<s>
A	O
library	B-Library
catalog	I-Library
(	O
or	O
library	B-Library
catalogue	I-Library
in	O
British	O
English	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
register	O
of	O
all	O
bibliographic	O
items	O
found	O
in	O
a	O
library	O
or	O
group	O
of	O
libraries	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
network	O
of	O
libraries	O
at	O
several	O
locations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
catalog	O
for	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
libraries	O
is	O
also	O
called	O
a	O
union	B-Library
catalog	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
card	B-Library
catalog	I-Library
was	O
a	O
familiar	O
sight	O
to	O
library	O
users	O
for	O
generations	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
has	O
been	O
effectively	O
replaced	O
by	O
the	O
online	O
public	O
access	O
catalog	O
(	O
OPAC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
still	O
refer	O
to	O
the	O
online	O
catalog	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
card	B-Library
catalog	I-Library
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
libraries	O
with	O
OPAC	O
access	O
still	O
have	O
card	B-Library
catalogs	I-Library
on	O
site	O
,	O
but	O
these	O
are	O
now	O
strictly	O
a	O
secondary	O
resource	O
and	O
are	O
seldom	O
updated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
libraries	O
that	O
retain	O
their	O
physical	O
card	B-Library
catalog	I-Library
will	O
post	O
a	O
sign	O
advising	O
the	O
last	O
year	O
that	O
the	O
card	B-Library
catalog	I-Library
was	O
updated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
libraries	O
have	O
eliminated	O
their	O
card	B-Library
catalog	I-Library
in	O
favor	O
of	O
the	O
OPAC	O
for	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
saving	O
space	O
for	O
other	O
use	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
additional	O
shelving	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
largest	O
international	O
library	B-Library
catalog	I-Library
in	O
the	O
world	O
is	O
the	O
WorldCat	B-Library
union	B-Library
catalog	I-Library
managed	O
by	O
the	O
non-profit	O
library	O
cooperative	O
OCLC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2021	O
,	O
WorldCat	B-Library
had	O
over	O
500,000,000	O
catalog	O
records	O
and	O
over	O
3	O
billion	O
library	O
holdings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Antonio	O
Genesio	O
Maria	O
Panizzi	O
in	O
1841	O
and	O
Charles	O
Ammi	O
Cutter	O
in	O
1876	O
undertook	O
pioneering	O
work	O
in	O
the	O
definition	O
of	O
early	O
cataloging	B-Library
rule	O
sets	O
formulated	O
according	O
to	O
theoretical	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cutter	O
's	O
objectives	O
were	O
revised	O
by	O
Lubetzky	O
and	O
the	O
Conference	O
on	O
Cataloging	B-Library
Principles	O
(	O
CCP	O
)	O
in	O
Paris	O
in	O
1960/1961	O
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
the	O
Paris	O
Principles	O
(	O
PP	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
more	O
recent	O
attempt	O
to	O
describe	O
a	O
library	B-Library
catalog	I-Library
's	O
functions	O
was	O
made	O
in	O
1998	O
with	O
Functional	O
Requirements	O
for	O
Bibliographic	O
Records	O
(	O
FRBR	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
defines	O
four	O
user	O
tasks	O
:	O
find	O
,	O
identify	O
,	O
select	O
,	O
and	O
obtain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
catalog	B-Library
card	I-Library
is	O
an	O
individual	O
entry	O
in	O
a	O
library	B-Library
catalog	I-Library
containing	O
bibliographic	O
information	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
author	O
's	O
name	O
,	O
title	O
,	O
and	O
location	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eventually	O
the	O
mechanization	O
of	O
the	O
modern	O
era	O
brought	O
the	O
efficiencies	O
of	O
card	B-Library
catalogs	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
around	O
1780	O
that	O
the	O
first	O
card	B-Library
catalog	I-Library
appeared	O
in	O
Vienna	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
backs	O
of	O
the	O
playing	O
cards	O
contained	O
the	O
bibliographic	O
information	O
for	O
each	O
book	O
and	O
this	O
inventory	O
became	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
"	O
French	O
Cataloging	B-Library
Code	O
of	O
1791	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Very	O
shortly	O
afterward	O
,	O
Melvil	O
Dewey	O
and	O
other	O
American	O
librarians	O
began	O
to	O
champion	O
the	O
card	B-Library
catalog	I-Library
because	O
of	O
its	O
great	O
expandability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1860	O
,	O
Ezra	O
Abbot	O
began	O
designing	O
a	O
card	B-Library
catalog	I-Library
that	O
was	O
easily	O
accessible	O
and	O
secure	O
for	O
keeping	O
the	O
cards	O
in	O
order	O
;	O
he	O
managed	O
this	O
by	O
placing	O
the	O
cards	O
on	O
edge	O
between	O
two	O
wooden	O
blocks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Work	O
on	O
the	O
catalog	O
began	O
in	O
1862	O
and	O
within	O
the	O
first	O
year	O
,	O
35,762	O
catalog	B-Library
cards	I-Library
had	O
been	O
created	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Catalog	B-Library
