<s>
A	O
learning	B-Application
management	I-Application
system	I-Application
(	O
LMS	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
software	B-Application
application	I-Application
for	O
the	O
administration	O
,	O
documentation	O
,	O
tracking	O
,	O
reporting	O
,	O
automation	O
,	O
and	O
delivery	O
of	O
educational	O
courses	O
,	O
training	O
programs	O
,	O
materials	O
or	O
learning	O
and	O
development	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
learning	B-Application
management	I-Application
system	I-Application
concept	O
emergeddirectly	O
from	O
e-Learning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Learning	B-Application
management	I-Application
systems	I-Application
make	O
up	O
the	O
largest	O
segment	O
of	O
the	O
learning	O
system	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Learning	B-Application
management	I-Application
systems	I-Application
have	O
faced	O
a	O
massive	O
growth	O
in	O
usage	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
emphasis	O
on	O
remote	O
learning	O
during	O
the	O
COVID-19	O
pandemic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Learning	B-Application
management	I-Application
systems	I-Application
were	O
designed	O
to	O
identify	O
training	O
and	O
learning	O
gaps	O
,	O
using	O
analytical	O
data	O
and	O
reporting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
then	O
on	O
continuous	O
technological	O
development	O
has	O
contributed	O
to	O
vast	O
changes	O
to	O
LMS	O
with	O
the	O
latest	O
update	O
in	O
2012	O
where	O
the	O
LMS	O
is	O
hosted	O
in	O
a	O
cloud	B-Architecture
,	O
hence	O
freeing	O
companies	O
from	O
the	O
burden	O
of	O
maintaining	O
in-house	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
networked	O
learning	O
system	O
was	O
the	O
Plato	B-Operating_System
Learning	B-Application
Management	I-Application
system	I-Application
(	O
PLM	O
)	O
developed	O
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
by	O
Control	O
Data	O
Corporation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
idea	O
of	O
automating	O
teaching	O
operations	O
also	O
inspired	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Illinois	O
experts	O
to	O
develop	O
their	O
Programmed	O
Logic	O
for	O
Automated	O
Teaching	O
Operations	O
(	O
PLATO	B-Operating_System
)	O
which	O
enabled	O
users	O
to	O
exchange	O
content	O
regardless	O
of	O
their	O
location	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
history	O
of	O
the	O
application	O
of	O
computers	O
to	O
education	O
is	O
filled	O
with	O
broadly	O
descriptive	O
terms	O
such	O
as	O
computer-managed	O
instruction	O
(	O
CMI	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
integrated	B-Application
learning	I-Application
systems	I-Application
(	O
ILS	O
)	O
,	O
computer-based	O
instruction	O
(	O
CBI	O
)	O
,	O
computer-assisted	O
instruction	O
(	O
CAI	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
computer-assisted	O
learning	O
(	O
CAL	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
is	O
currently	O
used	O
to	O
describe	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
different	O
educational	O
computer	B-Application
applications	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
FirstClass	B-Protocol
by	O
SoftArc	O
,	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
's	O
Open	O
University	O
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
and	O
2000s	O
to	O
deliver	O
online	O
learning	O
across	O
Europe	O
,	O
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
internet-based	O
LMSs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
fully-featured	O
Learning	B-Application
Management	I-Application
System	I-Application
(	O
LMS	O
)	O
was	O
called	O
EKKO	O
,	O
developed	O
and	O
released	O
by	O
Norway	O
's	O
NKI	O
Distance	O
Education	O
Network	O
in	O
1991	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
vendor-hosted	O
cloud	B-Architecture
system	O
tends	O
to	O
follow	O
a	O
SaaS	B-Architecture
(	O
software	B-Architecture
as	I-Architecture
a	I-Architecture
service	I-Architecture
)	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Individuals	O
and	O
smaller	O
organizations	O
tend	O
to	O
stick	O
with	O
cloud-based	B-Architecture
systems	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
internal	O
hosting	O
and	O
maintenance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
integration	O
strategies	O
for	O
embedding	O
content	O
into	O
LMSs	O
,	O
including	O
AICC	O
,	O
xAPI	B-Application
(	O
also	O
called	O
'	O
Tin	O
Can	O
 '	O
)	O
,	O
SCORM	O
(	O
Sharable	O
Content	O
Object	O
Reference	O
Model	O
)	O
and	O
LTI	O
(	O
Learning	B-General_Concept
Tools	I-General_Concept
Interoperability	I-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Learning	B-Application
management	I-Application
systems	I-Application
may	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
professionally	O
structured	O
course	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Learning	B-Application
management	I-Application
systems	I-Application
will	O
often	O
incorporate	O
dashboards	O
to	O
track	O
student	O
or	O
user	O
progress	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
U.S.	O
higher	O
education	O
market	O
as	O
of	O
spring	O
2021	O
,	O
the	O
top	O
three	O
LMSs	O
by	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
institutions	O
were	O
Canvas	O
(	O
38%	O
)	O
,	O
Blackboard	B-Protocol
(	O
25%	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Moodle	B-Application
(	O
15%	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Worldwide	O
,	O
the	O
picture	O
was	O
different	O
,	O
with	O
Moodle	B-Application
having	O
over	O
50%	O
of	O
the	O
market	O
share	O
in	O
Europe	O
,	O
Latin	O
America	O
,	O
and	O
Oceania	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
users	O
of	O
LMSs	O
use	O
an	O
authoring	B-Application
tool	I-Application
to	O
create	O
content	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
then	O
hosted	O
on	O
an	O
LMS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
cases	O
,	O
LMSs	O
that	O
do	O
use	O
a	O
standard	O
include	O
a	O
primitive	O
authoring	B-Application
tool	I-Application
for	O
basic	O
content	O
manipulation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
modern	O
systems	O
,	O
in	O
particular	O
SaaS	B-Architecture
solutions	O
have	O
decided	O
not	O
to	O
adopt	O
a	O
standard	O
and	O
have	O
rich	O
course	O
authoring	B-Application
tools	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
several	O
standards	O
for	O
creating	O
and	O
integrating	O
complex	O
content	O
into	O
an	O
LMS	O
,	O
including	O
AICC	O
,	O
SCORM	O
,	O
xAPI	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Learning	B-General_Concept
Tools	I-General_Concept
Interoperability	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
many	O
countries	O
,	O
online	O
education	O
through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
Learning	B-Application
Management	I-Application
Systems	I-Application
became	O
the	O
focal	O
point	O
of	O
teaching	O
and	O
learning	O
.	O
</s>
