<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
(	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
business	O
and	O
employment-focused	O
social	O
media	O
platform	O
that	O
works	O
through	O
websites	O
and	O
mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
has	O
more	O
than	O
900	O
million	O
registered	O
members	O
from	O
over	O
200	O
countries	O
and	O
territories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
allows	O
members	O
(	O
both	O
workers	O
and	O
employers	O
)	O
to	O
create	O
profiles	O
and	O
connect	O
with	O
each	O
other	O
in	O
an	O
online	O
social	O
network	O
which	O
may	O
represent	O
real-world	O
professional	O
relationships	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
organize	O
offline	O
events	O
,	O
join	O
groups	O
,	O
write	O
articles	O
,	O
publish	O
job	O
postings	O
,	O
post	O
photos	O
and	O
videos	O
,	O
and	O
more	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Founded	O
in	O
Mountain	O
View	O
,	O
California	O
,	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
is	O
currently	O
headquartered	O
in	O
Sunnyvale	O
,	O
California	O
,	O
with	O
33	O
global	O
offices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
's	O
CEO	O
is	O
Ryan	O
Roslansky	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jeff	O
Weiner	O
,	O
previously	O
CEO	O
of	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
,	O
is	O
now	O
the	O
Executive	O
Chairman	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Reid	O
Hoffman	O
,	O
founder	O
of	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
,	O
is	O
chairman	O
of	O
the	O
board	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
reached	O
profitability	O
in	O
March	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
a	O
2016	O
The	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
article	O
,	O
US	O
high	O
school	O
students	O
were	O
creating	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
profiles	O
to	O
include	O
with	O
their	O
college	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
filed	O
for	O
an	O
initial	O
public	O
offering	O
in	O
January	O
2011	O
and	O
traded	O
its	O
first	O
shares	O
in	O
May	O
,	O
under	O
the	O
NYSE	O
symbol	O
"	O
LNKD	B-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2004	O
,	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
reached	O
1	O
million	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2006	O
,	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
achieved	O
its	O
first	O
month	O
of	O
profitability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2007	O
,	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
reached	O
10	O
million	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2008	O
,	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
launched	O
a	O
mobile	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
site	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2009	O
,	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
opened	O
its	O
office	O
in	O
Mumbai	O
and	O
soon	O
thereafter	O
in	O
Sydney	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
started	O
its	O
Asia-Pacific	O
team	O
expansion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
opened	O
an	O
International	O
Headquarters	O
in	O
Dublin	O
,	O
Ireland	O
,	O
received	O
a	O
$20	O
million	O
investment	O
from	O
Tiger	O
Global	O
Management	O
LLC	O
at	O
a	O
valuation	O
of	O
approximately	O
$2billion	O
,	O
announced	O
its	O
first	O
acquisition	O
,	O
Mspoke	O
,	O
and	O
improved	O
its	O
1%	O
premium	O
subscription	O
ratio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
started	O
its	O
India	O
operations	O
in	O
2009	O
and	O
a	O
major	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
year	O
was	O
dedicated	O
to	O
understanding	O
professionals	O
in	O
India	O
and	O
educating	O
members	O
to	O
leverage	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
for	O
career	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
filed	O
for	O
an	O
initial	O
public	O
offering	O
in	O
January	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
traded	O
its	O
first	O
shares	O
on	O
May	O
19	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
under	O
the	O
NYSE	O
symbol	O
"	O
LNKD	B-Application
"	O
,	O
at	O
$45	O
per	O
share	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shares	O
of	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
rose	O
as	O
much	O
as	O
171%	O
on	O
their	O
first	O
day	O
of	O
trade	O
on	O
the	O
New	O
York	O
Stock	O
Exchange	O
and	O
closed	O
at	O
$94.25	O
,	O
more	O
than	O
109%	O
above	O
IPO	O
price	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
earned	O
$154.6	O
million	O
in	O
advertising	O
revenue	O
alone	O
,	O
surpassing	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
which	O
earned	O
$139.5	O
million	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
's	O
fourth-quarter	O
2011	O
,	O
earnings	O
soared	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
increase	O
in	O
success	O
in	O
the	O
social	O
media	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
this	O
point	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
had	O
about	O
2,100	O
full-time	O
employees	O
compared	O
to	O
the	O
500	O
that	O
it	O
had	O
in	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2014	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
it	O
had	O
leased	O
222	O
Second	O
Street	O
,	O
a	O
26-story	O
building	O
under	O
construction	O
in	O
San	O
Francisco	O
's	O
SoMa	O
district	O
,	O
to	O
accommodate	O
up	O
to	O
2,500	O
of	O
its	O
employees	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
lease	O
covering	O
10	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2016	O
following	O
an	O
earnings	O
report	O
,	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
's	O
shares	O
dropped	O
43.6	O
%	O
within	O
a	O
single	O
day	O
,	O
down	O
to	O
$108.38	O
per	O
share	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
lost	O
$10	O
billion	O
of	O
its	O
market	O
capitalization	O
that	O
day	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
access	O
to	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
was	O
blocked	O
by	O
Russian	O
authorities	O
for	O
non-compliance	O
with	O
the	O
2015	O
national	O
legislation	O
that	O
requires	O
social	O
media	O
networks	O
to	O
store	O
citizens	O
 '	O
personal	O
data	O
on	O
servers	O
located	O
in	O
Russia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2016	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
