<s>
Linux	B-Application
adoption	I-Application
is	O
the	O
adoption	B-Application
of	I-Application
Linux	I-Application
computer	B-General_Concept
operating	I-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
(	O
OS	O
)	O
by	O
households	O
,	O
nonprofit	O
organizations	O
,	O
businesses	O
,	O
and	O
governments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
factors	O
have	O
resulted	O
in	O
the	O
expanded	O
use	O
of	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
systems	O
by	O
traditional	O
desktop	O
users	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
operators	O
of	O
server	B-Application
systems	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
desire	O
to	O
minimize	O
software	O
costs	O
,	O
increase	O
network	O
security	O
and	O
support	O
for	O
open-source	B-Application
philosophical	O
principles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
recent	O
years	O
several	O
governments	O
,	O
at	O
various	O
levels	O
,	O
have	O
enacted	O
policies	O
shifting	O
state-owned	O
computers	O
to	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
from	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
regimes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2010	O
,	O
Jeffrey	O
Hammond	O
,	O
principal	O
analyst	O
at	O
Forrester	O
Research	O
,	O
declared	O
,	O
"	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
has	O
crossed	O
the	O
chasm	O
to	O
mainstream	O
adoption	B-Application
,	O
"	O
a	O
statement	O
attested	O
by	O
the	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
enterprises	O
that	O
had	O
transitioned	O
to	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
during	O
the	O
late-2000s	O
recession	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
company	O
survey	O
completed	O
in	O
the	O
third	O
quarter	O
of	O
2009	O
,	O
48%	O
of	O
surveyed	O
companies	O
reported	O
using	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
Linux	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
regularly	O
releases	O
publications	O
regarding	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
,	O
Linux	B-Application
OS	I-Application
distributions	B-Application
,	O
and	O
related	O
themes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
such	O
publication	O
,	O
"	O
Linux	B-Application
Adoption	I-Application
Trends	O
:	O
A	O
Survey	O
of	O
Enterprise	O
End	O
Users	O
,	O
"	O
is	O
freely	O
available	O
upon	O
registration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Traditionally	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
Linux	B-Application
adoption	I-Application
refers	O
to	O
adoption	B-Application
of	O
a	O
Linux	B-Application
OS	I-Application
made	O
for	O
"	O
desktop	O
"	O
computers	O
,	O
the	O
original	O
intended	O
use	O
(	O
or	O
adoption	B-Application
on	O
servers	O
,	O
that	O
is	O
essentially	O
the	O
same	O
form	O
of	O
OS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Adoption	B-Application
of	O
that	O
form	O
on	O
personal	O
computers	O
is	O
still	O
low	O
relatively	O
,	O
while	O
adoption	B-Application
of	O
the	O
Android	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
is	O
very	O
high	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
Linux	B-Application
adoption	I-Application
,	O
often	O
overlooks	O
that	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
or	O
other	O
uses	O
such	O
as	O
in	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
that	O
also	O
use	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
(	O
but	O
have	O
almost	O
nothing	O
else	O
in	O
common	O
,	O
not	O
even	O
the	O
name	O
–	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
–	O
usually	O
applied	O
;	O
while	O
Android	B-Application
is	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
variant	O
–	O
in	O
fact	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
world	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Outside	O
of	O
traditional	O
web	O
services	O
,	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
powers	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
biggest	O
Internet	O
properties	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
Amazon	B-Application
,	O
Facebook	B-Application
,	O
eBay	B-Application
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
or	O
Yahoo	B-Application
!	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Linux	B-Operating_System
is	O
used	O
on	O
desktop	O
computers	O
,	O
servers	O
and	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
desktop	O
distributions	B-Application
are	O
not	O
usually	O
distributed	O
by	O
retail	O
sale	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
no	O
sales	O
numbers	O
that	O
indicate	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
downloaded	O
file	O
may	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
many	O
CDs	O
and	O
each	O
CD	O
may	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
install	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
on	O
multiple	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
these	O
factors	O
estimates	O
of	O
current	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
desktop	O
often	O
rely	O
on	O
webpage	O
hits	O
by	O
computers	O
identifying	O
themselves	O
as	O
running	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
these	O
statistics	O
has	O
been	O
criticized	O
as	O
unreliable	O
and	O
as	O
underestimating	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
webpage	O
hits	O
as	O
a	O
measure	O
,	O
until	O
2008	O
,	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
accounted	O
for	O
only	O
about	O
1%	O
of	O
desktop	O
market	O
share	O
,	O
while	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
operating	I-Application
systems	I-Application
held	O
more	O
than	O
90%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
might	O
have	O
been	O
because	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
was	O
not	O
seen	O
at	O
that	O
time	O
as	O
a	O
direct	O
replacement	O
for	O
Windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
W3Counter	O
estimated	O
"	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
"	O
web	O
browser	O
market	O
share	O
to	O
be	O
4.63	O
%	O
,	O
while	O
"	O
Android	B-Application
"	O
versions	O
6	O
,	O
5	O
and	O
4	O
combined	O
(	O
which	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
)	O
were	O
estimated	O
to	O
be	O
33.77	O
%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2014	O
Pornhub	O
released	O
usage	O
statistics	O
of	O
their	O
website	O
and	O
reported	O
1.7	O
%	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Unity	B-Application
game	I-Application
engine	I-Application
