
backlighting	O
use	O
pulse-width	B-Algorithm
modulation	I-Algorithm
(	O
PWM	O
)	O
to	O
dim	O
the	O
display	O
,	O
which	O
makes	O
the	O
screen	O
flicker	O
more	O
acutely	O
(	O
this	O
does	O
not	O
mean	O
visibly	O
)	O
than	O
a	O
CRT	B-Device
monitor	I-Device
at	O
85Hz	O
refresh	O
rate	O
would	O
(	O
this	O
is	O
because	O
the	O
entire	O
screen	O
is	O
strobing	O
on	O
and	O
off	O
rather	O
than	O
a	O
CRT	O
's	O
phosphor	O
sustained	O
dot	O
which	O
continually	O
scans	O
across	O
the	O
display	O
,	O
leaving	O
some	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
display	O
always	O
lit	O
)	O
,	O
causing	O
severe	O
eye-strain	O
for	O
some	O
people	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Only	O
one	O
native	B-General_Concept
resolution	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Displaying	O
any	O
other	O
resolution	B-General_Concept
either	O
requires	O
a	O
video	O
scaler	O
,	O
causing	O
blurriness	O
and	O
jagged	O
edges	O
,	O
or	O
running	O
the	O
display	O
at	O
native	B-General_Concept
resolution	I-General_Concept
using	O
1:1	B-General_Concept
pixel	I-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
,	O
causing	O
the	O
image	O
either	O
not	O
to	O
fill	O
the	O
screen	O
(	O
letterboxed	O
display	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
to	O
run	O
off	O
the	O
lower	O
or	O
right	O
edges	O
of	O
the	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
cheaper	O
LCDs	B-Device
are	O
only	O
able	O
to	O
display	O
262144	O
(	O
218	O
)	O
colors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Input	O
lag	O
,	O
because	O
the	O
LCD	B-Device
's	O
A/D	O
converter	O
waits	O
for	O
each	O
frame	O
to	O
be	O
completely	O
been	O
output	O
before	O
drawing	O
it	O
to	O
the	O
LCD	B-Device
panel	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
LCD	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
do	O
post-processing	O
before	O
displaying	O
the	O
image	O
in	O
an	O
attempt	O
to	O
compensate	O
for	O
poor	O
color	O
fidelity	O
,	O
which	O
adds	O
an	O
additional	O
lag	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dead	O
or	O
stuck	B-General_Concept
pixels	I-General_Concept
may	O
occur	O
during	O
manufacturing	O
or	O
after	O
a	O
period	O
of	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
stuck	B-General_Concept
pixel	I-General_Concept
will	O
glow	O
with	O
color	O
even	O
on	O
an	O
all-black	O
screen	O
,	O
while	O
a	O
dead	O
one	O
will	O
always	O
remain	O
black	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
sub-zero	O
environments	O
,	O
LCD	B-Device
screens	I-Device
may	O
cease	O
to	O
function	O
without	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
supplemental	O
heating	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Loss	O
of	O
contrast	B-Device
in	O
high	O
temperature	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
different	O
families	O
of	O
liquid	B-Device
crystals	I-Device
are	O
used	O
in	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
displays	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
production	O
of	O
LCD	B-Device
screens	I-Device
uses	O
nitrogen	O
trifluoride	O
(	O
NF3	O
)	O
as	O
an	O
etching	O
fluid	O
during	O
the	O
production	O
of	O
the	O
thin-film	O
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NF3	O
is	O
a	O
potent	O
greenhouse	O
gas	O
,	O
and	O
its	O
relatively	O
long	O
half-life	B-Application
may	O
make	O
it	O
a	O
potentially	O
harmful	O
contributor	O
to	O
global	O
warming	O
.	O
</s>
