<s>
License-free	B-License
software	I-License
is	O
computer	B-Application
software	I-Application
that	O
is	O
not	O
explicitly	O
in	O
the	O
public	O
domain	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
authors	O
appear	O
to	O
intend	O
free	O
use	O
,	O
modification	O
,	O
distribution	O
and	O
distribution	O
of	O
the	O
modified	O
software	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
freedoms	O
defined	O
for	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
author	O
of	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
has	O
not	O
made	O
the	O
terms	O
of	O
the	O
license	B-License
explicit	O
,	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
is	O
technically	O
copyrighted	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
Berne	O
convention	O
and	O
as	O
such	O
is	O
proprietary	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
license-free	B-License
software	I-License
formerly	O
included	O
programs	O
written	O
by	O
Daniel	O
J	O
.	O
Bernstein	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
qmail	B-Application
,	O
djbdns	B-Protocol
,	O
daemontools	B-Device
,	O
and	O
ucspi-tcp	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bernstein	O
held	O
the	O
copyright	O
and	O
distributed	O
these	O
works	O
without	O
license	B-License
until	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
small	O
scripts	O
are	O
frequently	O
released	O
without	O
specifying	O
a	O
license	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
website	O
Userscripts.org	O
hosts	O
more	O
than	O
52,000	O
Greasemonkey	B-Operating_System
user	O
scripts	O
,	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
which	O
have	O
no	O
specified	O
license	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
reported	O
in	O
2015	O
that	O
85%	O
of	O
the	O
projects	O
it	O
hosts	O
are	O
unlicensed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
his	O
Software	O
users	O
 '	O
rights	O
web	O
page	O
,	O
Bernstein	O
explains	O
his	O
belief	O
that	O
under	O
the	O
terms	O
of	O
copyright	O
law	O
itself	O
software	O
users	O
are	O
always	O
allowed	O
to	O
modify	O
software	O
for	O
their	O
own	O
personal	O
use	O
,	O
regardless	O
of	O
license	B-License
agreements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
says	O
'	O
 "	O
If	O
you	O
think	O
you	O
need	O
a	O
license	B-License
from	O
the	O
copyright	O
holder	O
,	O
you	O
've	O
been	O
bamboozled	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
long	O
as	O
you	O
're	O
not	O
distributing	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
you	O
have	O
nothing	O
to	O
worry	O
about	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
He	O
also	O
says	O
that	O
software	O
users	O
are	O
allowed	O
to	O
back	O
up	O
,	O
to	O
compile	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
run	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
that	O
they	O
possess	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
modified	O
versions	O
of	O
license-free	B-License
software	I-License
can	O
legally	O
be	O
distributed	O
in	O
source	O
code	O
form	O
in	O
whatever	O
way	O
that	O
the	O
original	O
can	O
,	O
by	O
distributing	O
a	O
patch	O
alongside	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advocates	O
of	O
license-free	B-License
software	I-License
,	O
such	O
as	O
Bernstein	O
,	O
argue	O
that	O
software	B-License
licenses	I-License
are	O
harmful	O
because	O
they	O
restrict	O
the	O
freedom	O
to	O
use	O
software	O
,	O
and	O
copyright	O
law	O
provides	O
enough	O
freedom	O
without	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
licenses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
a	O
license	B-License
tries	O
to	O
restrict	O
an	O
action	O
allowed	O
by	O
a	O
copyright	O
system	O
,	O
by	O
Bernstein	O
's	O
argument	O
those	O
restrictions	O
can	O
be	O
ignored	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
fact	O
,	O
Bernstein	O
's	O
"	O
non-license	O
"	O
of	O
verbatim	O
retransmission	O
of	O
source	O
code	O
is	O
very	O
similar	O
in	O
nature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similar	O
positions	O
on	O
licenses	O
are	O
voiced	O
by	O
Free	B-Application
culture	I-Application
activist	O
Nina	O
Paley	O
in	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
Luis	O
Villa	O
argued	O
similarly	O
negative	O
about	O
the	O
license	B-License
usage	O
of	O
"	O
open	O
source	O
"	O
,	O
when	O
the	O
small	O
number	O
projects	O
licensed	O
on	O
GitHub	B-Application
were	O
noticed	O
,	O
identifying	O
a	O
"	O
Post	B-Application
Open	I-Application
Source	I-Application
movement	O
against	O
the	O
(	O
license	B-License
)	O
permission	O
culture	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