gathers	O
user	O
statistics	O
and	O
showed	O
in	O
March	O
2016	O
0.4	O
%	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
the	O
Steam	B-Application
client	I-Application
tracks	O
usage	O
and	O
reported	O
in	O
May	O
2015	O
around	O
1%	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2009	O
,	O
Aaron	O
Seigo	O
of	O
KDE	B-Application
indicated	O
that	O
most	O
web-page	O
counter	O
methods	O
produce	O
Linux	B-Application
adoption	I-Application
numbers	O
that	O
are	O
far	O
too	O
low	O
given	O
the	O
system	O
's	O
extensive	O
penetration	O
into	O
non-North	O
American	O
markets	O
,	O
especially	O
China	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
stated	O
that	O
the	O
North	O
American-based	O
web-measurement	O
methods	O
produce	O
high	O
Windows	O
numbers	O
and	O
ignore	O
the	O
widespread	O
use	O
of	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
in	O
other	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
estimating	O
true	O
worldwide	O
desktop	O
adoption	B-Application
and	O
accounting	O
for	O
the	O
Windows-distorted	O
environment	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
and	O
Canada	O
he	O
indicated	O
that	O
at	O
least	O
8%	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
desktops	O
run	O
Linux	B-Application
distributions	I-Application
and	O
possibly	O
as	O
high	O
as	O
10	O
–	O
12%	O
and	O
that	O
the	O
numbers	O
are	O
rising	O
quickly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
commentators	O
have	O
echoed	O
this	O
same	O
belief	O
,	O
noting	O
that	O
competitors	O
are	O
expending	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
effort	O
to	O
discredit	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
is	O
incongruent	O
with	O
a	O
tiny	O
market	O
share	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2009	O
,	O
Preston	O
Gralla	O
,	O
contributing	O
editor	O
to	O
Computerworld.com,	O
in	O
reacting	O
to	O
the	O
Net	O
Applications	O
web	O
hit	O
numbers	O
showing	O
that	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
use	O
was	O
over	O
1%	O
,	O
said	O
that	O
"	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
will	O
never	O
become	O
an	O
important	O
desktop	O
or	O
notebook	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
reasoned	O
that	O
the	O
upsurge	O
in	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
desktop	O
use	O
recently	O
seen	O
was	O
due	O
to	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
netbooks	O
,	O
a	O
trend	O
he	O
saw	O
as	O
already	O
diminishing	O
and	O
which	O
would	O
be	O
further	O
eroded	O
when	O
Windows	B-Device
7	I-Device
became	O
available	O
(	O
and	O
indeed	O
,	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
netbooks	O
did	O
fall	O
by	O
the	O
wayside	O
,	O
though	O
whether	O
they	O
were	O
solely	O
responsible	O
for	O
the	O
upsurge	O
in	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
usage	O
is	O
open	O
to	O
question	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
concluded	O
:	O
"	O
As	O
a	O
desktop	B-General_Concept
operating	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
is	O
n't	O
important	O
enough	O
to	O
think	O
about	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2009	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
then-CEO	O
Steve	O
Ballmer	O
indicated	O
that	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
had	O
a	O
greater	O
desktop	O
market	O
share	O
than	O
Mac	O
,	O
stating	O
that	O
in	O
recent	O
years	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
had	O
"	O
certainly	O
increased	O
its	O
share	O
somewhat	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Just	O
under	O
a	O
third	O
of	O
all	O
Dell	O
netbook	O
sales	O
in	O
2009	O
had	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
installed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Caitlyn	O
Martin	O
,	O
researching	O
retail	O
market	O
numbers	O
in	O
the	O
summer	O
of	O
2010	O
also	O
concluded	O
that	O
the	O
traditional	O
numbers	O
mentioned	O
for	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
desktop	O
adoption	B-Application
were	O
far	O
too	O
low	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Reasons	O
to	O
change	O
from	O
other	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
to	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
include	O
better	O
system	O
stability	O
,	O
better	O
malware	B-Application
protection	O
,	O
low	O
or	O
no	O
cost	O
,	O
that	O
most	O
distributions	B-Application
come	O
complete	O
with	O
application	O
software	O
and	O
hardware	B-Application
drivers	I-Application
,	O
simplified	O
updates	O
for	O
all	O
installed	O
software	O
,	O
free	O
software	O
licensing	O
,	O
availability	O
of	O
application	O
repositories	O
and	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linux	B-Operating_System
desktop	O
distributions	B-Application
also	O
offer	O
multiple	O
desktop	O
workspaces	O
,	O
greater	O
customization	O
,	O
free	O
and	O
unlimited	O
support	O
through	O
forums	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
that	O
does	O
n't	O
slow	O
down	O
over	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Environmental	O
reasons	O
are	O
also	O
cited	O
,	O
as	O
Linux	B-Application
operating	I-Application
systems	I-Application
usually	O
do	O
not	O
come	O
in	O
boxes	O
and	O
other	O
retail	O
packaging	O
,	O
but	O
are	O
downloaded	O
via	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
lower	O
system	O
specifications	O
also	O
mean	O
that	O
older	O
hardware	B-Architecture
can	O
be	O
kept	O
in	O
use	O
instead	O
of	O
being	O
recycled	O
or	O
discarded	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linux	B-Application
distributions	I-Application
also	O
get	O
security	O
vulnerabilities	O
patched	O
much	O
more	O
quickly	O
than	O
non-free	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
and	O
improvements	O
in	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
have	O
been	O
occurring	O
at	O
a	O
faster	O
rate	O
than	O
those	O
in	O
Windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Further	O
investments	O
have	O
been	O
made	O
to	O
improve	O
desktop	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
usability	O
since	O
that	O
2007	O
report	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Indian	O
bulk	O
computer	O
purchaser	O
the	O
Electronics	O
Corporation	O
of	O
Tamil	O
Nadu	O
(	O
ELCOT	O
)	O
started	O
recommending	O
only	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
in	O
June	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
testing	O
they	O
stated	O
:	O
"	O
ELCOT	O
has	O
been	O
using	O