acquire	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
for	O
$196	O
a	O
share	O
,	O
a	O
total	O
value	O
of	O
$26.2	O
billion	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
second	O
largest	O
acquisition	O
made	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
to	O
date	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
would	O
allow	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
to	O
"	O
retain	O
its	O
distinct	O
brand	O
,	O
culture	O
and	O
independence	O
"	O
,	O
with	O
Weiner	O
to	O
remain	O
as	O
CEO	O
,	O
who	O
would	O
then	O
report	O
to	O
Microsoft	O
CEO	O
Satya	O
Nadella	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Analysts	O
believed	O
Microsoft	O
saw	O
the	O
opportunity	O
to	O
integrate	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
with	O
its	O
Office	B-Application
product	I-Application
suite	I-Application
to	O
help	O
better	O
integrate	O
the	O
professional	O
network	O
system	O
with	O
its	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
2016	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
announced	O
a	O
planned	O
increase	O
of	O
200	O
new	O
positions	O
in	O
its	O
Dublin	O
office	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
bring	O
the	O
total	O
employee	O
count	O
to	O
1,200	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2017	O
94%	O
of	O
B2B	O
marketers	O
use	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
to	O
distribute	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Soon	O
after	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
's	O
acquisition	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
's	O
new	O
desktop	O
version	O
was	O
introduced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
changes	O
were	O
made	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
feedback	O
received	O
from	O
the	O
previously	O
launched	O
mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
the	O
launch	O
of	O
the	O
new	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
UI	O
)	O
,	O
some	O
users	O
complained	O
about	O
the	O
missing	O
features	O
which	O
were	O
there	O
in	O
the	O
older	O
version	O
,	O
slowness	O
,	O
and	O
bugs	O
in	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
launched	O
globally	O
the	O
feature	O
Open	O
for	O
Business	O
that	O
enables	O
freelancers	O
to	O
be	O
discovered	O
on	O
the	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
Events	O
was	O
launched	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
July	O
2020	O
,	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
announced	O
it	O
laid	O
off	O
960	O
employees	O
,	O
about	O
6	O
percent	O
of	O
total	O
workforce	O
,	O
from	O
the	O
talent	O
acquisition	O
and	O
global	O
sales	O
teams	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2021	O
CyberNews	O
claimed	O
that	O
500	O
million	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
's	O
accounts	O
have	O
leaked	O
online	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
stated	O
that	O
"	O
We	O
have	O
investigated	O
an	O
alleged	O
set	O
of	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
data	O
that	O
has	O
been	O
posted	O
for	O
sale	O
and	O
have	O
determined	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
actually	O
an	O
aggregation	O
of	O
data	O
from	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
websites	O
and	O
companies	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2021	O
PrivacySharks	O
claimed	O
that	O
more	O
than	O
700	O
million	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
records	O
was	O
on	O
sale	O
on	O
a	O
hacker	O
forum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
later	O
stated	O
that	O
this	O
is	O
not	O
a	O
breach	O
,	O
but	O
scraped	O
data	O
which	O
is	O
also	O
a	O
violation	O
of	O
their	O
Terms	O
of	O
Service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
ended	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
operations	O
in	O
China	O
in	O
October	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2012	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
acquired	O
15	O
key	O
Digg	B-Application
patents	O
for	O
$4	O
million	O
including	O
a	O
"	O
click	O
a	O
button	O
to	O
vote	O
up	O
a	O
story	O
"	O
patent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1	O
mspoke	O
Adaptive	O
personalization	O
of	O
content	O
$0.6	O
million	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
Recommendations	O
2	O
ChoiceVendor	O
Social	O
B2B	O
Reviews	O
$3.9	O
million	O
Rate	O
and	O
review	O
B2B	O
service	O
providers	O
3	O
CardMunch	O
Social	O
Contacts	O
$1.7	O
million	O
Scan	O
and	O
import	O
business	O
cards	O
4	O
Connected	O
Social	O
CRM	O
-	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
Connected	O
5	O
IndexTank	O
Social	O
search	O
-	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
Search	O
6	O
Rapportive	O
Social	O
Contacts	O
$15	O
million	O
-	O
7	O
SlideShare	O
Social	O
Content	O
$119	O
million	O
Give	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
members	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
discover	O
people	O
through	O
content	O
8	O
Pulse	B-Application
Web	O
/	O
Mobile	O
newsreader	O
$90	O
million	O
Definitive	O
professional	O
publishing	O
platform	O
9	O
Bright.com	O
Job	O
Matching	O
$120	O
million	O
10	O
Newsle	O
Web	O
application	O
-	O
Allows	O
users	O
to	O
follow	O
real	O
news	O
about	O
their	O
Facebook	O
friends	O
,	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
contacts	O
,	O
and	O
public	O
figures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
a	O
class	O
action	O
lawsuit	O
entitled	O
Perkins	O
vs.	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
Corp	I-Application
was	O
filed	O
against	O
the	O
company	O
,	O
accusing	O
it	O
of	O
automatically	O
sending	O
invitations	O
to	O
contacts	O
in	O
a	O
member	O
's	O
email	O
address	O
book	O
without	O
permission	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
court	O
agreed	O
with	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
that	O
permission	O
had	O
in	O
fact	O
been	O
given	O
for	O
invitations	O
to	O
be	O
sent	O
,	O
but	O
not	O
for	O
the	O
two	O
further	O
reminder	O
emails	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
settled	O
the	O
lawsuit	O
in	O
2015	O
for	O
$13	O
million	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2017	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
sent	O
a	O
Cease-And-Desist	O
letter	O
to	O
hiQ	O
Labs	O
