<s>
Lateral	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
lateral	O
thinking	O
approach	O
to	O
solving	O
computing	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
traditional	O
or	O
conventional	O
approach	O
to	O
solving	O
computing	O
problems	O
is	O
to	O
either	O
build	O
mathematical	O
models	O
or	O
have	O
an	O
IF	B-Language
-	I-Language
THEN	I-Language
-ELSE	I-Language
structure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
brute-force	B-Algorithm
search	I-Algorithm
is	O
used	O
in	O
many	O
chess	B-Application
engines	I-Application
,	O
but	O
this	O
approach	O
is	O
computationally	O
expensive	O
and	O
sometimes	O
may	O
arrive	O
at	O
poor	O
solutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
for	O
problems	O
like	O
this	O
that	O
lateral	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
useful	O
to	O
form	O
a	O
better	O
solution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
difficult	O
tasks	O
for	O
traditional	O
computing	O
techniques	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
been	O
efficiently	O
solved	O
by	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
fuzzy	O
logic	O
(	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
lateral	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
technique	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lateral	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
does	O
a	O
provocative	O
use	O
of	O
information	O
processing	O
similar	O
to	O
lateral-thinking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
Lateral	B-General_Concept
Computing	I-General_Concept
"	O
was	O
first	O
proposed	O
by	O
Prof	O
CR	O
SUTHIKSHN	O
Kumar	O
and	O
First	O
World	O
Congress	O
on	O
Lateral	B-General_Concept
Computing	I-General_Concept
was	O
organized	O
with	O
international	O
participants	O
during	O
December	O
2004	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lateral	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
takes	O
the	O
analogies	O
from	O
real-world	O
examples	O
such	O
as	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Differentiating	O
factors	O
of	O
"	O
lateral	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
"	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Sometimes	O
the	O
Lateral	B-General_Concept
Computing	I-General_Concept
techniques	O
are	O
surprisingly	O
simple	O
and	O
deliver	O
high	O
performance	O
solutions	O
to	O
very	O
complex	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
techniques	O
in	O
lateral	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
use	O
"	O
unexplained	O
jumps	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
example	O
is	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
"	O
Mutation	O
"	O
operator	O
in	O
genetic	B-Algorithm
algorithms	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
very	O
hard	O
to	O
draw	O
a	O
clear	O
boundary	O
between	O
conventional	O
and	O
lateral	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
a	O
period	O
of	O
time	O
,	O
some	O
unconventional	B-Device
computing	I-Device
techniques	O
become	O
integral	O
part	O
of	O
mainstream	O
computing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
So	O
there	O
will	O
always	O
be	O
an	O
overlap	O
between	O
conventional	O
and	O
lateral	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
will	O
be	O
tough	O
task	O
classifying	O
a	O
computing	O
technique	O
as	O
a	O
conventional	O
or	O
lateral	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
technique	O
as	O
shown	O
in	O
the	O
figure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lateral	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
fuzzy	O
set	O
of	O
all	O
computing	O
techniques	O
which	O
use	O
unconventional	B-Device
computing	I-Device
approach	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hence	O
Lateral	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
includes	O
those	O
techniques	O
which	O
use	O
semi-conventional	O
or	O
hybrid	O
computing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
degree	O
of	O
membership	O
for	O
lateral	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
techniques	O
is	O
greater	O
than	O
0	O
in	O
the	O
fuzzy	O
set	O
of	O
unconventional	B-Device
computing	I-Device
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
brings	O
out	O
some	O
important	O
differentiators	O
for	O
lateral	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Parallel	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
focuses	O
on	O
improving	O