SUSE	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
and	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
Linux	I-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
on	O
desktop	O
and	O
laptop	O
computers	O
numbering	O
over	O
2,000	O
during	O
the	O
past	O
two	O
years	O
and	O
found	O
them	O
far	O
superior	O
as	O
compared	O
to	O
other	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
notably	O
the	O
Microsoft	O
Windows	O
Operating	O
System.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
many	O
developing	O
nations	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
China	O
,	O
where	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
widespread	O
software	O
piracy	O
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
can	O
be	O
easily	O
obtained	O
for	O
free	O
,	O
Linux	B-Application
distributions	I-Application
are	O
gaining	O
a	O
high	O
level	O
of	O
adoption	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hence	O
in	O
these	O
countries	O
where	O
there	O
is	O
essentially	O
no	O
cost	O
barrier	O
to	O
obtaining	O
proprietary	B-Application
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
users	O
are	O
adopting	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
based	O
on	O
its	O
merit	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
on	O
price	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2001	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
then-CEO	O
Bill	O
Gates	O
explained	O
the	O
attraction	O
of	O
adopting	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
in	O
an	O
internal	O
memo	O
that	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
the	O
Comes	O
vs	O
Microsoft	O
case	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
greatest	O
barrier	O
to	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
desktop	O
adoption	B-Application
is	O
probably	O
that	O
few	O
desktop	O
PCs	O
come	O
with	O
it	O
from	O
the	O
factory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linux	B-Operating_System
has	O
much	O
lower	O
market	O
penetration	O
because	O
in	O
most	O
cases	O
users	O
have	O
to	O
install	O
it	O
themselves	O
,	O
a	O
task	O
that	O
is	O
beyond	O
the	O
capabilities	O
of	O
many	O
PC	O
users	O
:	O
"	O
Most	O
users	O
wo	O
n’t	O
even	O
use	O
Windows	O
restore	O
CDs	O
,	O
let	O
alone	O
install	O
Windows	O
from	O
scratch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Why	O
would	O
they	O
install	O
an	O
unfamiliar	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
on	O
their	O
computers	O
?	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Linus	O
Torvalds	O
stated	O
,	O
in	O
his	O
June	O
2012	O
interaction	O
with	O
students	O
at	O
Aalto	O
University	O
,	O
that	O
although	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
was	O
originally	O
conceived	O
as	O
a	O
desktop	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
that	O
has	O
been	O
the	O
only	O
market	O
where	O
it	O
has	O
not	O
flourished	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
suggested	O
that	O
the	O
key	O
reason	O
that	O
keeps	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
from	O
getting	O
a	O
substantial	O
presence	O
in	O
the	O
desktop	O
market	O
is	O
that	O
the	O
average	O
desktop	O
user	O
does	O
not	O
want	O
to	O
install	O
an	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
so	O
getting	O
manufacturers	O
to	O
sell	O
computers	O
with	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
pre-installed	O
would	O
be	O
the	O
missing	O
piece	O
to	O
fulfill	O
the	O
vision	O
of	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
in	O
the	O
desktop	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
added	O
that	O
Chromebooks	B-Operating_System
,	O
by	O
shipping	O
with	O
the	O
Linux-based	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
could	O
provide	O
the	O
key	O
turning	O
point	O
in	O
such	O
a	O
transition	O
,	O
much	O
like	O
Android	B-Application
allowed	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
to	O
spread	O
in	O
the	O
mobile	O
space	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2012	O
,	O
GNOME	B-Application
developer	O
Michael	O
Meeks	O
also	O
indicated	O
that	O
the	O
main	O
reason	O
for	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
adoption	B-Application
of	I-Application
Linux	I-Application
desktops	O
is	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
manufacturers	O
shipping	O
computers	O
with	O
it	O
pre-installed	O
,	O
supporting	O
Siu	O
's	O
arguments	O
from	O
six	O
years	O
earlier	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Meeks	O
also	O
indicated	O
that	O
users	O
would	O
n't	O
embrace	O
desktop	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
until	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
wider	O
range	O
of	O
applications	O
and	O
developers	O
wo	O
n't	O
create	O
that	O
wider	O
range	O
of	O
applications	O
until	O
there	O
are	O
more	O
users	O
,	O
a	O
classic	O
Catch-22	O
situation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
openSUSE	B-Operating_System
survey	O
conducted	O
in	O
2007	O
,	O
69.5	O
%	O
of	O
respondents	O
said	O
they	O
dual	O
booted	O
a	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
in	O
addition	O
to	O
a	O
Linux	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Application	O
support	O
,	O
the	O
quality	O
of	O
peripheral	O
support	O
,	O
and	O
end	O
user	O
support	O
were	O
at	O
one	O
time	O
seen	O
as	O
the	O
biggest	O
obstacles	O
to	O
desktop	O
Linux	B-Application
adoption	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
a	O
2006	O
survey	O
by	O
The	B-Operating_System
Linux	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
,	O
these	O
factors	O
were	O
seen	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
major	O
obstacle	O
"	O
for	O
56%	O
,	O
49%	O
,	O
and	O
33%	O
of	O
respondents	O
respectively	O
at	O
that	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
November	O
2006	O
Desktop	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
Client	O
Survey	O
identified	O
the	O
foremost	O
barrier	O
for	O
deploying	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
desktops	O
was	O
that	O
users	O
were	O
accustomed	O
to	O
Windows	B-Application
applications	I-Application
which	O
had	O
not	O
been	O
ported	O
to	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
and	O
which	O
they	O
"	O
just	O
ca	O
n't	O
live	O
without	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
included	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Office	I-Application
,	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Photoshop	I-Operating_System
,	O
Autodesk	B-Algorithm