,	O
a	O
Silicon	O
Valley	O
startup	O
that	O
collects	O
data	O
from	O
public	O
profiles	O
and	O
provides	O
analysis	O
of	O
this	O
data	O
to	O
its	O
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
letter	O
demanded	O
that	O
hiQ	O
immediately	O
cease	O
"	O
scraping	O
"	O
data	O
from	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
's	O
servers	O
,	O
claiming	O
violations	O
of	O
the	O
CFAA	O
(	O
Computer	O
Fraud	O
and	O
Abuse	O
Act	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
DMCA	O
(	O
Digital	O
Millennium	O
Copyright	O
Act	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
hiQ	O
sued	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
in	O
the	O
Northern	O
District	O
of	O
California	O
in	O
San	O
Francisco	O
,	O
asking	O
the	O
court	O
to	O
prohibit	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
from	O
blocking	O
its	O
access	O
to	O
public	O
profiles	O
while	O
the	O
court	O
considered	O
the	O
merits	O
of	O
its	O
request	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
court	O
served	O
a	O
preliminary	O
injunction	O
against	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
,	O
which	O
was	O
then	O
forced	O
to	O
allow	O
hiQ	O
to	O
continue	O
to	O
collect	O
public	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
appealed	O
this	O
ruling	O
;	O
in	O
September	O
2019	O
,	O
the	O
appeals	O
court	O
rejected	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
's	O
arguments	O
and	O
the	O
preliminary	O
injunction	O
was	O
upheld	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2015	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
had	O
more	O
than	O
400	O
million	O
members	O
in	O
over	O
200	O
countries	O
and	O
territories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
's	O
membership	O
grew	O
to	O
over	O
690	O
million	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
members	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
September	O
2021	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
has	O
774+	O
million	O
registered	O
members	O
from	O
over	O
200	O
countries	O
and	O
territories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
basic	O
functionality	O
of	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
allows	O
users	O
to	O
create	O
profiles	O
,	O
which	O
for	O
employees	O
typically	O
consist	O
of	O
a	O
curriculum	O
vitae	O
describing	O
their	O
work	O
experience	O
,	O
education	O
and	O
training	O
,	O
skills	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
personal	O
photo	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
participated	O
in	O
the	O
EU	O
's	O
International	O
Safe	O
Harbor	O
Privacy	O
Principles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
can	O
share	O
video	O
with	O
text	O
and	O
filters	O
with	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
Video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
can	O
write	O
posts	O
and	O
articles	O
within	O
the	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
platform	O
to	O
share	O
with	O
their	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
September	O
2012	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
has	O
enabled	O
users	O
to	O
"	O
endorse	O
"	O
each	O
other	O
's	O
skills	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
solicits	O
endorsements	O
using	O
algorithms	O
that	O
generate	O
skills	O
members	O
might	O
have	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
'	O
applications	O
 '	O
often	O
refer	O
to	O
external	O
third-party	O
applications	O
that	O
interact	O
with	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
's	O
developer	O
API	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2015	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
released	O
an	O
updated	O
terms	O
of	O
use	O
for	O
their	O
developer	O
API	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
developer	O
API	O
allows	O
both	O
companies	O
and	O
individuals	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
's	O
data	O
through	O
creation	O
of	O
managed	O
third-party	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Normal	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
API	O
is	O
outlined	O
in	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
's	O
developer	O
documents	O
,	O
including	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2008	O
,	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
enabled	O
an	O
"	O
applications	O
platform	O
"	O
which	O
allows	O
external	O
online	O
services	O
to	O
be	O
embedded	O
within	O
a	O
member	O
's	O
profile	O
page	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
the	O
initial	O
applications	O
were	O
an	O
Amazon	B-Application
Reading	O
List	O
that	O
allows	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
members	O
to	O
display	O
books	O
they	O
are	O
reading	O
,	O
a	O
connection	O
to	O
Tripit	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
Six	B-Protocol
Apart	I-Protocol
,	O
WordPress	B-Application
and	O
TypePad	B-Protocol
application	O
that	O
allows	O
members	O
to	O
display	O
their	O
latest	O
blog	O
postings	O
within	O
their	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
profile	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2010	O
,	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
allowed	O
businesses	O
to	O
list	O
products	O
and	O
services	O
on	O
company	O
profile	O
pages	O
;	O
it	O
also	O
permitted	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
members	O
to	O
"	O
recommend	O
"	O
products	O
and	O
services	O
and	O
write	O
reviews	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shortly	O
after	O
,	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
external	O
services	O
were	O
no	O
longer	O
supported	O
,	O
including	O
Amazon	B-Application
's	O
Reading	O
List	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2011	O
,	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
acquired	O
CardMunch	O
,	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
maker	O
that	O
scans	O
business	O
cards	O
and	O
converts	O
into	O
contacts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2013	O
,	O
CardMunch	O
was	O
noted	O
as	O
an	O
available	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
app	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2013	O
,	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
announced	O
a	O
service	O
for	O
iPhone	O
users	O
called	O
"	O
Intro	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
