<s>
Libwww	B-Protocol
is	O
an	O
early	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
software	B-Library
library	I-Library
providing	O
core	O
functions	O
for	O
web	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
,	O
implementing	O
HTML	B-Language
,	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
other	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tim	O
Berners-Lee	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
European	O
Organization	O
for	O
Nuclear	O
Research	O
(	O
CERN	O
)	O
,	O
released	O
libwww	B-Protocol
(	O
then	O
also	O
called	O
the	O
Common	O
Library	B-Library
)	O
in	O
late	O
1992	O
,	O
comprising	O
reusable	O
code	O
from	O
the	O
first	O
browsers	B-Application
(	O
WorldWideWeb	B-Language
and	O
Line	B-Protocol
Mode	I-Protocol
Browser	I-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Libwww	B-Protocol
was	O
relied	O
upon	O
by	O
the	O
then	O
popular	O
browser	B-Application
Mosaic	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1997	O
,	O
interest	O
in	O
libwww	B-Protocol
declined	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
Consortium	O
(	O
W3C	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
took	O
over	O
from	O
CERN	O
,	O
reduced	O
its	O
commitment	O
to	O
the	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
,	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
libwww	B-Protocol
was	O
redefined	O
to	O
be	O
"	O
a	O
testbed	O
for	O
protocol	O
experiments	O
"	O
;	O
in	O
that	O
role	O
it	O
was	O
maintained	O
for	O
the	O
benefit	O
of	O
the	O
W3C	O
's	O
web	O
standards-promoting	O
browser	B-Application
Amaya	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Active	O
development	O
of	O
libwww	B-Protocol
stopped	O
in	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
libcurl	B-Protocol
is	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
modern	O
replacement	O
for	O
libwww	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1991	O
and	O
1992	O
,	O
Tim	O
Berners-Lee	O
and	O
a	O
student	O
at	O
CERN	O
named	O
Jean-François	O
Groff	O
rewrote	O
various	O
components	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
WorldWideWeb	B-Language
browser	B-Application
for	O
the	O
NeXTstep	B-Application
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
in	O
portable	B-Architecture
C	B-Language
code	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
demonstrate	O
the	O
potential	O
of	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
beginning	O
,	O
libwww	B-Protocol
was	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
the	O
Common	O
Library	B-Library
and	O
was	O
not	O
available	O
as	O
a	O
separate	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
becoming	O
generally	O
available	O
,	O
libwww	B-Protocol
was	O
integrated	O
in	O
the	O
CERN	B-Application
program	I-Application
library	I-Application
(	O
CERNLIB	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
1992	O
the	O
library	B-Library
was	O
ported	O
to	O
DECnet	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
May	O
1993	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
Newsletter	O
Berners-Lee	O
announced	O
that	O
the	O
Common	O
Library	B-Library
was	O
now	O
called	O
libwww	B-Protocol
and	O
was	O
licensed	O
as	O
public	O
domain	O
to	O
encourage	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
web	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
initially	O
considered	O
releasing	O
the	O
software	O
under	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
,	O
rather	O
than	O
into	O
the	O
public	O
domain	O
,	O
but	O
decided	O
against	O
it	O
due	O
to	O
concerns	O
that	O
large	O
corporations	O
such	O
as	O
IBM	O
would	O
be	O
deterred	O
from	O
using	O
it	O
by	O
the	O
restrictions	O
of	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
rapid	O
early	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
library	B-Library
caused	O
Robert	O
Cailliau	O
problems	O
when	O
integrating	O
it	O
into	O
his	O
MacWWW	B-Operating_System
browser	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
February	O
1994	O
to	O
July	O
1999	O
(	O
versions	O
2.17	O
to	O
5.2.8	O
)	O
,	O
Henrik	O
Frystyk	O
Nielsen	O
was	O
responsible	O
for	O
libwww	B-Protocol
,	O
first	O
as	O
a	O
graduate	O
student	O
at	O
CERN	O
and	O
later	O
at	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