AutoCAD	I-Algorithm
,	O
Microsoft	B-Operating_System
Project	I-Operating_System
,	O
Visio	B-Application
and	O
Intuit	B-Application
QuickBooks	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
DesktopLinux.com	O
survey	O
conducted	O
in	O
2007	O
,	O
72%	O
of	O
respondents	O
said	O
they	O
used	O
ways	O
to	O
run	O
Windows	B-Application
applications	I-Application
on	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
51%	O
of	O
respondents	O
to	O
the	O
2006	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
survey	O
,	O
believed	O
that	O
cross-distribution	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
desktop	O
standards	O
should	O
be	O
the	O
top	O
priority	O
for	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
desktop	O
community	O
,	O
highlighting	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
the	O
fragmented	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
market	O
is	O
preventing	O
application	O
vendors	O
from	O
developing	O
,	O
distributing	O
and	O
supporting	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2008	O
,	O
Gartner	O
predicted	O
that	O
"	O
version	O
control	O
and	O
incompatibilities	O
will	O
continue	O
to	O
plague	O
open-source	B-Application
OSs	B-Application
and	O
associated	O
middleware	O
"	O
in	O
the	O
2013	O
timeframe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2008	O
,	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
applications	O
and	O
the	O
porting	O
of	O
Windows	O
and	O
Apple	O
applications	O
had	O
progressed	O
to	O
the	O
point	O
where	O
it	O
was	O
difficult	O
to	O
find	O
an	O
application	O
that	O
did	O
not	O
have	O
an	O
equivalent	O
for	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
,	O
providing	O
adequate	O
or	O
better	O
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
of	O
application	O
progress	O
can	O
be	O
seen	O
comparing	O
the	O
main	O
productivity	O
suite	O
for	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
,	O
OpenOffice.org,	O
to	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Office	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
OpenOffice.org	B-Application
3.0	I-Application
in	O
October	O
2008	O
Ars	O
Technica	O
assessed	O
the	O
two	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
past	O
the	O
availability	O
and	O
quality	O
of	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
device	B-Application
drivers	I-Application
were	O
issues	O
for	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
desktops	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
in	O
early	O
2007	O
,	O
Dell	O
did	O
not	O
sell	O
specific	O
hardware	B-Architecture
and	O
software	O
with	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
7.04	O
computers	O
,	O
including	O
printers	O
,	O
projectors	O
,	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
keyboards	O
and	O
mice	O
,	O
TV	B-Device
tuners	I-Device
and	O
remote	O
controls	O
,	O
desktop	O
modems	B-Application
and	O
Blu-ray	O
drives	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
incompatibilities	O
at	O
that	O
time	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
legal	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2008	O
,	O
most	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
hardware	B-Architecture
support	O
and	O
driver	O
issues	O
had	O
been	O
adequately	O
addressed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
critics	O
have	O
stated	O
that	O
compared	O
to	O
Windows	O
,	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
is	O
lacking	O
in	O
end-user	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linux	B-Operating_System
has	O
traditionally	O
been	O
seen	O
as	O
requiring	O
much	O
more	O
technical	O
expertise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dell	O
's	O
website	O
described	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
as	O
requiring	O
intermediate	O
or	O
advanced	O
knowledge	O
to	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2007	O
,	O
the	O
founder	O
of	O
the	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
project	I-Operating_System
,	O
Mark	O
Shuttleworth	O
,	O
commented	O
that	O
"	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
reasonable	O
to	O
say	O
that	O
this	O
is	O
not	O
ready	O
for	O
the	O
mass	O
market.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2004	O
,	O
Chief	O
Technical	O
Officer	O
of	O
Adeptiva	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
,	O
Stephan	O
February	O
,	O
noted	O
at	O
that	O
time	O
that	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
was	O
a	O
very	O
technical	O
software	O
product	O
,	O
and	O
few	O
people	O
outside	O
the	O
technical	O
community	O
were	O
able	O
to	O
support	O
consumers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	O
users	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
rely	O
on	O
friends	O
and	O
family	O
for	O
help	O
,	O
but	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
users	O
generally	O
use	O
discussion	O
boards	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
uncomfortable	O
for	O
consumers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
recently	O
critics	O
have	O
found	O
that	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
user	O
support	O
model	O
,	O
using	O
community-based	O
forum	O
support	O
,	O
has	O
greatly	O
improved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linux	B-Operating_System
's	O
credibility	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
under	O
attack	O
at	O
times	O
,	O
but	O
as	O
Ron	O
Miller	O
of	O
LinuxPlanet	O
points	O
out	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
continuing	O
debate	O
about	O
the	O
total	O
cost	O
of	O
ownership	O
of	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
,	O
with	O
Gartner	O
warning	O
in	O
2005	O
that	O
the	O
costs	O
of	O
migration	O
may	O
exceed	O
the	O
cost	O
benefits	O
of	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gartner	O
reiterated	O
the	O
warning	O
in	O
2008	O
,	O
predicting	O
that	O
"	O
by	O
2013	O
,	O
a	O
majority	O
of	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
deployments	O
will	O
have	O
no	O
real	O
software	O
total	O
cost	O
of	O
ownership	O
(	O
TCO	O
)	O
advantage	O
over	O
other	O
operating	O
systems.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Organizations	O
that	O
have	O
moved	O
to	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
have	O
disagreed	O
with	O
these	O
warnings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sterling	O
Ball	O
,	O
CEO	O
of	O
Ernie	O
Ball	O
,	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
leading	O