inserts	O
a	O
thumbnail	O
of	O
a	O
person	O
's	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
profile	O
in	O
correspondence	O
with	O
that	O
person	O
when	O
reading	O
mail	O
messages	O
in	O
the	O
native	O
iOS	O
Mail	B-Operating_System
program	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
accomplished	O
by	O
re-routing	O
all	O
emails	O
from	O
and	O
to	O
the	O
iPhone	O
through	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
servers	O
,	O
which	O
security	O
firm	O
Bishop	O
Fox	O
asserts	O
has	O
serious	O
privacy	O
implications	O
,	O
violates	O
many	O
organizations	O
 '	O
security	O
policies	O
,	O
and	O
resembles	O
a	O
man-in-the-middle	O
attack	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
also	O
supports	O
daily	O
the	O
formation	O
of	O
interest	O
groups	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
has	O
devised	O
a	O
few	O
mechanisms	O
to	O
reduce	O
the	O
volume	O
of	O
spam	O
,	O
but	O
recently	O
took	O
the	O
decision	O
to	O
remove	O
the	O
ability	O
of	O
group	O
owners	O
to	O
inspect	O
the	O
email	O
address	O
of	O
new	O
members	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
determine	O
if	O
they	O
were	O
spammers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2011	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
they	O
are	O
rolling	O
out	O
polls	O
to	O
groups	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2013	O
,	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
announced	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
Showcase	O
Pages	O
to	O
the	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
announced	O
they	O
were	O
going	O
to	O
be	O
removing	O
Product	O
and	O
Services	O
Pages	O
paving	O
the	O
way	O
for	O
a	O
greater	O
focus	O
on	O
Showcase	O
Pages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
maintains	O
an	O
internal	O
knowledge	O
graph	O
of	O
entities	O
(	O
people	O
,	O
organizations	O
,	O
groups	O
)	O
that	O
helps	O
it	O
connect	O
everyone	O
working	O
in	O
a	O
field	O
or	O
at	O
an	O
organization	O
or	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2013	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
dropped	O
support	O
for	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
Answers	I-Application
and	O
cited	O
a	O
new	O
'	O
focus	O
on	O
development	O
of	O
new	O
and	O
more	O
engaging	O
ways	O
to	O
share	O
and	O
discuss	O
professional	O
topics	O
across	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
 '	O
as	O
the	O
reason	O
for	O
the	O
retirement	O
of	O
the	O
feature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
retired	O
InMaps	O
,	O
a	O
feature	O
which	O
allowed	O
you	O
to	O
visualize	O
your	O
professional	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
website	O
,	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
Referrals	O
will	O
no	O
longer	O
be	O
available	O
after	O
May	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2021	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
discontinued	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
stories	O
,	O
a	O
feature	O
that	O
was	O
rolled	O
out	O
worldwide	O
in	O
October	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
is	O
particularly	O
well-suited	O
for	O
personal	O
branding	O
which	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
Sandra	O
Long	O
,	O
entails	O
"	O
actively	O
managing	O
one	O
's	O
image	O
and	O
unique	O
value	O
"	O
to	O
position	O
oneself	O
for	O
career	O
opportunities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
has	O
evolved	O
from	O
being	O
a	O
mere	O
platform	O
for	O
job	O
searchers	O
into	O
a	O
social	O
network	O
which	O
allows	O
users	O
a	O
chance	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
personal	O
brand	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Career	O
coach	O
Pamela	O
Green	O
describes	O
a	O
personal	O
brand	O
as	O
the	O
"	O
emotional	O
experience	O
you	O
want	O
people	O
to	O
have	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
interacting	O
with	O
you	O
,	O
"	O
and	O
a	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
profile	O
is	O
an	O
aspect	O
of	O
that	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
contrasting	O
report	O
suggests	O
that	O
a	O
personal	O
brand	O
is	O
"	O
a	O
public-facing	O
persona	O
,	O
exhibited	O
on	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
and	O
other	O
networks	O
,	O
that	O
showcases	O
expertise	O
and	O
fosters	O
new	O
connections.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
allows	O
professionals	O
to	O
build	O
exposure	O
for	O
their	O
personal	O
brand	O
within	O
the	O
site	O
itself	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
in	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
as	O
a	O
whole	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
a	O
tool	O
that	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
dubs	O
a	O
Profile	O
Strength	O
Meter	O
,	O
the	O
site	O
encourages	O
users	O
to	O
offer	O
enough	O
information	O
in	O
their	O
profile	O
to	O
optimize	O
visibility	O
by	O
search	O
engines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
strengthen	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
presence	O
if	O
he	O
or	O
she	O
belongs	O
to	O
professional	O
groups	O
in	O
the	O
site	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
's	O
capabilities	O
have	O
been	O
expanding	O
so	O
rapidly	O
that	O
a	O
cottage	O
industry	O
of	O
outside	O
consultants	O
has	O
grown	O
up	O
to	O
help	O
users	O
navigate	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
particular	O
emphasis	O
is	O
helping	O
users	O
with	O
their	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
profiles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2012	O
,	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
launched	O
the	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
Influencers	O
program	O
,	O
which	O
features	O
global	O
thought	O
leaders	O
who	O
share	O
their	O
professional	O
insights	O
with	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
's	O
members	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
is	O
widely	O
used	O
by	O
job	O
seekers	O
and	O
employers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Australia	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
approximately	O
twelve	O
million	O
working	O
professionals	O
,	O
ten	O
million	O
of	O
them	O
are	O
on	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
,	O