cards	I-Library
were	O
;	O
the	O
Harvard	O
College	O
size	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OCLC	O
,	O
major	O
supplier	O
of	O
catalog	B-Library
cards	I-Library
,	O
printed	O
the	O
last	O
one	O
in	O
October	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
a	O
widespread	O
form	O
of	O
card	B-Library
catalog	I-Library
in	O
North	O
American	O
libraries	O
prior	O
to	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
computer-based	O
catalog	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
librarian	O
,	O
Gottfried	O
van	O
Swieten	O
introduced	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
card	B-Library
catalog	I-Library
(	O
1780	O
)	O
as	O
the	O
Prefect	O
of	O
the	O
Imperial	O
Library	O
,	O
Austria	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Library	B-Library
catalogs	I-Library
originated	O
as	O
manuscript	O
lists	O
,	O
arranged	O
by	O
format	O
(	O
folio	O
,	O
quarto	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
printing	O
press	O
became	O
well-established	O
,	O
strict	O
cataloging	B-Library
became	O
necessary	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
influx	O
of	O
printed	O
materials	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
card	B-Library
catalogs	I-Library
appeared	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
19th	O
century	O
after	O
the	O
standardization	O
of	O
the	O
5	O
in	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
beginning	O
of	O
the	O
Library	O
of	O
Congress	O
's	O
catalog	B-Library
card	I-Library
service	O
in	O
1911	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
these	O
cards	O
in	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
American	O
libraries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
c	O
.	O
Third	O
century	O
BCE	O
,	O
Pinakes	O
by	O
Callimachus	O
at	O
the	O
Library	O
of	O
Alexandria	O
was	O
arguably	O
the	O
first	O
library	B-Library
catalog	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
9th	O
century	O
:	O
Libraries	O
of	O
Carolingian	O
Schools	O
and	O
monasteries	O
employ	O
library	B-Library
catalog	I-Library
system	O
to	O
organize	O
and	O
loan	O
out	O
books	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
c	O
.	O
1542	O
–	O
1605	O
:	O
The	O
Mughul	O
emperor	O
Akbar	O
was	O
a	O
warrior	O
,	O
sportsman	O
,	O
and	O
famous	O
cataloger	B-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
1600s	O
:	O
Sir	O
Thomas	O
Bodley	O
divided	O
cataloging	B-Library
into	O
three	O
different	O
categories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
cataloger	B-Library
,	O
it	O
may	O
incur	O
too	O
much	O
work	O
to	O
check	O
whether	O
Smith	O
,	O
J	O
.	O
is	O
Smith	O
,	O
John	O
or	O
Smith	O
,	O
Jack	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
plays	O
of	O
William	O
Shakespeare	O
are	O
another	O
frequently	O
cited	O
example	O
of	O
the	O
role	O
played	O
by	O
a	O
uniform	O
title	O
in	O
the	O
library	B-Library
catalog	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
See	O
also	O
Collation	O
and	O
Locale	B-Device
(	O
computer	O
software	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
is	O
used	O
not	O
only	O
for	O
identification	O
but	O
also	O
for	O
the	O
purposes	O
of	O
shelving	O
,	O
placing	O
items	O
with	O
similar	O
subjects	O
near	O
one	O
another	O
,	O
which	O
aids	O
in	O
browsing	O
by	O
library	O
users	O
,	O
who	O
are	O
thus	O
often	O
able	O
to	O
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
serendipity	B-Protocol
in	O
their	O
search	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Online	O
cataloging	B-Library
,	O
through	O
such	O
systems	O
as	O
the	O
Dynix	B-Library
software	O
developed	O
in	O
1983	O
and	O
used	O
widely	O
through	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
,	O
has	O
greatly	O
enhanced	O
the	O
usability	B-General_Concept
of	O
catalogs	O
,	O
thanks	O
to	O
the	O
rise	O
of	O
MARC	O
standards	O
(	O
an	O
acronym	O
for	O
MAchine	O
Readable	O
Cataloging	B-Library
)	O
in	O
the	O
1960s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rules	O
governing	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
MARC	O
catalog	O
records	O
include	O
not	O
only	O
formal	O
cataloging	B-Library
rules	O
such	O
as	O
Anglo-American	O
Cataloguing	B-Library
Rules	I-Library
,	O
second	O
edition	O
(	O
AACR2	O
)	O
,	O
Resource	O
Description	O
and	O
Access	O
(	O
RDA	O
)	O
but	O
also	O
rules	O
specific	O
to	O
MARC	O
,	O
available	O
from	O
both	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Library	O
of	O
Congress	O
and	O
from	O
OCLC	O
,	O
which	O
builds	O
and	O
maintains	O
WorldCat	B-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
MARC	O
was	O
originally	O
used	O
to	O
automate	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
physical	O
catalog	B-Library
cards	I-Library
,	O
but	O
its	O
use	O
evolved	O
into	O
direct	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
MARC	O
computer	O
files	O
during	O
the	O
search	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OPACs	O
have	O
enhanced	O
usability	B-General_Concept
over	O
traditional	O
card	O
formats	O
because	O
:	O
</s>