maker	O
of	O
premium	O
guitar	O
strings	O
and	O
a	O
2003	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
adopter	O
,	O
said	O
of	O
total	O
cost	O
of	O
ownership	O
arguments	O
:	O
"	O
I	O
think	O
that	O
's	O
propaganda	O
...	O
What	O
about	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
dealing	O
with	O
a	O
virus	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
SCO-Linux	O
controversies	O
,	O
the	O
SCO	O
Group	O
had	O
alleged	O
that	O
UNIX	B-Application
source	O
code	O
donated	O
by	O
IBM	O
was	O
illegally	O
incorporated	O
into	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
threat	O
that	O
SCO	O
might	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
legally	O
assert	O
ownership	O
of	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
initially	O
caused	O
some	O
potential	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
adopters	O
to	O
delay	O
that	O
move	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
court	O
cases	O
bankrupted	O
SCO	O
in	O
2007	O
after	O
it	O
lost	O
its	O
four-year	O
court	O
battle	O
over	O
the	O
ownership	O
of	O
the	O
UNIX	B-Application
copyrights	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SCO	O
's	O
case	O
had	O
hinged	O
on	O
showing	O
that	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
included	O
intellectual	O
property	O
that	O
had	O
been	O
misappropriated	O
from	O
UNIX	B-Application
,	O
but	O
the	O
case	O
failed	O
when	O
the	O
court	O
discovered	O
that	O
Novell	O
and	O
not	O
SCO	O
was	O
the	O
rightful	O
owner	O
of	O
the	O
copyrights	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
legal	O
process	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
revealed	O
that	O
SCO	O
's	O
claims	O
about	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
were	O
fraudulent	O
and	O
that	O
SCO	O
's	O
internal	O
source	O
code	O
audits	O
had	O
showed	O
no	O
evidence	O
of	O
infringement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
rival	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
vendor	O
,	O
Green	O
Hills	O
Software	O
,	O
has	O
called	O
the	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
paradigm	O
of	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
"	O
fundamentally	O
insecure	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
US	O
Army	O
does	O
not	O
agree	O
that	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
security	O
problem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2008	O
,	O
Gartner	O
analysts	O
predicted	O
that	O
mobile	O
devices	O
like	O
Netbooks	O
with	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
could	O
potentially	O
break	O
the	O
dominance	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
Windows	O
as	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
provider	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
netbook	O
concept	O
focuses	O
on	O
OS-agnostic	O
applications	O
built	O
as	O
Web	B-Application
applications	I-Application
and	O
browsing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Until	O
2008	O
the	O
netbook	O
market	O
was	O
dominated	O
by	O
Linux-powered	O
devices	O
;	O
this	O
changed	O
in	O
2009	O
after	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
became	O
available	O
as	O
option	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
reasons	O
given	O
was	O
that	O
many	O
customers	O
returned	O
Linux-based	O
netbooks	O
as	O
they	O
were	O
still	O
expecting	O
a	O
Windows-like	O
environment	O
,	O
despite	O
the	O
netbook	O
vision	O
:	O
a	O
web-surfing	O
and	O
web-application	B-Application
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
introduced	O
the	O
Chromebook	B-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
thin	B-Device
client	I-Device
running	O
the	O
Linux-based	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
with	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
use	O
web	B-Application
applications	I-Application
and	O
remote	B-Protocol
desktop	I-Protocol
in	O
to	O
other	O
computers	O
running	O
Windows	O
,	O
Mac	O
OS	O
X	O
,	O
a	O
traditional	O
Linux	B-Application
distribution	I-Application
or	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
using	O
Chrome	B-Operating_System
Remote	I-Operating_System
Desktop	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
Google	B-Application
and	O
Samsung	O
introduced	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Chromebox	O
,	O
a	O
small-form-factor	O
desktop	O
equivalent	O
to	O
the	O
Chromebook	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2013	O
,	O
Chromebooks	B-Operating_System
had	O
captured	O
20	O
–	O
25%	O
of	O
the	O
sub-	O
$300	O
US	O
laptop	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Note	O
:	O
The	O
term	O
"	O
mobile	O
devices	O
"	O
in	O
the	O
computing	O
context	O
refers	O
to	O
cellphones	O
and	O
tablets	B-Device
;	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
does	O
not	O
include	O
regular	O
laptops	O
,	O
despite	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
they	O
have	O
always	O
been	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
mobile	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Android	B-Application
,	O
which	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
and	O
is	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
,	O
is	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
mobile	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
second	O
quarter	O
of	O
2013	O
,	O
79.3	O
%	O
of	O
smartphones	B-Application
sold	O
worldwide	O
were	O
running	O
Android	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Android	B-Application
tablets	B-Device
are	O
also	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Firefox	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
was	O
another	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
Linux-based	O
mobile	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
has	O
now	O
been	O
discontinued	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nokia	O
previously	O
produced	O
some	O
phones	O
running	O
a	O
variant	O
of	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
the	O
Nokia	B-Application
N900	I-Application
)	O
,	O
but	O
in	O
2013	O
,	O
Nokia	O
's	O
handset	O
division	O
was	O
bought	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smartphones	B-Application
are	O
gradually	O
replacing	O
these	O
kinds	O
of	O
embedded	B-Architecture
devices	I-Architecture
,	O
but	O
they	O
still	O
exist	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
OEM	O
firmware	O
is	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
based	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
