<s>
The	O
Line	B-Protocol
Mode	I-Protocol
Browser	I-Protocol
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
LMB	O
,	O
WWWLib	O
,	O
or	O
just	O
www	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
second	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
ever	O
created	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
browser	B-Application
was	O
the	O
first	O
demonstrated	O
to	O
be	O
portable	O
to	O
several	O
different	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Operated	O
from	O
a	O
simple	O
command-line	B-Application
interface	I-Application
,	O
it	O
could	O
be	O
widely	O
used	O
on	O
many	O
computers	O
and	O
computer	B-General_Concept
terminals	I-General_Concept
throughout	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
browser	B-Application
was	O
developed	O
starting	O
in	O
1990	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
supported	O
by	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
Consortium	O
(	O
W3C	O
)	O
as	O
an	O
example	O
and	O
test	O
application	O
for	O
the	O
libwww	B-Protocol
library	B-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
fundamental	O
concepts	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
"	O
projects	O
at	O
CERN	O
was	O
"	O
universal	B-Operating_System
readership	I-Operating_System
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1990	O
,	O
Tim	O
Berners-Lee	O
had	O
already	O
written	O
the	O
first	O
browser	B-Application
,	O
WorldWideWeb	B-Language
(	O
later	O
renamed	O
to	O
Nexus	B-Language
)	O
,	O
but	O
that	O
program	O
only	O
worked	O
on	O
the	O
proprietary	O
software	O
of	O
NeXT	O
computers	O
,	O
which	O
were	O
in	O
limited	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Berners-Lee	O
and	O
his	O
team	O
could	O
not	O
port	O
the	O
WorldWideWeb	B-Language
application	O
with	O
its	O
features	O
—	O
including	O
the	O
graphical	O
WYSIWYG	B-Application
editor	I-Application
—	O
to	O
the	O
more	O
widely	O
deployed	O
X	B-Operating_System
Window	I-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
,	O
since	O
they	O
had	O
no	O
experience	O
in	O
programming	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
team	O
recruited	O
Nicola	O
Pellow	O
,	O
a	O
math	O
student	O
intern	O
working	O
at	O
CERN	O
,	O
to	O
write	O
a	O
"	O
passive	O
browser	B-Application
"	O
so	O
basic	O
that	O
it	O
could	O
run	O
on	O
most	O
computers	O
of	O
that	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
name	O
"	O
Line	B-Protocol
Mode	I-Protocol
Browser	I-Protocol
"	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
,	O
to	O
ensure	O
compatibility	O
with	O
the	O
earliest	O
computer	B-General_Concept
terminals	I-General_Concept
such	O
as	O
Teletype	O
machines	O
,	O
the	O
program	O
only	O
displayed	O
text	O
,	O
(	O
no	O
images	O
)	O
and	O
had	O
only	O
line-by-line	O
text	O
input	O
(	O
no	O
cursor	O
positioning	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Development	O
started	O
in	O
November	O
1990	O
and	O
the	O
browser	B-Application
was	O
demonstrated	O
in	O
December	O
1990	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
short	O
development	O
time	O
produced	O
software	O
in	O
a	O
simplified	O
dialect	O
of	O
the	O
C	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
official	O
standard	O
ANSI	O
C	B-Language
was	O
not	O
yet	O
available	O
on	O
all	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Line	B-Protocol
Mode	I-Protocol
Browser	I-Protocol
was	O
released	O
to	O
a	O
limited	O
audience	O
on	O
VAX	B-Device
,	O
RS/6000	B-Device
and	O
Sun-4	B-Device
computers	O
in	O
March	O
1991	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
publicly	O
available	O
version	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
integrated	O
into	O
the	O
CERN	B-Application
Program	I-Application
Library	I-Application
(	O
CERNLIB	B-Application
)	O
,	O
used	O
mostly	O
by	O
the	O
High-Energy	O
Physics-community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
beta	O
of	O
the	O
browser	B-Application
was	O
released	O
on	O
8	O
April	O
1991	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Berners-Lee	O
announced	O
the	O
browser	B-Application
's	O
availability	O
in	O
August	O
1991	O
in	O
the	O
alt.hypertext	O
newsgroup	O
of	O
Usenet	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
could	O
use	O
the	O
browser	B-Application
from	O
anywhere	O
in	O
the	O
Internet	O
through	O
the	O
telnet	B-Protocol
protocol	O
to	O
the	O
info.cern.ch	O
machine	O
(	O
which	O
was	O
also	O
the	O
first	O
web	O
server	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
version	O
1.2l	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
October	O
1992	O
,	O
the	O
browser	B-Application
has	O
used	O
the	O
common	O
code	B-Library
library	I-Library
(	O
later	O
called	O
libwww	B-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
developer	O
,	O
Pellow	O
,	O
started	O
working	O
on	O
the	O
MacWWW	B-Operating_System
project	O
,	O
and	O
both	O
browsers	B-Application
began	O
to	O
share	O
some	O
source	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
May	O
1993	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
Newsletter	O
Berners-Lee	O
announced	O
that	O
the	O
browser	B-Application
was	O
released	O
into	O
the	O
public	O
domain	O
to	O
reduce	O
the	O
work	O
on	O
new	O
clients	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
21	O
March	O
1995	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
version	O
3.0	O
,	O
CERN	O
put	O
the	O
full	O
responsibility	O
for	O
maintaining	O
the	O
Line	B-Protocol
Mode	I-Protocol
Browser	I-Protocol
on	O
the	O
W3C	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Line	B-Protocol