according	O
to	O
Anastasia	O
Santoreneos	O
,	O
suggesting	O
that	O
the	O
probability	O
was	O
high	O
that	O
one	O
's	O
"	O
future	O
employer	O
is	O
probably	O
on	O
the	O
site.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
one	O
estimate	O
based	O
on	O
worldwide	O
figures	O
,	O
122	O
million	O
users	O
got	O
job	O
interviews	O
via	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
and	O
35	O
million	O
were	O
hired	O
by	O
a	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
online	O
connection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
also	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
research	O
companies	O
,	O
non-profit	O
organizations	O
,	O
and	O
governments	O
they	O
may	O
be	O
interested	O
in	O
working	O
for	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2011	O
,	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
launched	O
a	O
new	O
feature	O
allowing	O
companies	O
to	O
include	O
an	O
"	O
Apply	O
with	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
"	O
button	O
on	O
job	O
listing	O
pages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
plugin	O
allowed	O
potential	O
employees	O
to	O
apply	O
for	O
positions	O
using	O
their	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
profiles	O
as	O
resumes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
can	O
help	O
small	O
businesses	O
connect	O
with	O
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
forms	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
internal	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
network	O
,	O
making	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
profile	O
more	O
likely	O
to	O
appear	O
in	O
searches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
's	O
Profinder	O
is	O
a	O
marketplace	O
where	O
freelancers	O
can	O
(	O
for	O
a	O
monthly	O
subscription	O
fee	O
)	O
bid	O
for	O
project	O
proposals	O
submitted	O
by	O
individuals	O
and	O
small	O
businesses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
the	O
2017	O
new	O
interface	O
being	O
launched	O
,	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
encouraged	O
connections	O
between	O
people	O
who	O
'd	O
already	O
worked	O
together	O
,	O
studied	O
together	O
,	O
done	O
business	O
together	O
or	O
the	O
like	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
change	O
means	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
is	O
a	O
more	O
proactive	O
networking	O
site	O
,	O
be	O
that	O
for	O
job	O
applicants	O
trying	O
to	O
secure	O
a	O
career	O
move	O
or	O
for	O
salespeople	O
wanting	O
to	O
generate	O
new	O
client	O
leads	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
Top	O
Companies	O
is	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
lists	O
published	O
by	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
,	O
identifying	O
companies	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
Australia	O
,	O
Brazil	O
,	O
Canada	O
,	O
China	O
,	O
France	O
,	O
Germany	O
,	O
India	O
,	O
Japan	O
,	O
Mexico	O
and	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
that	O
are	O
attracting	O
the	O
most	O
intense	O
interest	O
from	O
job	O
candidates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2019	O
lists	O
identified	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
parent	O
company	O
,	O
Alphabet	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
most	O
sought-after	O
U.S.	O
company	O
,	O
with	O
Facebook	O
ranked	O
second	O
and	O
Amazon	B-Application
ranked	O
third	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
lists	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
billion	O
actions	O
by	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
members	O
worldwide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2021	O
top	O
list	O
identified	O
Amazon	B-Application
as	O
the	O
top	O
company	O
with	O
Alphabet	O
ranked	O
second	O
and	O
JPMorgan	O
&	O
Chase	O
Co	O
.	O
ranked	O
third	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2015	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
has	O
published	O
annual	O
rankings	O
of	O
Top	O
Voices	O
on	O
the	O
platform	O
,	O
recognizing	O
"	O
members	O
that	O
generated	O
the	O
most	O
engagement	O
and	O
interaction	O
with	O
their	O
posts.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
also	O
publishes	O
data-driven	O
annual	O
rankings	O
of	O
the	O
Top	O
Startups	O
in	O
more	O
than	O
a	O
dozen	O
countries	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
"	O
employment	O
growth	O
,	O
job	O
interest	O
from	O
potential	O
candidates	O
,	O
engagement	O
,	O
and	O
attraction	O
of	O
top	O
talent.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2008	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
launched	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
DirectAds	O
as	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
sponsored	O
advertising	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2008	O
,	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
revealed	O
plans	O
to	O
open	O
its	O
social	O
network	O
of	O
30	O
million	O
professionals	O
globally	O
as	O
a	O
potential	O
sample	O
for	O
business-to-business	O
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
July	O
23	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
announced	O
their	O
Sponsored	O
Updates	O
ad	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Individuals	O
and	O
companies	O
can	O
now	O
pay	O
a	O
fee	O
to	O
have	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
sponsor	O
their	O
content	O
and	O
spread	O
it	O
to	O
their	O
user	O
base	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
a	O
common	O
way	O
for	O
social	O
media	O
sites	O
such	O
as	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
to	O
generate	O
revenue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
today	O
announced	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
Business	O
Manager	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
,	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
added	O
an	O
analytics	O
tool	O
to	O
its	O
publishing	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inspired	O
by	O
Facebook	O
's	O
"	O
social	O
graph	O
"	O
,	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
CEO	O
Jeff	O
Weiner	O
set	O
a	O
goal	O
in	O
2012	O
to	O
create	O
an	O
"	O
economic	O
graph	O
"	O
within	O
a	O
decade	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
has	O
used	O
economic	O