community-driven	O
fully	O
free	O
and	O
open-source	B-Application
project	O
is	O
Rockbox	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In-vehicle	O
infotainment	O
hardware	B-Architecture
usually	O
involves	O
some	O
kind	O
of	O
display	O
,	O
either	O
built	O
into	O
the	O
Dashboard	B-Protocol
or	O
additional	O
displays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GENIVI	B-Application
Alliance	I-Application
,	O
now	O
called	O
COVESA	O
(	O
Connected	O
Vehicle	O
Systems	O
Alliance	O
)	O
,	O
works	O
on	O
a	O
Linux-based	O
open	O
platform	O
to	O
run	O
the	O
IVI	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
may	O
have	O
an	O
interface	O
to	O
some	O
values	O
delivered	O
by	O
the	O
Engine	B-Device
control	I-Device
unit	I-Device
but	O
is	O
albeit	O
completely	O
separate	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
will	O
be	O
a	O
special	O
variant	O
of	O
Tizen	B-Application
for	O
IVI	O
,	O
different	O
for	O
the	O
Tizen	B-Application
for	O
smartphones	B-Application
in	O
several	O
regards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linux	B-Operating_System
is	O
often	O
used	O
in	O
various	O
single	O
-	O
or	O
multi-purpose	O
computer	B-Architecture
appliances	I-Architecture
and	O
embedded	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
are	O
remotely	O
operated	O
via	O
Secure	B-Protocol
Shell	I-Protocol
or	O
via	O
some	O
Web-based	B-Application
user	O
interface	O
running	O
on	O
some	O
lightweight	B-Protocol
web	I-Protocol
server	I-Protocol
software	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
of	O
the	O
OEM	O
firmware	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
and	O
other	O
free	O
and	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Das	B-Language
U-Boot	I-Language
and	O
Busybox	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenWrt	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smaller	O
scale	O
embedded	O
network-attached	O
storage-devices	O
are	O
also	O
mostly	O
Linux-driven	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linux	B-Operating_System
became	O
popular	O
in	O
the	O
Internet	O
server	B-Application
market	O
particularly	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
LAMP	B-Application
software	I-Application
bundle	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2008	O
Steve	O
Ballmer	O
(	O
Microsoft	O
CEO	O
)	O
claimed	O
60%	O
of	O
servers	O
run	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
and	O
40%	O
run	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
IDC	O
's	O
report	O
covering	O
Q2	O
2013	O
,	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
was	O
up	O
to	O
23.2	O
%	O
of	O
worldwide	O
server	B-Application
revenue	O
although	O
this	O
does	O
compensate	O
for	O
the	O
potential	O
price	O
disparity	O
between	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
and	O
non-Linux	O
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2014	O
,	O
W3Techs	O
estimated	O
that	O
67.5	O
%	O
of	O
the	O
top	O
10	O
million	O
(	O
according	O
to	O
Alexa	O
)	O
websites	O
run	O
some	O
form	O
of	O
Unix	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
is	O
used	O
by	O
at	O
least	O
57.2	O
%	O
of	O
all	O
those	O
websites	O
which	O
use	O
Unix	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linux-based	O
solution	B-Application
stacks	I-Application
come	O
with	O
all	O
the	O
general	O
advantages	O
and	O
benefits	O
of	O
free	O
and	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
Netcraft	O
,	O
,	O
nginx	B-Operating_System
had	O
the	O
highest	O
market	O
share	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
Univention	B-Application
Corporate	I-Application
Server	I-Application
,	O
as	O
an	O
integrated	O
management	O
system	O
based	O
on	O
Debian	O
,	O
supports	O
the	O
functions	O
provided	O
by	O
Microsoft	B-Protocol
Active	I-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
for	O
the	O
administration	O
of	O
computers	O
running	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Free	O
routing	B-Protocol
software	O
available	O
for	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
includes	O
BIRD	B-Protocol
,	O
B.A.T.M.A.N.	B-Protocol
,	O
Quagga	B-Protocol
and	O
XORP	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Whether	O
on	O
Customer-premises	O
equipment	O
,	O
on	O
Personal	B-Architecture
computer	I-Architecture
hardware	I-Architecture
or	O
on	O
server-hardware	O
,	O
the	O
mainline	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
or	O
an	O
adapted	O
highly	O
optimized	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
is	O
capable	O
of	O
doing	O
routing	B-Protocol
at	O
rates	O
that	O
are	O
limited	O
by	O
the	O
hardware	B-Architecture
bus	O
throughput	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linux	B-Operating_System
is	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
among	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
due	O
to	O
the	O
general	O
advantages	O
and	O
benefits	O
of	O
free	O
and	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
like	O
superior	O
performance	O
,	O
flexibility	O
,	O
speed	O
and	O
lower	O
costs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2008	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
held	O
an	O
87.8	O
percent	O
share	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
top	B-Operating_System
500	I-Operating_System
supercomputers	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
June	O
2018	O
,	O
every	O
computer	O
on	O
the	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
list	O
ran	O
some	O
version	O
of	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2010	O
,	O
Weiwu	O
Hu	O
,	O
chief	O
architect	O
of	O
the	O
Loongson	B-Language
family	O
of	O
CPUs	O
at	O
the	O
Institute	O
of	O
Computing	O
Technology	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Chinese	O
Academy	O
of	O
Sciences	O
,	O
confirmed	O
that	O
the	O
new	O
Dawning	O
6000	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
will	O
use	O
Chinese-made	O
Loongson	B-Language
processors	I-Language
and	O
will	O
run	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
as	O
its	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
recent	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
the	O
organization	O
built	O
,	O
the	O
Dawning	O
5000a	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
first	O
run	O
in	O
2008	O
,	O
used	O
AMD	O
chips	O
and	O
ran	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
HPC	I-Operating_System
Server	I-Operating_System
2008	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