Consortium	O
(	O
W3C	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
21	O
March	O
1995	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
version	O
3.0	O
,	O
CERN	O
transferred	O
responsibility	O
for	O
libwww	B-Protocol
to	O
the	O
W3C	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
1995	O
onwards	O
,	O
the	O
Line	B-Protocol
Mode	I-Protocol
Browser	I-Protocol
was	O
no	O
longer	O
released	O
separately	O
,	O
but	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
libwww	B-Protocol
package	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
2	O
March	O
1997	O
,	O
Nielsen	O
announced	O
that	O
Libwww	B-Protocol
5.1	O
was	O
expected	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
last	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
that	O
year	O
,	O
on	O
24	O
Dec	O
1997	O
,	O
Nielsen	O
put	O
out	O
an	O
unsuccessful	O
call	O
for	O
another	O
party	O
outside	O
W3C	O
to	O
take	O
over	O
maintenance	O
of	O
the	O
library	B-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2003	O
,	O
Kahan	O
claimed	O
that	O
"	O
libwww	B-Protocol
is	O
the	O
only	O
library	B-Library
that	O
has	O
a	O
full	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
specification	O
,	O
including	O
caching	O
and	O
pipelining.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Libwww	B-Protocol
supports	O
following	O
protocols	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
TLS	B-Protocol
and	I-Protocol
SSL	I-Protocol
can	O
be	O
used	O
through	O
OpenSSL	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
an	O
integration	O
of	O
a	O
SQL	B-Language
database	I-Language
(	O
using	O
the	O
MySQL	B-Application
server	I-Application
)	O
for	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Libwww	B-Protocol
supports	O
plug-ins	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
been	O
used	O
for	O
applications	O
of	O
varying	O
sizes	O
,	O
including	O
web	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
,	O
editors	O
,	O
Internet	O
bots	O
,	O
and	O
batch	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pluggable	O
modules	O
provided	O
with	O
libwww	B-Protocol
add	O
support	O
for	O
HTTP/1.1	B-Protocol
with	O
caching	O
,	O
pipelining	B-Protocol
,	O
POST	O
,	O
Digest	O
Authentication	O
,	O
and	O
deflate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
W3C	O
created	O
the	O
Arena	B-Application
web	I-Application
browser	I-Application
as	O
a	O
testbed	O
and	O
testing	O
tool	O
for	O
HTML3	O
,	O
Cascading	B-Language
Style	I-Language
Sheets	I-Language
(	O
CSS	B-Language
)	O
,	O
Portable	B-Architecture
Network	O
Graphics	O
(	O
PNG	O
)	O
and	O
libwww	B-Protocol
,	O
among	O
other	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Arena	B-Application
was	O
later	O
replaced	O
in	O
that	O
role	O
by	O
Amaya	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
a	O
survey	O
conducted	O
in	O
September	O
2003	O
,	O
at	O
least	O
19	O
applications	O
used	O
libwww	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Integrated	O
applications	O
in	O
libwww	B-Protocol
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Command	O
Line	O
Tool	O
,	O
an	O
application	O
which	O
shows	O
how	O
to	O
use	O
libwww	B-Protocol
to	O
build	O
simple	O
batch	O
mode	O
tools	O
to	O
access	O
the	O
Web	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Line	B-Protocol
Mode	I-Protocol
Browser	I-Protocol
,	O
a	O
Spartan	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Webbot	O
,	O
a	O
simple	O
application	O
showing	O
how	O
to	O
use	O
libwww	B-Protocol
to	O
build	O
robots	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mini	O
Server	B-Application
,	O
a	O
small	O
application	O
showing	O
how	O
to	O
implement	O
a	O
server	B-Application
or	O
a	O
proxy	O
using	O
libwww	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
developers	O
of	O
libcurl	B-Protocol
have	O
criticised	O
libwww	B-Protocol
as	O
being	O
not	O
as	O
portable	B-Architecture
,	O
not	O
thread-safe	B-Operating_System
and	O
lacking	O
several	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
authentication	I-Protocol
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Neither	O
libcurl	B-Protocol
nor	O
libwww	B-Protocol
are	O
lightweight	O
enough	O
for	O
some	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