graph	O
data	O
to	O
research	O
several	O
topics	O
on	O
the	O
job	O
market	O
,	O
including	O
popular	O
destination	O
cities	O
of	O
recent	O
college	O
graduates	O
,	O
areas	O
with	O
high	O
concentrations	O
of	O
technology	O
skills	O
,	O
and	O
common	O
career	O
transitions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
provided	O
the	O
City	O
of	O
New	O
York	O
with	O
data	O
from	O
economic	O
graph	O
showing	O
"	O
in-demand	O
"	O
tech	O
skills	O
for	O
the	O
city	O
's	O
"	O
Tech	O
Talent	O
Pipeline	O
"	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
has	O
been	O
described	O
by	O
online	O
trade	O
publication	O
TechRepublic	O
as	O
having	O
"	O
become	O
the	O
de	O
facto	O
tool	O
for	O
professional	O
networking	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
has	O
also	O
been	O
praised	O
for	O
its	O
usefulness	O
in	O
fostering	O
business	O
relationships	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
is	O
,	O
far	O
and	O
away	O
,	O
the	O
most	O
advantageous	O
social	O
networking	O
tool	O
available	O
to	O
job	O
seekers	O
and	O
business	O
professionals	O
today	O
,	O
"	O
according	O
to	O
Forbes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
has	O
inspired	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
specialised	O
professional	O
networking	O
opportunities	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
co-founder	O
Eddie	O
Lou	O
's	O
Chicago	O
startup	O
,	O
Shiftgig	B-Application
(	O
released	O
in	O
2012	O
as	O
a	O
platform	O
for	O
hourly	O
workers	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
feature	O
that	O
allows	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
members	O
to	O
"	O
endorse	O
"	O
each	O
other	O
's	O
skills	O
and	O
experience	O
has	O
been	O
criticized	O
as	O
meaningless	O
,	O
since	O
the	O
endorsements	O
are	O
not	O
necessarily	O
accurate	O
or	O
given	O
by	O
people	O
who	O
have	O
familiarity	O
with	O
the	O
member	O
's	O
skills	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2016	O
,	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
acknowledged	O
that	O
it	O
"	O
really	O
does	O
matter	O
who	O
endorsed	O
you	O
"	O
and	O
began	O
highlighting	O
endorsements	O
from	O
"	O
coworkers	O
and	O
other	O
mutual	O
connections	O
"	O
to	O
address	O
the	O
criticism	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
sends	O
"	O
invite	O
emails	O
"	O
to	O
Outlook	O
contacts	O
from	O
its	O
members	O
 '	O
email	O
accounts	O
,	O
without	O
obtaining	O
their	O
consent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
was	O
sued	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
on	O
charges	O
of	O
hijacking	O
e-mail	O
accounts	O
and	O
spamming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
will	O
then	O
offer	O
to	O
send	O
out	O
contact	O
invitations	O
to	O
all	O
members	O
in	O
that	O
address	O
book	O
or	O
that	O
the	O
user	O
has	O
had	O
email	O
conversations	O
with	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
was	O
sued	O
for	O
sending	O
out	O
another	O
two	O
follow-up	O
invitations	O
to	O
each	O
contact	O
from	O
members	O
to	O
link	O
to	O
friends	O
who	O
had	O
ignored	O
the	O
initial	O
,	O
authorized	O
invitation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2014	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
lost	O
a	O
motion	O
to	O
dismiss	O
the	O
lawsuit	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
ruling	O
that	O
the	O
invitations	O
were	O
advertisements	O
not	O
broadly	O
protected	O
by	O
free	O
speech	O
rights	O
that	O
would	O
otherwise	O
permit	O
use	O
of	O
people	O
's	O
names	O
and	O
images	O
without	O
authorization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
lawsuit	O
was	O
eventually	O
settled	O
in	O
2015	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
members	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2013	O
it	O
was	O
announced	O
that	O
the	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
app	O
intercepted	O
users	O
 '	O
emails	O
and	O
quietly	O
moved	O
them	O
to	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
servers	O
for	O
full	O
access	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
used	O
man-in-the-middle	O
attacks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2012	O
cryptographic	B-Algorithm
hashes	I-Algorithm
of	O
approximately	O
6.4	O
million	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
user	O
passwords	O
were	O
stolen	O
by	O
Yevgeniy	O
Nikulin	O
and	O
other	O
hackers	O
who	O
then	O
published	O
the	O
stolen	O
hashes	B-Algorithm
online	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
action	O
is	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
2012	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
hack	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
to	O
the	O
incident	O
,	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
asked	O
its	O
users	O
to	O
change	O
their	O
passwords	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Security	O
experts	O
criticized	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
for	O
not	O
salting	O
their	O
password	O
file	O
and	O
for	O
using	O
a	O
single	O
iteration	O
of	O
SHA-1	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
May	O
31	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
added	O
two-factor	O
authentication	O
,	O
an	O
important	O
security	O
enhancement	O
for	O
preventing	O
hackers	O
from	O
gaining	O
access	O
to	O
accounts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2016	O
,	O
117	O
million	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
usernames	O
and	O
passwords	O
were	O
offered	O
for	O
sale	O
online	O
for	O
the	O
equivalent	O
of	O
$	O
2,200	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
account	O
details	O
are	O
believed	O
to	O
be	O
sourced	O
from	O
the	O
original	O
2012	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
hack	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
user	O
IDs	O
stolen	O
had	O
been	O
underestimated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
handle	O
the	O
large	O
volume	O
of	O
emails	O
sent	O
to	O
its	O
users	O
every	O
day	O
with	O
notifications	O
for	O
messages	O
,	O
profile	O
views	O
,	O
important	O
happenings	O
in	O
their	O
network	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
things	O
,	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
uses	O
the	O
Momentum	O
email	O
platform	O
from	O
Message	O
Systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2018	O