organizations	O
advocate	O
for	O
Linux	B-Application
adoption	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
foremost	O
of	O
these	O
is	O
the	B-Operating_System
Linux	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
which	O
hosts	O
and	O
sponsors	O
the	O
key	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
developers	O
,	O
manages	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
trademark	O
,	O
manages	O
the	O
Open	B-License
Source	I-License
Developer	O
Travel	O
Fund	O
,	O
provides	O
legal	O
aid	O
to	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
developers	O
and	O
companies	O
through	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
Legal	O
Defense	O
Fund	O
,	O
sponsors	O
kernel.org	O
and	O
also	O
hosts	O
the	O
Patent	O
Commons	O
Project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
International	O
Free	O
and	O
Open	B-Application
Source	I-Application
Software	I-Application
Foundation	O
(	O
iFOSSF	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
nonprofit	O
organization	O
based	O
in	O
Michigan	B-Device
,	O
USA	O
dedicated	O
to	O
accelerating	O
and	O
promoting	O
the	O
adoption	B-Application
of	O
FOSS	O
worldwide	O
through	O
research	O
and	O
civil	O
society	O
partnership	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Open	O
Invention	O
Network	O
was	O
formed	O
to	O
protect	O
vendors	O
and	O
customers	O
from	O
patent	O
royalty	O
fees	O
while	O
using	O
OSS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
advocates	O
for	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Software	O
Livre	O
Brasil	O
,	O
a	O
Brazilian	O
organization	O
promoting	O
Linux	B-Application
adoption	I-Application
in	O
schools	O
,	O
public	O
departments	O
,	O
commerce	O
,	O
industry	O
and	O
personal	O
desktops	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FOSS	O
:	O
Free	O
and	O
Open	B-Application
Source	I-Application
Software	I-Application
Foundations	O
of	O
India	O
and	O
China	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gartner	O
claimed	O
that	O
Linux-powered	O
personal	O
computers	O
accounted	O
for	O
4%	O
of	O
unit	O
sales	O
in	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
common	O
for	O
users	O
to	O
install	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
in	O
addition	O
to	O
(	O
as	O
a	O
dual	B-Operating_System
boot	I-Operating_System
arrangement	O
)	O
or	O
in	O
place	O
of	O
a	O
factory-installed	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
2005	O
:	O
System76	O
,	O
a	O
Linux-only	O
computer	O
OEM	O
,	O
starts	O
selling	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
pre-installed	O
on	O
laptops	O
and	O
desktops	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ZaReason	O
is	O
founded	O
as	O
a	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
only	O
hardware	B-Architecture
OEM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dell	O
announced	O
it	O
would	O
begin	O
shipping	O
Ubuntu-based	O
computers	O
to	O
Canada	O
and	O
Latin	O
America	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dell	O
began	O
shipping	O
systems	O
with	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
pre-installed	O
in	O
China	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Acer	O
launched	O
the	O
Linux-based	O
Acer	B-Application
Aspire	I-Application
One	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2008	O
,	O
the	O
Electronics	O
Corporation	O
of	O
Tamil	O
Nadu	O
(	O
ELCOT	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
bulk	O
computer	O
buyer	O
for	O
students	O
in	O
the	O
Indian	O
state	O
of	O
Tamil	O
Nadu	O
,	O
decided	O
to	O
switch	O
entirely	O
to	O
supplying	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
after	O
Microsoft	O
attempted	O
to	O
use	O
its	O
monopoly	O
position	O
to	O
sell	O
the	O
organization	O
Windows	O
bundled	O
with	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Office	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2008	O
,	O
IBM	O
cited	O
market	O
disillusionment	O
with	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
in	O
announcing	O
a	O
new	O
partnership	O
arrangement	O
with	O
Red	O
Hat	O
,	O
Novell	O
and	O
Canonical	O
to	O
offer	O
"	O
Microsoft-free	O
"	O
personal	O
computers	O
with	O
IBM	O
application	O
software	O
,	O
including	O
Lotus	B-Operating_System
Notes	I-Operating_System
and	O
Lotus	B-Operating_System
Symphony	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2009	O
,	O
the	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
stated	O
:	O
"	O
More	O
than	O
10	O
million	O
people	O
are	O
estimated	O
to	O
run	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
today	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
mid-2009	O
,	O
Asus	O
,	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
its	O
It	O
's	O
better	O
with	O
Windows	O
campaign	O
,	O
stopped	O
offering	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
,	O
for	O
which	O
they	O
received	O
strong	O
criticism	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
claimed	O
that	O
competition	O
from	O
other	O
netbook	O
makers	O
drove	O
them	O
to	O
offer	O
only	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Writing	O
in	O
May	O
2010	O
Computerworld	O
columnist	O
Steven	O
J	O
.	O
Vaughan-Nichols	O
said	O
"	O
I	O
'm	O
sure	O
that	O
the	O
real	O
reason	O
is	O
Microsoft	O
has	O
pressured	O
Asus	O
into	O
abandoning	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
ASUS	O
 '	O
site	O
,	O
you	O
'll	O
now	O
see	O
the	O
slogan	O
'	O
ASUS	O
recommends	O
Windows	B-Device
7	I-Device
 '	O
proudly	O
shown	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Never	O
mind	O
that	O
,	O
while	O
Windows	B-Device
7	I-Device
is	O
a	O
good	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
Windows	B-Device
7	I-Device
is	O
awful	O
on	O
netbooks.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2009	O
,	O
Fedora	O
developer	O
Jef	O
Spaleta	O
estimated	O
on	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
IP	O
addresses	O
of	O
update	O
downloads	O
and	O
statistics	O
from	O
the	O
voluntary	O
user	O
hardware	B-Architecture
registration	O
service	O
Smolt	O
that	O
there	O
are	O
16	O
million	O
Fedora	O
systems	O
in	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
No	O
effort	O
was	O
made	O
to	O
estimate	O
how	O
much	O
the	O
Fedora	O
installed	O
base	O
overlaps	O
with	O
other	O
Linux	B-Application
distributions	I-Application
(	O
enthusiasts	O
installing	O
many	O
distributions	B-Application
on	O
the	O
same	O
system	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2009	O
,	O
ZDNet	O
reported	O
"	O
