<s>
In	O
software	O
development	O
,	O
Linus	B-Application
's	I-Application
law	I-Application
is	O
the	O
assertion	O
that	O
"	O
given	B-Application
enough	I-Application
eyeballs	I-Application
,	O
all	O
bugs	B-Error_Name
are	O
shallow	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
more	O
formal	O
statement	O
is	O
:	O
"	O
Given	O
a	O
large	O
enough	O
beta-tester	O
and	O
co-developer	O
base	O
,	O
almost	O
every	O
problem	O
will	O
be	O
characterized	O
quickly	O
and	O
the	O
fix	O
obvious	O
to	O
someone.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Presenting	O
the	O
code	O
to	O
multiple	O
developers	B-Application
with	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
reaching	O
consensus	O
about	O
its	O
acceptance	O
is	O
a	O
simple	O
form	O
of	O
software	O
reviewing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Researchers	O
and	O
practitioners	O
have	O
repeatedly	O
shown	O
the	O
effectiveness	O
of	O
reviewing	O
processes	O
in	O
finding	O
bugs	B-Error_Name
and	O
security	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Facts	O
and	O
Fallacies	O
about	O
Software	O
Engineering	O
,	O
Robert	O
Glass	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
law	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
mantra	O
"	O
of	O
the	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
movement	O
,	O
but	O
calls	O
it	O
a	O
fallacy	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
supporting	O
evidence	O
and	O
because	O
research	O
has	O
indicated	O
that	O
the	O
rate	O
at	O
which	O
additional	O
bugs	B-Error_Name
are	O
uncovered	O
does	O
not	O
scale	O
linearly	O
with	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
reviewers	O
;	O
rather	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
small	O
maximum	O
number	O
of	O
useful	O
reviewers	O
,	O
between	O
two	O
and	O
four	O
,	O
and	O
additional	O
reviewers	O
above	O
this	O
number	O
uncover	O
bugs	B-Error_Name
at	O
a	O
much	O
lower	O
rate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
closed-source	B-Application
practitioners	O
also	O
promote	O
stringent	O
,	O
independent	O
code	O
analysis	O
during	O
a	O
software	O
project	O
's	O
development	O
,	O
they	O
focus	O
on	O
in-depth	O
review	O
by	O
a	O
few	O
and	O
not	O
primarily	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
"	O
eyeballs	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
persistence	O
of	O
the	O
Heartbleed	B-Error_Name
security	O
bug	B-Error_Name
in	O
a	O
critical	O
piece	O
of	O
code	O
for	O
two	O
years	O
has	O
been	O
considered	O
as	O
a	O
refutation	O
of	O
Raymond	O
's	O
dictum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Larry	O
Seltzer	O
suspects	O
that	O
the	O
availability	O
of	O
source	O
code	O
may	O
cause	O
some	O
developers	B-Application
and	O
researchers	O
to	O
perform	O
less	O
extensive	O
tests	O
than	O
they	O
would	O
with	O
closed	B-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
making	O
it	O
easier	O
for	O
bugs	B-Error_Name
to	O
remain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
,	O
the	B-Operating_System
Linux	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
's	O
executive	O
director	O
Jim	B-Operating_System
Zemlin	I-Operating_System
argued	O
that	O
the	O
complexity	O
of	O
modern	O
software	O
has	O
increased	O
to	O
such	O
levels	O
that	O
specific	O
resource	O
allocation	O
is	O
desirable	O
to	O
improve	O
its	O
security	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Regarding	O
some	O
of	O
2014	O
's	O
largest	O
global	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
software	O
vulnerabilities	O
,	O
he	O
says	O
,	O
"	O
In	O
these	O
cases	O
,	O
the	O
eyeballs	O
were	O
n't	O
really	O
looking	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Empirical	O
support	O
of	O
the	O
validity	O
of	O
Linus	B-Application
's	I-Application
law	I-Application
was	O
obtained	O
by	O
comparing	O
popular	O
and	O
unpopular	O
projects	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
organization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Popular	O
projects	O
are	O
projects	O
with	O
the	O
top	O
5%	O
of	O
GitHub	B-Application
stars	O
(	O
7,481	O
stars	O
or	O
more	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bug	B-Error_Name
identification	O
was	O
measured	O
using	O
the	O
corrective	O
commit	O
probability	O
,	O
the	O
ratio	O
of	O
commits	O
determined	O
to	O
be	O
related	O
to	O
fixing	O
bugs	B-Error_Name
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
analysis	O
showed	O
that	O
popular	O
projects	O
had	O
a	O
higher	O
ratio	O
of	O
bug	B-Error_Name
fixes	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
Google	O
's	O
popular	O
projects	O
had	O
a	O
27%	O
higher	O
bug	B-Error_Name
fix	O
rate	O
than	O
Google	O
's	O
less	O
popular	O
projects	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
it	O
is	O
unlikely	O
that	O
Google	O
lowered	O
its	O
code	O
quality	O
standards	O
in	O
more	O
popular	O
projects	O
,	O
this	O
is	O
an	O
indication	O
of	O
increased	O
bug	B-Error_Name
detection	O
efficiency	O
in	O
popular	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