the	O
performance	O
of	O
the	O
computers/algorithms	O
through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
several	O
computing	O
elements	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
processing	O
elements	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Parallel	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
is	O
an	O
extension	O
of	O
conventional	O
sequential	O
computing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
in	O
lateral	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
problem	O
is	O
solved	O
using	O
unconventional	O
information	O
processing	O
whether	O
using	O
a	O
sequential	O
or	O
parallel	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
several	O
computing	O
techniques	O
which	O
fit	O
the	O
Lateral	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
paradigm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Here	O
is	O
a	O
brief	O
description	O
of	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
Lateral	B-General_Concept
Computing	I-General_Concept
techniques	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Swarm	B-Architecture
intelligence	I-Architecture
(	O
SI	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
property	O
of	O
a	O
system	O
whereby	O
the	O
collective	O
behaviors	O
of	O
(	O
unsophisticated	O
)	O
agents	O
,	O
interacting	O
locally	O
with	O
their	O
environment	O
,	O
cause	O
coherent	O
functional	O
global	O
patterns	O
to	O
emerge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
interesting	O
swarm	O
intelligent	O
technique	O
is	O
the	O
Ant	B-Algorithm
Colony	I-Algorithm
algorithm	I-Algorithm
:	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
analogy	O
,	O
a	O
computational	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
is	O
a	O
hardware	B-Architecture
and	O
software	O
infrastructure	O
that	O
provides	O
dependable	O
,	O
consistent	O
,	O
pervasive	O
,	O
and	O
inexpensive	O
access	O
to	O
high-end	O
computational	O
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
applications	O
of	O
grid	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
are	O
in	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Chip	O
design	O
,	O
cryptographic	O
problems	O
,	O
medical	O
instrumentation	O
,	O
and	O
supercomputing	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Distributed	O
supercomputing	B-Architecture
applications	O
use	O
grids	O
to	O
aggregate	O
substantial	O
computational	O
resources	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
tackle	O
problems	O
that	O
cannot	O
be	O
solved	O
on	O
a	O
single	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
essence	O
of	O
autonomic	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
is	O
self-management	O
,	O
the	O
intent	O
of	O
which	O
is	O
to	O
free	O
system	O
administrators	O
from	O
the	O
details	O
of	O
system	O
operation	O
and	O
maintenance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Four	O
aspects	O
of	O
autonomic	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
DNA	B-Application
computing	I-Application
uses	O
strands	O
of	O
DNA	O
to	O
encode	O
the	O
instance	O
of	O
the	O
problem	O
and	O
to	O
manipulate	O
them	O
using	O
techniques	O
commonly	O
available	O
in	O
any	O
molecular	O
biology	O
laboratory	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
simulate	O
operations	O
that	O
select	O
the	O
solution	O
of	O
the	O
problem	O
if	O
it	O
exists	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
DNA	O
molecule	O
is	O
also	O
a	O
code	O
,	O
but	O
is	O
instead	O
made	O
up	O
of	O
a	O
sequence	O
of	O
four	O
bases	O
that	O
pair	O
up	O
in	O
a	O
predictable	O
manner	O
,	O
many	O
scientists	O
have	O
thought	O
about	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
creating	O
a	O
molecular	B-Application
computer	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
computers	O
rely	O
on	O
the	O
much	O
faster	O
reactions	O
of	O
DNA	O
nucleotides	O
binding	O
with	O
their	O
complements	O
,	O
a	O
brute	B-Algorithm
force	I-Algorithm
method	O
that	O
holds	O
enormous	O
potential	O
for	O
creating	O
a	O
new	O
generation	O
of	O
computers	O
that	O
would	O
be	O
100	O
billion	O
times	O
faster	O
than	O
today	O
's	O
fastest	O
PC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DNA	B-Application
computing	I-Application
has	O
been	O
heralded	O
as	O
the	O
"	O
first	O
example	O
of	O
true	O
nanotechnology	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
even	O
the	O
"	O
start	O
of	O
a	O
new	O
era	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
