<s>
Subtitles	O
are	O
text	O
representing	O
the	O
contents	O
of	O
the	O
audio	O
in	O
a	O
film	O
,	O
television	O
show	O
,	O
opera	B-Application
or	O
other	O
audiovisual	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
for	O
media	O
produced	O
in	O
real-time	O
,	O
like	O
live	O
television	O
,	O
it	O
may	O
be	O
done	O
by	O
stenographers	O
or	O
using	O
automated	B-Application
speech	I-Application
recognition	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
or	O
converted	O
(	O
rendered	O
)	O
to	O
tiff	O
or	O
bmp	B-Device
graphics	O
that	O
are	O
later	O
superimposed	O
on	O
the	O
picture	O
by	O
the	O
end	O
user	O
's	O
equipment	O
(	O
closed	O
subtitles	O
on	O
DVD	O
or	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
DVB	B-Application
broadcast	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Subtitles	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
created	O
by	O
individuals	O
using	O
freely	O
available	O
subtitle-creation	O
software	O
like	O
Subtitle	O
Workshop	O
for	O
Windows	O
,	O
MovieCaptioner	O
for	O
Mac/Windows	O
,	O
and	O
Subtitle	O
Composer	O
for	O
Linux	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
hardcode	O
them	O
onto	O
a	O
video	O
file	O
with	O
programs	O
such	O
as	O
VirtualDub	B-Application
in	O
combination	O
with	O
VSFilter	O
which	O
could	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
show	O
subtitles	O
as	O
softsubs	O
in	O
many	O
software	O
video	O
players	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SMIL	B-Language
Synchronized	B-Language
Multimedia	I-Language
Integration	I-Language
Language	I-Language
;	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
programs	O
and	O
online	O
software	O
allow	O
automatic	O
captions	O
,	O
mainly	O
using	O
speech-to-text	B-Application
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
,	O
automatic	O
captions	O
are	O
available	O
in	O
English	O
,	O
Dutch	O
,	O
French	O
,	O
German	O
,	O
Italian	O
,	O
Japanese	O
,	O
Korean	O
,	O
Portuguese	O
,	O
Russian	O
,	O
Indonesian	O
,	O
and	O
Spanish	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Communication	O
access	O
real-time	O
translation	O
(	O
CART	O
)	O
stenographers	O
,	O
who	O
use	O
a	O
computer	O
with	O
using	O
either	O
stenotype	O
or	O
Velotype	O
keyboards	O
to	O
transcribe	O
stenographic	O
input	O
for	O
presentation	O
as	O
captions	O
within	O
two	O
or	O
three	O
seconds	O
of	O
the	O
representing	O
audio	O
,	O
must	O
caption	O
anything	O
which	O
is	O
purely	O
live	O
and	O
unscripted	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
more	O
recent	O
developments	O
include	O
operators	O
using	O
speech	B-Application
recognition	I-Application
software	I-Application
and	O
re-voicing	O
the	O
dialogue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Speech	B-Application
recognition	I-Application
technology	I-Application
has	O
advanced	O
so	O
quickly	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
that	O
about	O
50%	O
of	O
all	O
live	O
captioning	O
was	O
through	O
speech	B-Application
recognition	I-Application
as	O
of	O
2005	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
News	O
captioning	O
applications	O
currently	O
available	O
are	O
designed	O
to	O
accept	O
text	O
from	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
inputs	O
:	O
stenography	O
,	O
Velotype	O
,	O
QWERTY	O
,	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
import	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
newsroom	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
SDH	O
subtitles	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
subtitles	O
of	O
newer	O
Universal	B-Application
Studios	I-Application
DVDs/Blu	O
-ray	O
Discs	O
and	O
most	O
20th	O
Century	O
Fox	O
Blu-ray	O
Discs	O
,	O
and	O
some	O
Columbia	O
Pictures	O
DVDs	O
)	O
do	O
have	O
positioning	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
as	O
common	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
High-definition	O
disc	O
media	O
(	O
HD	B-Operating_System
DVD	I-Operating_System
,	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
)	O
uses	O
SDH	O
subtitles	O
as	O
the	O
sole	O
method	O
because	O
technical	O
specifications	O
do	O
not	O
require	O
HD	O
to	O
support	O
line	O
21	O
closed	O
captions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
HDTVs	B-Device
allow	O
the	O
end-user	O
to	O
customize	O
the	O
captions	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
remove	O
the	O
black	O
band	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
CC1	O
and	O
CC2	O
share	O
bandwidth	B-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Federal	O
