<s>
Language	O
resource	O
management	O
Lexical	B-General_Concept
markup	I-General_Concept
framework	I-General_Concept
(	O
LMF	O
;	O
ISO	O
24613:2008	O
)	O
,	O
is	O
the	O
International	O
Organization	O
for	O
Standardization	O
ISO/TC37	O
standard	O
for	O
natural	B-Language
language	I-Language
processing	I-Language
(	O
NLP	B-Language
)	O
and	O
machine-readable	O
dictionary	O
(	O
MRD	O
)	O
lexicons	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
goals	O
of	O
LMF	O
are	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
common	O
model	O
for	O
the	O
creation	O
and	O
use	O
of	O
lexical	B-Application
resources	I-Application
,	O
to	O
manage	O
the	O
exchange	O
of	O
data	O
between	O
and	O
among	O
these	O
resources	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
enable	O
the	O
merging	O
of	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
individual	O
electronic	O
resources	O
to	O
form	O
extensive	O
global	O
electronic	O
resources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Types	O
of	O
individual	O
instantiations	O
of	O
LMF	O
can	O
include	O
monolingual	O
,	O
bilingual	O
or	O
multilingual	O
lexical	B-Application
resources	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
same	O
specifications	B-Application
are	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
both	O
small	O
and	O
large	O
lexicons	B-General_Concept
,	O
for	O
both	O
simple	O
and	O
complex	O
lexicons	B-General_Concept
,	O
for	O
both	O
written	O
and	O
spoken	O
lexical	O
representations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
descriptions	O
range	O
from	O
morphology	O
,	O
syntax	B-Application
,	O
computational	B-General_Concept
semantics	I-General_Concept
to	O
computer-assisted	B-Application
translation	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
range	O
of	O
targeted	O
NLP	B-Language
applications	B-Application
is	O
not	O
restricted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LMF	O
is	O
able	O
to	O
represent	O
most	O
lexicons	B-General_Concept
,	O
including	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
,	O
EDR	O
and	O
PAROLE	O
lexicons	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
past	O
,	O
lexicon	B-Application
standardization	O
has	O
been	O
studied	O
and	O
developed	O
by	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
projects	O
like	O
GENELEX	O
,	O
EDR	O
,	O
EAGLES	O
,	O
MULTEXT	O
,	O
PAROLE	O
,	O
SIMPLE	O
and	O
ISLE	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Then	O
,	O
the	O
ISO/TC37	O
National	O
delegations	O
decided	O
to	O
address	O
standards	O
dedicated	O
to	O
NLP	B-Language
and	O
lexicon	B-Application
representation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Fall	O
2003	O
,	O
the	O
French	O
delegation	O
issued	O
a	O
technical	O
proposition	O
for	O
a	O
data	B-Application
model	I-Application
dedicated	O
to	O
NLP	B-Language
lexicons	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
step	O
in	O
developing	O
LMF	O
was	O
to	O
design	O
an	O
overall	O
framework	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
general	O
features	O
of	O
existing	O
lexicons	B-General_Concept
and	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
consistent	O
terminology	O
to	O
describe	O
the	O
components	O
of	O
those	O
lexicons	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
next	O
step	O
was	O
the	O
actual	O
design	O
of	O
a	O
comprehensive	O
model	O
that	O
best	O
represented	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
lexicons	B-General_Concept
in	O
detail	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
large	O
panel	O
of	O
60	O
experts	O