Credit	O
Wise	O
reported	O
"	O
dark	O
web	O
"	O
email	O
and	O
password	O
exposures	O
from	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
asserts	O
that	O
this	O
is	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
2012	O
breach	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
evidence	O
that	O
this	O
is	O
the	O
case	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
asserted	O
that	O
the	O
data	O
was	O
aggregated	O
via	O
web	B-Application
scraping	I-Application
from	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
as	O
well	O
as	O
several	O
other	O
sites	O
,	O
and	O
noted	O
that	O
"	O
only	O
information	O
that	O
people	O
listed	O
publicly	O
in	O
their	O
profiles	O
"	O
was	O
included	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
what	O
is	O
known	O
as	O
Operation	O
Socialist	O
,	O
documents	O
released	O
by	O
Edward	O
Snowden	O
in	O
the	O
2013	O
global	O
surveillance	O
disclosures	O
revealed	O
that	O
British	O
Government	O
Communications	O
Headquarters	O
(	O
GCHQ	O
)	O
(	O
an	O
intelligence	O
and	O
security	O
organisation	O
)	O
infiltrated	O
the	O
Belgian	O
telecommunications	O
network	O
Belgacom	O
by	O
luring	O
employees	O
to	O
a	O
false	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
page	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
Dell	O
SecureWorks	O
Counter	O
Threat	O
Unit	O
(	O
CTU	O
)	O
discovered	O
that	O
Threat	O
Group-2889	O
,	O
an	O
Iran-based	O
group	O
,	O
created	O
25	O
fake	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
accounts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
reporting	O
by	O
Le	O
Figaro	O
,	O
France	O
's	O
General	O
Directorate	O
for	O
Internal	O
Security	O
and	O
Directorate-General	O
for	O
External	O
Security	O
believe	O
that	O
Chinese	O
spies	O
have	O
used	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
to	O
target	O
thousands	O
of	O
business	O
and	O
government	O
officials	O
as	O
potential	O
sources	O
of	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
Germany	O
's	O
Federal	O
Office	O
for	O
the	O
Protection	O
of	O
the	O
Constitution	O
(	O
BfV	O
)	O
published	O
information	O
alleging	O
that	O
Chinese	O
intelligence	O
services	O
had	O
created	O
fake	O
social	O
media	O
profiles	O
on	O
sites	O
such	O
as	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
,	O
using	O
them	O
to	O
gather	O
information	O
on	O
German	O
politicians	O
and	O
government	O
officials	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
has	O
come	O
under	O
scrutiny	O
for	O
its	O
handling	O
of	O
misinformation	O
and	O
disinformation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
German	O
Stiftung	O
Warentest	O
has	O
criticized	O
that	O
the	O
balance	O
of	O
rights	O
between	O
users	O
and	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
is	O
disproportionate	O
,	O
restricting	O
users	O
 '	O
rights	O
excessively	O
while	O
granting	O
the	O
company	O
far-reaching	O
rights	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
claimed	O
that	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
does	O
not	O
respond	O
to	O
consumer	O
protection	O
center	O
requests	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
Social	O
Science	O
Computer	O
Review	O
published	O
research	O
by	O
economists	O
Ralf	O
Caers	O
and	O
Vanessa	O
Castelyns	O
who	O
sent	O
an	O
online	O
questionnaire	O
to	O
398	O
and	O
353	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
and	O
Facebook	O
users	O
respectively	O
in	O
Belgium	O
and	O
found	O
that	O
both	O
sites	O
had	O
become	O
tools	O
for	O
recruiting	O
job	O
applicants	O
for	O
professional	O
occupations	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
additional	O
information	O
about	O
applicants	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
being	O
used	O
by	O
recruiters	O
to	O
decide	O
which	O
applicants	O
would	O
receive	O
interviews	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2017	O
,	O
Research	O
Policy	O
published	O
an	O
analysis	O
of	O
PhD	O
holders	O
use	O
of	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
and	O
found	O
that	O
PhD	O
holders	O
who	O
move	O
into	O
industry	O
were	O
more	O
likely	O
to	O
have	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
accounts	O
and	O
to	O
have	O
larger	O
networks	O
of	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
connections	O
,	O
were	O
more	O
likely	O
to	O
use	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
if	O
they	O
had	O
co-authors	O
abroad	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
have	O
wider	O
networks	O
if	O
they	O
moved	O
abroad	O
after	O
obtaining	O
their	O
PhD	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
in	O
2017	O
sociologist	O
Ofer	O
Sharone	O
conducted	O
interviews	O
with	O
unemployed	O
workers	O
to	O
research	O
the	O
effects	O
of	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
and	O
Facebook	O
as	O
labor	O
market	O
intermediaries	O
and	O
found	O
that	O
social	O
networking	O
services	O
(	O
SNS	O
)	O
have	O
had	O
a	O
filtration	O
effect	O
that	O
has	O
little	O
to	O
do	O
with	O
evaluations	O
of	O
merit	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
the	O
SNS	O
filtration	O
effect	O
has	O
exerted	O
new	O
pressures	O
on	O
workers	O
to	O
manage	O
their	O
careers	O
to	O
conform	O
to	O
the	O
logic	O
of	O
the	O
SNS	O
filtration	O
effect	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2018	O
Foster	O
School	O
of	O
Business	O
professors	O
Melissa	O
Rhee	O
,	O
Elina	O
Hwang	O
,	O
and	O
Yong	O
Tan	O
performed	O
an	O
empirical	O
analysis	O
of	O
whether	O
the	O
common	O
professional	O
networking	O
tactic	O
by	O
job	O
seekers	O
of	O
creating	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
connections	O
with	O
professionals	O
who	O
work	O
at	O
a	O
target	O
company	O
or	O
in	O
a	O
target	O
field	O
is	O
actually	O
instrumental	O
in	O
obtaining	O
referrals	O
and	O
found	O
instead	O
that	O
job	O
seekers	O
were	O
less	O
likely	O
to	O
be	O
referred	O
by	O
employees	O
who	O
were	O
employed	O
by	O
the	O
target	O
company	O
or	O
in	O
the	O
target	O
field	O
due	O
to	O
job	O
similarity	O
and	O
self-protection	O
from	O
competition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2019	O
sociologists	O
Steve	O
McDonald	O
,	O
Amanda	O
K	O
.	O
Damarin	O
,	O
Jenelle	O
Lawhorne	O
,	O
and	O
Annika	O
Wilcox	O
performed	O
qualitative	O
interviews	O
with	O
61	O
human	O
resources	O
recruiters	O
in	O
two	O
metropolitan	O
areas	O
in	O
the	O
Southern	O