Communications	O
Commission	O
(	O
FCC	O
)	O
recommends	O
translation	O
subtitles	O
be	O
placed	O
in	O
CC3	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CC4	O
,	O
which	O
shares	O
bandwidth	B-Algorithm
with	O
CC3	O
,	O
is	O
also	O
available	O
,	O
but	O
programs	O
seldom	O
use	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
arrival	O
of	O
sound	O
film	O
,	O
the	O
film	O
importers	O
in	O
Germany	O
,	O
Italy	O
,	O
France	O
,	O
Switzerland	B-Protocol
,	O
Luxembourg	O
,	O
Austria	O
,	O
San	O
Marino	O
,	O
Liechtenstein	O
,	O
Monaco	B-Application
,	O
Czech	O
Republic	O
,	O
Slovakia	O
,	O
Hungary	O
,	O
Belarus	O
,	O
Ukraine	O
,	O
Russia	O
,	O
Andorra	O
,	O
Spain	O
and	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
decided	O
to	O
dub	O
the	O
foreign	O
voices	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
rest	O
of	O
Europe	O
elected	O
to	O
display	O
the	O
dialogue	O
as	O
translated	O
subtitles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Content	O
subtitles	O
also	O
appear	O
in	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
some	O
higher-budget	O
films	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
Star	B-Application
Wars	I-Application
)	O
or	O
at	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
a	O
film	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
Gods	O
and	O
Generals	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Subtitles	O
exist	O
in	O
two	O
forms	O
;	O
open	O
subtitles	O
are	O
'	O
open	O
to	O
all	O
 '	O
and	O
cannot	O
be	O
turned	O
off	O
by	O
the	O
viewer	O
;	O
closed	O
subtitles	O
are	O
designed	O
for	O
a	O
certain	O
group	O
of	O
viewers	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
usually	O
be	O
turned	O
on/off	O
or	O
selected	O
by	O
the	O
viewer	O
–	O
examples	O
being	O
teletext	O
pages	O
,	O
U.S.	O
Closed	O
captions	O
(	O
608/708	O
)	O
,	O
DVB	B-Application
Bitmap	O
subtitles	O
,	O
DVD/Blu	O
-ray	O
subtitles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
subtitles	O
are	O
usually	O
encoded	O
as	O
images	O
with	O
minimal	O
bitrate	O
and	O
number	O
of	O
colors	O
;	O
they	O
usually	O
lack	O
anti-aliased	B-Algorithm
font	O
rasterization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
changing	O
such	O
subtitles	O
is	O
hard	O
,	O
but	O
special	O
OCR	B-Application
software	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
SubRip	B-Application
exists	O
to	O
convert	O
such	O
subtitles	O
to	O
"	O
soft	O
"	O
ones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
some	O
formats	O
introduce	O
text	B-General_Concept
encoding	I-General_Concept
troubles	O
for	O
the	O
end-user	O
,	O
especially	O
if	O
different	O
languages	O
are	O
used	O
simultaneously	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
Latin	O
and	O
Asian	O
scripts	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Timed	O
Text	O
format	O
currently	O
a	O
"	O
Candidate	O
Recommendation	O
"	O
of	O
the	O
W3C	O
(	O
called	O
DFXP	O
)	O
is	O
also	O
proposed	O
as	O
an	O
'	O
open	O
 '	O
format	O
for	O
subtitle	O
exchange	O
and	O
distribution	O
to	O
media	O
players	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Silverlight	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
variation	O
of	O
this	O
was	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
video	O
game	O
Max	B-Application
Payne	I-Application
3	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Cars	B-Application
2	I-Application
,	O
Susie	O
Chef	O
and	O
Mater	O
speak	O
Chinese	O
with	O
English	O
subtitles	O
and	O
Luigi	O
,	O
Mama	O
Lopolino	O
and	O
Uncle	O
Topolino	O
speak	O
Italian	O
with	O
English	O
subtitles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Bobby	O
Lee	O
's	O
"	O
Tae	O
Do	O
"	O
,	O
a	O
parody	O
of	O
Korean	O
dramas	O
in	O
a	O
Mad	B-Application
TV	I-Application
episode	O
,	O
the	O
subtitles	O
make	O
more	O
sense	O
of	O
the	O
story	O
than	O
the	O
Korean	O
language	O
being	O
spoken	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
DVDs	O
often	O
contain	O
poorly	O
worded	O
subtitle	O
tracks	O
,	O
possibly	O
produced	O
by	O
machine	B-Application
translation	I-Application
,	O
with	O
humorous	O
results	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
better-known	O
examples	O
is	O
a	O
copy	O
of	O
Star	B-Application
Wars	I-Application
:	I-Application
Episode	I-Application
III	I-Application
–	I-Application
Revenge	I-Application
of	I-Application
the	I-Application
Sith	I-Application
whose	O
opening	O
title	O
was	O
subtitled	O
,	O
"	O
Star	O
war	O
:	O
The	O
backstroke	O
of	O
the	O
west	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