forges	O
an	O
unprecedented	O
link	O
between	O
computer	O
science	O
and	O
life	O
science	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Example	O
applications	O
of	O
DNA	B-Application
computing	I-Application
are	O
in	O
solution	O
for	O
the	O
Hamiltonian	O
path	O
problem	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
known	O
NP	O
complete	O
one	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
quantum	B-Architecture
computer	I-Architecture
,	O
the	O
fundamental	O
unit	O
of	O
information	O
(	O
called	O
a	O
quantum	O
bit	O
or	O
qubit	O
)	O
,	O
is	O
not	O
binary	O
but	O
rather	O
more	O
quaternary	O
in	O
nature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
quantum	B-Architecture
computer	I-Architecture
manipulates	O
qubits	O
by	O
executing	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
quantum	B-Application
gates	I-Application
,	O
each	O
a	O
unitary	O
transformation	O
acting	O
on	O
a	O
single	O
qubit	O
or	O
pair	O
of	O
qubits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
applying	O
these	O
gates	O
in	O
succession	O
,	O
a	O
quantum	B-Architecture
computer	I-Architecture
can	O
perform	O
a	O
complicated	O
unitary	O
transformation	O
to	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
qubits	O
in	O
some	O
initial	O
state	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Field-programmable	B-Architecture
gate	I-Architecture
arrays	I-Architecture
(	O
FPGA	B-Architecture
)	O
are	O
making	O
it	O
possible	O
to	O
build	O
truly	O
reconfigurable	B-Architecture
computers	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
computer	O
architecture	O
is	O
transformed	O
by	O
on	O
the	O
fly	O
reconfiguration	O
of	O
the	O
FPGA	B-Architecture
circuitry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
key	O
feature	O
is	O
hardware	B-Architecture
performance	O
and	O
software	O
flexibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
several	O
applications	O
such	O
as	O
fingerprint	O
matching	O
,	O
DNA	O
sequence	O
comparison	O
,	O
etc.	O
,	O
reconfigurable	B-Architecture
computers	I-Architecture
have	O
been	O
shown	O
to	O
perform	O
several	O
orders	O
of	O
magnitude	O
better	O
than	O
conventional	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Simulated	B-Algorithm
annealing	I-Algorithm
algorithm	O
is	O
designed	O
by	O
looking	O
at	O
how	O
the	O
pure	O
crystals	O
form	O
from	O
a	O
heated	O
gaseous	O
state	O
while	O
the	O
system	O
is	O
cooled	O
slowly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
computing	O
problem	O
is	O
redesigned	O
as	O
a	O
simulated	B-Algorithm
annealing	I-Algorithm
exercise	O
and	O
the	O
solutions	O
are	O
arrived	O
at	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
working	O
principle	O
of	O
simulated	B-Algorithm
annealing	I-Algorithm
is	O
borrowed	O
from	O
metallurgy	O
:	O
a	O
piece	O
of	O
metal	O
is	O
heated	O
(	O
the	O
atoms	O
are	O
given	O
thermal	O
agitation	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
the	O
metal	O
is	O
left	O
to	O
cool	O
slowly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
main	O
components	O
of	O
"	O
Lateral-computing	O
"	O
is	O
soft	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
which	O
approaches	O
problems	O
with	O
human	O
information	O
processing	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Soft	B-General_Concept
Computing	I-General_Concept
technique	O
comprises	O
Fuzzy	O
logic	O
,	O
neuro-computing	O
,	O
evolutionary-computing	O
,	O
machine	O
learning	O
and	O
probabilistic-chaotic	O
computing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
of	O
solving	O
a	O
problem	O
by	O
creating	O
a	O
non-linear	O
equation	O
model	O
of	O
it	O
,	O
the	O
biological	O
neural	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
analogy	O
is	O
used	O
for	O
solving	O
the	O
problem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
neural	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
is	O
trained	O
like	O
a	O
human	O
brain	O
to	O
solve	O
a	O
given	O
problem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
genetic	B-Algorithm
algorithm	I-Algorithm
(	O
GA	O
)	O
resembles	O
the	O
natural	O
evolution	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
universal	O
optimization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Genetic	B-Algorithm
algorithms	I-Algorithm
start	O
with	O
a	O
population	O
of	O
chromosomes	O
which	O
represent	O
the	O
various	O
solutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
computational	O
techniques	O