contributed	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
requirements	O
for	O
LMF	O
that	O
covered	O
many	O
types	O
of	O
NLP	B-Language
lexicons	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
five	O
years	O
of	O
work	O
,	O
including	O
numerous	O
face-to-face	O
meetings	O
and	O
e-mail	O
exchanges	O
,	O
the	O
editors	O
arrived	O
at	O
a	O
coherent	O
UML	B-Language
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
conclusion	O
,	O
LMF	O
should	O
be	O
considered	O
a	O
synthesis	O
of	O
the	O
state	O
of	O
the	O
art	O
in	O
NLP	B-Language
lexicon	B-Application
field	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
LMF	O
specification	B-Application
has	O
been	O
published	O
officially	O
as	O
an	O
International	O
Standard	O
on	O
17	O
November	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ISO/TC37	O
standards	O
are	O
currently	O
elaborated	O
as	O
high	O
level	O
specifications	B-Application
and	O
deal	O
with	O
word	O
segmentation	O
(	O
ISO	O
24614	O
)	O
,	O
annotations	O
(	O
ISO	O
24611	O
a.k.a.	O
</s>
<s>
MLIF	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
lexicons	B-General_Concept
(	O
ISO	B-General_Concept
24613	I-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
standards	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
low	O
level	O
specifications	B-Application
dedicated	O
to	O
constants	O
,	O
namely	O
data	O
categories	O
(	O
revision	O
of	O
ISO	O
12620	O
)	O
,	O
language	O
codes	O
(	O
ISO	O
639	O
)	O
,	O
scripts	O
codes	O
(	O
ISO	O
15924	O
)	O
,	O
country	B-General_Concept
codes	I-General_Concept
(	O
ISO	O
3166	O
)	O
and	O
Unicode	O
(	O
ISO	O
10646	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
the	O
high	O
level	O
specification	B-Application
provides	O
structural	O
elements	O
that	O
are	O
adorned	O
by	O
the	O
standardized	O
constants	O
;	O
</s>
<s>
the	O
low	O
level	O
specifications	B-Application
provide	O
standardized	O
constants	O
as	O
metadata	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
LMF	O
specification	B-Application
complies	O
with	O
the	O
modeling	O
principles	O
of	O
Unified	B-Language
Modeling	I-Language
Language	I-Language
(	O
UML	B-Language
)	O
as	O
defined	O
by	O
Object	B-Architecture
Management	I-Architecture
Group	I-Architecture
(	O
OMG	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
structure	O
is	O
specified	O
by	O
means	O
of	O
UML	B-Language
class	O
diagrams	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
examples	O
are	O
presented	O
by	O
means	O
of	O
UML	B-Language
instance	O
(	O
or	O
object	O
)	O
diagrams	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
XML	B-Language
DTD	I-Language
is	O
given	O
in	O
an	O
annex	O
of	O
the	O
LMF	O
document	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Extensions	O
of	O
the	O
core	O
package	O
which	O
are	O
expressed	O
in	O
a	O
framework	O
that	O
describes	O
the	O
reuse	O
of	O
the	O
core	O
components	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
the	O
additional	O
components	O
required	O
for	O
a	O
specific	O
lexical	B-Application
resource	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
extensions	O
are	O
specifically	O
dedicated	O
to	O
morphology	O
,	O
MRD	O
,	O
NLP	B-Language
syntax	B-Application
,	O
NLP	B-Language
semantics	B-General_Concept
,	O
NLP	B-Language
multilingual	B-General_Concept
notations	I-General_Concept
,	O
NLP	B-Language
morphological	B-General_Concept
patterns	I-General_Concept
,	O
multiword	O
expression	O
patterns	O
,	O
and	O
constraint	O
expression	O
patterns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
language	O
coding	O
is	O
set	O
for	O
the	O