Mode	I-Protocol
Browser	I-Protocol
and	O
the	O
libwww	B-Protocol
library	B-Library
are	O
closely	O
tied	O
together	O
—	O
the	O
last	O
independent	O
release	O
of	O
a	O
separate	O
browser	B-Application
component	O
was	O
in	O
1995	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
browser	B-Application
became	O
part	O
of	O
libwww	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Agora	B-Protocol
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
email	O
browser	B-Application
was	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Line	B-Protocol
Mode	I-Protocol
Browser	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Line	B-Protocol
Mode	I-Protocol
Browser	I-Protocol
was	O
very	O
popular	O
in	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
the	O
web	O
,	O
since	O
it	O
was	O
the	O
only	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
available	O
for	O
all	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Statistics	O
from	O
January	O
1994	O
show	O
that	O
Mosaic	B-Application
had	O
quickly	O
changed	O
the	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
landscape	O
and	O
only	O
2%	O
of	O
all	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
users	O
browsed	O
by	O
Line	B-Protocol
Mode	I-Protocol
Browser	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
niche	O
of	O
text-only	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
was	O
filled	O
by	O
Lynx	B-Application
,	O
which	O
made	O
the	O
Line	B-Protocol
Mode	I-Protocol
Browser	I-Protocol
largely	O
irrelevant	O
as	O
a	O
browser	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
reason	O
was	O
that	O
Lynx	B-Application
is	O
much	O
more	O
flexible	O
than	O
the	O
Line	B-Protocol
Mode	I-Protocol
Browser	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
then	O
became	O
a	O
test	O
application	O
for	O
the	O
libwww	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
simplicity	O
of	O
the	O
Line	B-Protocol
Mode	I-Protocol
Browser	I-Protocol
had	O
several	O
limitations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Line	B-Protocol
Mode	I-Protocol
Browser	I-Protocol
was	O
designed	O
to	O
work	O
on	O
any	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
using	O
what	O
were	O
called	O
"	O
dumb	O
"	O
terminals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
had	O
to	O
be	O
as	O
simple	O
as	O
possible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
user	O
began	O
with	O
a	O
command-line	B-Application
interface	I-Application
specifying	O
a	O
Uniform	O
Resource	O
Locator	O
(	O
URL	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Websites	O
were	O
displayed	O
using	O
the	O
first	O
versions	O
of	O
HTML	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Navigation	O
was	O
not	O
controlled	O
by	O
a	O
pointing	B-Device
device	I-Device
such	O
as	O
a	O
mouse	B-Device
or	O
arrow	B-Device
keys	I-Device
,	O
but	O
by	O
text	O
commands	O
typed	O
into	O
the	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
command	O
"	O
b	O
"	O
navigated	O
backwards	O
in	O
history	O
,	O
and	O
new	O
pages	O
were	O
navigated	O
with	O
"	O
g	O
http://	B-Protocol
...	O
"	O
(	O
for	O
go	O
to	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
URL	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
browser	B-Application
had	O
no	O
authoring	O
functions	O
,	O
so	O
pages	O
could	O
only	O
be	O
read	O
and	O
not	O
edited	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Line	B-Protocol
Mode	I-Protocol
Browser	I-Protocol
was	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
be	O
platform	B-Operating_System
independent	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
official	O
ports	O
to	O
Apollo/Domain	B-Device
,	O
IBM	B-Device
RS6000	I-Device
,	O
DECStation/ultrix	O
,	O
VAX/VMS	O
,	O
VAX/Ultrix	O
,	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
,	O
Unix	B-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Application
,	O
Classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
,	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
MVS	B-Application
,	O
VM/CMS	B-Application
,	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
,	O
Solaris	B-Application
,	O
and	O
to	O
macOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
browser	B-Application
supports	O
many	O
protocols	O
like	O
File	B-Protocol
Transfer	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
FTP	O
)	O
,	O
Gopher	B-Protocol
,	O
Hypertext	B-Protocol
Transfer	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
)	O
,	O
Network	B-Protocol
News	I-Protocol
Transfer	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
NNTP	B-Protocol
)	O
,	O
and	O
Wide	B-Protocol
area	I-Protocol
information	I-Protocol
server	I-Protocol
(	O
WAIS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
features	O
included	O
rlogin	B-Application
and	O
telnet	B-Protocol
hyperlinks	O
,	O
Cyrillic	O
support	O
(	O
added	O
on	O
25	O
November	O
1994	O
in	O
version	O
2.15	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
ability	O
to	O
be	O
set	O
up	O
as	O
a	O
proxy	B-Application
client	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
browser	B-Application
could	O
run	O
as	O
a	O
background	B-Operating_System
process	I-Operating_System
and	O
download	O
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Line	B-Protocol
Mode	I-Protocol
Browser	I-Protocol
has	O
had	O
problems	O
recognizing	O
character	B-General_Concept
entities	I-General_Concept
,	O
properly	O
collapsing	O
whitespace	O
,	O
and	O
supporting	O
tables	O
and	O
frames	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