are	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
randomization	O
,	O
yielding	O
probabilistic	B-General_Concept
algorithms	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fractal	B-Application
Computing	I-Application
are	O
objects	O
displaying	O
self-similarity	O
at	O
different	O
scales	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fractals	B-Application
generation	O
involves	O
small	O
iterative	O
algorithms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
fractals	B-Application
have	O
dimensions	O
greater	O
than	O
their	O
topological	O
dimensions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
length	O
of	O
the	O
fractal	B-Application
is	O
infinite	O
and	O
size	O
of	O
it	O
cannot	O
be	O
measured	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
several	O
types	O
of	O
fractals	B-Application
and	O
Mandelbrot	B-Algorithm
sets	I-Algorithm
are	O
very	O
popular	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fractals	B-Application
have	O
found	O
applications	O
in	O
image	O
processing	O
,	O
image	O
compression	O
music	O
generation	O
,	O
computer	O
games	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mandelbrot	B-Algorithm
set	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
fractal	B-Application
named	O
after	O
its	O
creator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
the	O
other	O
fractals	B-Application
,	O
even	O
though	O
the	B-Algorithm
Mandelbrot	I-Algorithm
set	I-Algorithm
is	O
self-similar	O
at	O
magnified	O
scales	O
,	O
the	O
small	O
scale	O
details	O
are	O
not	O
identical	O
to	O
the	O
whole	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
I.e.	O
,	O
the	B-Algorithm
Mandelbrot	I-Algorithm
set	I-Algorithm
is	O
infinitely	O
complex	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Algorithm
Mandelbrot	I-Algorithm
set	I-Algorithm
M	O
is	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
complex	O
numbers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Randomized	B-General_Concept
algorithm	I-General_Concept
makes	O
arbitrary	O
choices	O
during	O
its	O
execution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
well-designed	O
randomized	B-General_Concept
algorithm	I-General_Concept
will	O
have	O
a	O
very	O
high	O
probability	O
of	O
returning	O
a	O
correct	O
answer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
two	O
categories	O
of	O
randomized	B-General_Concept
algorithms	I-General_Concept
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
another	O
class	O
of	O
highly	O
successful	O
machine	O
learning	O
techniques	O
successfully	O
applied	O
to	O
tasks	O
such	O
as	O
text	O
classification	O
,	O
speaker	B-Application
recognition	I-Application
,	O
image	O
recognition	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Here	O
is	O
a	O
small	O
set	O
of	O
applications	O
that	O
illustrates	O
lateral	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
:	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
problem	O
has	O
been	O
efficiently	O
solved	O
by	O
neural	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
and	O
fuzzy	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Optimization	O
using	O
genetic	B-Algorithm
algorithms	I-Algorithm
and	O
simulated	B-Algorithm
annealing	I-Algorithm
:	O
The	O
problems	O
such	O
as	O
traveling	B-Algorithm
salesman	I-Algorithm
problem	I-Algorithm
have	O
been	O
shown	O
to	O
be	O
NP	O
complete	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Genetic	B-Algorithm
algorithms	I-Algorithm
and	O
Simulated	B-Algorithm
annealing	I-Algorithm
have	O
been	O
successful	O
in	O
solving	O
such	O
optimization	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Programming	O
The	O
Unprogrammable	O
(	O
PTU	O
)	O
involving	O
the	O
automatic	O
creation	O
of	O
computer	O
programs	O
for	O
unconventional	B-Device
computing	I-Device
devices	O
such	O
as	O
cellular	O
automata	O
,	O
multi-agent	O
systems	O
,	O
parallel	O
systems	O
,	O
field-programmable	B-Architecture
gate	I-Architecture
arrays	I-Architecture
,	O
field-programmable	O
analog	O
arrays	O
,	O
ant	O
colonies	O
,	O
swarm	B-Architecture
intelligence	I-Architecture
,	O
distributed	O
systems	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
like	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lateral-computing	O
techniques	O
which	O
use	O
the	O
human	O
like	O
information	O
processing	O
models	O
have	O
been	O
classified	O
as	O
"	O
Soft	B-General_Concept
Computing	I-General_Concept
"	O
in	O
literature	O
.	O
</s>