whole	O
lexical	B-Application
resource	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
language	O
value	O
is	O
set	O
for	O
the	O
whole	O
lexicon	B-Application
as	O
shown	O
in	O
the	O
following	O
UML	B-Language
instance	O
diagram	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
elements	O
Lexical	B-Application
Resource	I-Application
,	O
Global	O
Information	O
,	O
Lexicon	B-Application
,	O
Lexical	O
Entry	O
,	O
Lemma	O
,	O
and	O
Word	O
Form	O
define	O
the	O
structure	O
of	O
the	O
lexicon	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
some	O
additional	O
information	O
like	O
dtdVersion	O
and	O
feat	O
,	O
the	O
same	O
data	O
can	O
be	O
expressed	O
by	O
the	O
following	O
XML	B-Protocol
fragment	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
example	O
is	O
rather	O
simple	O
,	O
while	O
LMF	O
can	O
represent	O
much	O
more	O
complex	O
linguistic	O
descriptions	O
the	O
XML	B-Protocol
tagging	O
is	O
correspondingly	O
complex	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
publication	O
about	O
the	O
LMF	O
specification	B-Application
as	O
it	O
has	O
been	O
ratified	O
by	O
ISO	O
(	O
this	O
paper	O
became	O
(	O
in	O
2015	O
)	O
the	O
9th	O
most	O
cited	O
paper	O
within	O
the	O
Language	B-General_Concept
Resources	I-General_Concept
and	I-General_Concept
Evaluation	I-General_Concept
conferences	I-General_Concept
from	O
LREC	B-General_Concept
papers	O
)	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Journal	B-General_Concept
of	I-General_Concept
Natural	I-General_Concept
Language	I-General_Concept
Engineering	I-General_Concept
,	O
Cambridge	O
University	O
Press	O
(	O
to	O
appear	O
in	O
Spring	O
2015	O
)	O
:	O
Aida	O
Khemakhem	O
,	O
Bilel	O
Gargouri	O
,	O
Abdelmajid	O
Ben	O
Hamadou	O
,	O
Gil	O
Francopoulo	O
:	O
ISO	O
Standard	O
Modeling	O
of	O
a	O
large	O
Arabic	O
Dictionary	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Proceedings	O
of	O
the	O
seventh	O
Global	O
Wordnet	B-General_Concept
Conference	O
2014	O
:	O
Nadia	O
B	O
M	O
Karmani	O
,	O
Hsan	O
Soussou	O
,	O
Adel	O
M	O
Alimi	O
:	O
Building	O
a	O
standardized	O
Wordnet	B-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
ISO	O
LMF	O
for	O
aeb	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Proceedings	O
of	O
the	O
workshop	O
:	O
HLT	O
&	O
NLP	B-Language
within	O
Arabic	O
world	O
,	O
LREC	B-General_Concept
2008	O
:	O
Noureddine	O
Loukil	O
,	O
Kais	O
Haddar	O
,	O
Abdelmajid	O
Ben	O
Hamadou	O
:	O
Towards	O
a	O
syntactic	O
lexicon	B-Application
of	O
Arabic	O
Verbs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
a	O
book	O
published	O
in	O
2013	O
:	O
LMF	O
Lexical	B-General_Concept
Markup	I-General_Concept
Framework	I-General_Concept
which	O
is	O
entirely	O
dedicated	O
to	O
LMF	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
chapter	O
deals	O
with	O
the	O
history	O
of	O
lexicon	B-Application
models	O
,	O
the	O
second	O
chapter	O
is	O
a	O
formal	O
presentation	O
of	O
the	O
data	B-Application
model	I-Application
and	O
the	O
third	O
one	O
deals	O
with	O
the	O
relation	O
with	O
the	O
data	O
categories	O
of	O
the	O
ISO-DCR	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
other	O
14	O
chapters	O
deal	O
with	O
a	O
lexicon	B-Application
or	O
a	O
system	O
,	O
either	O
in	O
the	O
civil	O
or	O
military	O
domain	O
,	O
either	O
within	O
scientific	O
research	O
labs	O
or	O
for	O
industrial	O
applications	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
are	O
Wordnet-LMF	O
,	O
Prolmf	O
,	O
DUELME	O
,	O
UBY-LMF	B-Application
,	O
LG-LMF	O
,	O
RELISH	O
,	O
GlobalAtlas	O
(	O
or	O
Global	O
Atlas	O
)	O
and	O
Wordscape	O
.	O
</s>