United	O
States	O
and	O
found	O
that	O
recruiters	O
filling	O
low	O
-	O
and	O
general-skilled	O
positions	O
typically	O
posted	O
advertisements	O
on	O
online	B-Application
job	I-Application
boards	I-Application
while	O
recruiters	O
filling	O
high-skilled	O
or	O
supervisor	O
positions	O
targeted	O
passive	O
candidates	O
on	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
employed	O
workers	O
not	O
actively	O
seeking	O
work	O
but	O
possibly	O
willing	O
to	O
change	O
positions	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
concluded	O
that	O
this	O
is	O
resulting	O
in	O
a	O
bifurcated	O
winner-takes-all	O
job	O
market	O
with	O
recruiters	O
focusing	O
their	O
efforts	O
on	O
poaching	O
already	O
employed	O
high-skilled	O
workers	O
while	O
active	O
job	O
seekers	O
are	O
relegated	O
to	O
hyper-competitive	O
online	B-Application
job	I-Application
boards	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
September	O
2019	O
working	O
paper	O
,	O
economists	O
Laurel	O
Wheeler	O
,	O
Robert	O
Garlick	O
,	O
and	O
RTI	O
International	O
scholars	O
Eric	O
Johnson	O
,	O
Patrick	O
Shaw	O
,	O
and	O
Marissa	O
Gargano	O
ran	O
a	O
randomized	O
evaluation	O
of	O
training	O
job	O
seekers	O
in	O
South	O
Africa	O
to	O
use	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
as	O
part	O
of	O
job	O
readiness	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
Applied	O
Economics	O
published	O
research	O
by	O
economists	O
Steffen	O
Brenner	O
,	O
Sezen	O
Aksin	O
Sivrikaya	O
,	O
and	O
Joachim	O
Schwalbach	O
using	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
demonstrating	O
that	O
high	O
status	O
individuals	O
self-select	O
into	O
professional	O
networking	O
services	O
rather	O
than	O
workers	O
unsatisfied	O
with	O
their	O
career	O
status	O
adversely	O
selecting	O
into	O
the	O
services	O
to	O
receive	O
networking	O
benefits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2009	O
,	O
Syrian	O
users	O
reported	O
that	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
server	O
stopped	O
accepting	O
connections	O
originating	O
from	O
IP	B-Protocol
addresses	I-Protocol
assigned	O
to	O
Syria	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2011	O
it	O
was	O
reported	O
that	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
was	O
being	O
blocked	O
in	O
China	O
after	O
calls	O
for	O
a	O
"	O
Jasmine	O
Revolution	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
speculated	O
to	O
have	O
been	O
blocked	O
because	O
it	O
is	O
an	O
easy	O
way	O
for	O
dissidents	O
to	O
access	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
which	O
had	O
been	O
blocked	O
previously	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
a	O
day	O
of	O
being	O
blocked	O
,	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
access	O
was	O
restored	O
in	O
China	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2014	O
,	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
launched	O
its	O
Simplified	O
Chinese	O
language	O
version	O
named	O
""	O
(	O
)	O
,	O
officially	O
extending	O
their	O
service	O
in	O
China	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
CEO	O
Jeff	O
Weiner	O
acknowledged	O
in	O
a	O
blog	O
post	O
that	O
they	O
would	O
have	O
to	O
censor	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
content	O
that	O
users	O
post	O
on	O
its	O
website	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
comply	O
with	O
Chinese	O
rules	O
,	O
but	O
he	O
also	O
said	O
the	O
benefits	O
of	O
providing	O
its	O
online	O
service	O
to	O
people	O
in	O
China	O
outweighed	O
those	O
concerns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
a	O
Moscow	O
court	O
ruled	O
that	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
must	O
be	O
blocked	O
in	O
Russia	O
for	O
violating	O
a	O
data	O
retention	O
law	O
which	O
requires	O
the	O
user	O
data	O
of	O
Russian	O
citizens	O
to	O
be	O
stored	O
on	O
servers	O
within	O
the	O
country	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
ban	O
was	O
upheld	O
on	O
November	O
10	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
and	O
all	O
Russian	O
ISPs	O
began	O
blocking	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
thereafter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LinkedIn	B-Application
's	O
mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
was	O
also	O
banned	O
from	O
Google	B-Application
Play	I-Application
Store	I-Application
and	O
iOS	B-Application
App	I-Application
Store	I-Application
in	O
Russia	O
in	O
January	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2021	O
after	O
reports	O
of	O
several	O
academicians	O
and	O
reporters	O
who	O
received	O
notifications	O
regarding	O
their	O
profiles	O
will	O
be	O
blocked	O
in	O
China	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
confirmed	O
that	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
will	O
be	O
shutting	O
down	O
in	O
China	O
and	O
replaced	O
with	O
InJobs	O
,	O
a	O
China	O
exclusive	O
app	O
,	O
citing	O
difficulties	O
in	O
operating	O
environments	O
and	O
increasing	O
compliance	O
requirements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2010	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
has	O
contributed	O
multiple	O
internal	O
technologies	O
,	O
tools	O
,	O
and	O
software	O
products	O
to	O
the	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
domain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Notable	O
among	O
these	O
projects	O
is	O
Apache	B-Language
Kafka	I-Language
,	O
which	O
was	O
built	O
and	O
open	O
sourced	O
at	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
in	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
team	O
behind	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
Kafka	B-Language
formed	O
a	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
spin-out	O
company	O
in	O
2014	O
named	O
Confluent	O
,	O
which	O
went	O
public	O
with	O
an	O
IPO	O
in	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
list	O
of	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
's	O
active	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
projects	O
can	O
be	O
found	O
on	O
their	O
engineering	O
website	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Massive	O
amounts	O
of	O
data	O
from	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
allow	O
scientists	O
and	O
machine	O
learning	O
researchers	O
to	O
extract	O
insights	O
and	O
build	O
product	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