Worldwide	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
13	O
million	O
active	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
users	O
with	O
use	O
growing	O
faster	O
than	O
any	O
other	O
distribution.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2010	O
,	O
Chris	O
Kenyon	O
,	O
vice	O
president	O
for	O
OEM	O
at	O
Canonical	O
Ltd.	O
,	O
estimated	O
that	O
there	O
were	O
12	O
million	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2010	O
,	O
a	O
Quebec	O
Superior	O
Court	O
Judge	O
Denis	O
Jacques	O
ruled	O
that	O
the	O
provincial	O
government	O
broke	O
the	O
law	O
when	O
it	O
spent	O
Cdn$720	O
,	O
000	O
,	O
starting	O
in	O
the	O
fall	O
of	O
2006	O
to	O
migrate	O
800	O
government	O
workstations	O
to	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
Vista	I-Application
and	O
Office	O
2007	O
without	O
carrying	O
out	O
a	O
"	O
serious	O
and	O
documented	O
search	O
"	O
for	O
alternatives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
court	O
case	O
was	O
brought	O
by	O
Savoir	O
Faire	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
small	O
Montreal-based	O
company	O
that	O
had	O
hoped	O
to	O
bid	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
software	O
to	O
replace	O
the	O
government	O
's	O
aging	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
judge	O
dismissed	O
the	O
government	O
's	O
contention	O
that	O
Microsoft	O
software	O
was	O
chosen	O
because	O
employees	O
were	O
already	O
familiar	O
with	O
Windows	O
and	O
that	O
switching	O
to	O
a	O
different	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
would	O
have	O
cost	O
more	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2010	O
,	O
a	O
statistics	O
company	O
stated	O
that	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
version	O
of	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
for	O
smartphones	B-Application
(	O
and	O
tablets	B-Device
)	O
,	O
had	O
become	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
among	O
new	O
buyers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2012	O
,	O
org	O
's	O
November	O
2012	O
list	O
has	O
all	O
Top	O
10	O
Supercomputers	B-Architecture
as	O
running	O
a	O
distribution	O
of	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
as	O
their	O
Operating	B-General_Concept
System	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2013	O
,	O
Dice	O
and	O
the	B-Operating_System
Linux	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
released	O
a	O
survey	O
that	O
showed	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
skills	O
in	O
high	O
demand	O
among	O
employers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Valve	O
announces	O
its	O
Linux-based	O
SteamOS	B-Application
for	O
video	B-Device
game	I-Device
consoles	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Supercomputers	B-Architecture
,	O
Japan	O
's	O
bullet	O
trains	O
,	O
traffic	O
control	O
,	O
Toyota	O
IVI	O
,	O
NYSE	O
,	O
CERN	O
,	O
FAA	O
air	O
traffic	O
control	O
,	O
nuclear	O
submarines	O
and	O
top	O
websites	O
all	O
use	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2013	O
,	O
the	O
city	O
of	O
Munich	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
successfully	O
migrated	O
12,000	O
of	O
its	O
15,000	O
computers	O
to	O
LiMux	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
and	O
that	O
the	O
savings	O
in	O
2013	O
alone	O
were	O
about	O
10	O
million	O
euros	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2014	O
,	O
the	O
Italian	O
city	O
of	O
Turin	O
,	O
the	O
capital	O
of	O
Piedmont	O
,	O
decided	O
to	O
switch	O
to	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2014	O
,	O
the	O
city	O
of	O
Gummersbach	O
announced	O
that	O
their	O
IT	O
infrastructure	O
now	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
300	O
thin	B-Device
clients	I-Device
and	O
6	O
servers	O
that	O
run	O
SuSe	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
June	O
2014	O
,	O
France	O
's	O
National	O
Gendarmerie	O
has	O
completed	O
the	O
migration	O
of	O
65,000	O
to	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
"	O
GendBuntu	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2014	O
Purism	O
was	O
founded	O
as	O
an	O
OEM	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
manufacturer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2017	O
,	O
all	O
500	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
top	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
ran	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2018	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
announced	O
Azure	B-Operating_System
Sphere	I-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
Linux-based	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
for	O
Internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2018	O
,	O
pre-orders	O
began	O
for	O
Atari	B-Application
VCS	I-Application
,	O
a	O
gaming	O
console	O
that	O
is	O
powered	O
by	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2019	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
announced	O
Windows	O
Subsystem	O
for	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
2	O
,	O
which	O
will	O
rely	O
on	O
a	O
pre-installed	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
built	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
marks	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
that	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
has	O
shipped	O
with	O
a	O
Microsoft	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2019	O
,	O
South	O
Korea	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
looking	O
to	O
migrate	O
its	O
major	O
government	O
systems	O
to	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
pending	O
end	O
of	O
support	O
for	O
Windows	B-Device
7	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2020	O
,	O
Lenovo	O
announced	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
certification	O
for	O
ThinkPad	B-Operating_System
and	O
ThinkStation	B-Device
portfolio	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2021	O
,	O
the	O
government	O
of	O
the	O
Argentinian	O
province	O
of	O
Misiones	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
had	O
developed	O
,	O
a	O
distribution	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Devuan	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
specially	O
designed	O
for	O
government	O
offices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2021	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
was	O
first	O
used	O
on	O
Mars	B-Application
when	O
NASA	O
's	O
Perseverance	O
rover	O
landed	O
on	O
18	O
February	O
.	O
</s>
