<s>
The	O
late	B-Algorithm
positive	I-Algorithm
component	I-Algorithm
or	O
late	B-Algorithm
positive	I-Algorithm
complex	I-Algorithm
(	O
LPC	B-Algorithm
)	O
is	O
a	O
positive-going	O
event-related	O
brain	O
potential	O
(	O
ERP	O
)	O
component	O
that	O
has	O
been	O
important	O
in	O
studies	O
of	O
explicit	O
recognition	O
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
an	O
important	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
ERP	O
"	O
old/new	O
"	O
effect	O
,	O
which	O
may	O
also	O
include	O
modulations	O
of	O
an	O
earlier	O
component	O
similar	O
to	O
an	O
N400	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similar	O
positivities	O
have	O
sometimes	O
been	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
the	O
P3b	B-Algorithm
,	O
P300	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
P600	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Here	O
,	O
we	O
use	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
LPC	B-Algorithm
"	O
in	O
reference	O
to	O
this	O
late	B-Algorithm
positive	I-Algorithm
component	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
component	O
that	O
came	O
to	O
be	O
called	O
the	O
LPC	B-Algorithm
has	O
been	O
associated	O
with	O
episodic	O
memory	O
and	O
was	O
first	O
described	O
in	O
ERP	O
studies	O
examining	O
either	O
repetition	O
or	O
recognition	O
effects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
particular	O
,	O
second	O
presentations	O
of	O
items	O
were	O
associated	O
with	O
increased	O
positivity	O
between	O
500	O
and	O
800	O
ms	O
post-stimulus	O
onset	O
—	O
an	O
effect	O
that	O
came	O
to	O
be	O
called	O
the	O
LPC	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
but	O
also	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
the	O
P300	B-Algorithm
,	O
late	O
positivity	O
or	O
"	O
parietal	O
old/new	O
effect	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Results	O
showed	O
that	O
ERPs	O
to	O
old	O
items	O
were	O
characterized	O
by	O
decreases	O
in	O
an	O
negativity	O
between	O
300	O
and	O
500	O
ms	O
(	O
N400	B-Algorithm
)	O
and	O
increases	O
in	O
a	O
subsequent	O
,	O
partially	O
overlapping	O
positivity	O
(	O
LPC/P300	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
paradigm	O
that	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
elicit	O
and	O
study	O
the	O
LPC	B-Algorithm
involves	O
a	O
two	O
part	O
,	O
study-test	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
results	O
typically	O
show	O
a	O
larger	O
LPC	B-Algorithm
for	O
old	O
than	O
for	O
new	O
words	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Note	O
that	O
if	O
ERPs	O
are	O
also	O
recorded	O
during	O
the	O
study	O
phase	O
of	O
the	O
experiment	O
,	O
then	O
responses	O
during	O
the	O
test	O
phase	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
look	O
at	O
factors	O
that	O
predict	O
later	O
memory	O
;	O
this	O
effect	O
is	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
difference	B-Algorithm
due	I-Algorithm
to	I-Algorithm
memory	I-Algorithm
,	O
or	O
Dm	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
reviewed	O
by	O
Friedman	O
and	O
Johnson	O
,	O
the	O
LPC	B-Algorithm
is	O
typically	O
seen	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
a	O
broad	O
positivity	O
between	O
400	O
and	O
800	O
ms	O
post-stimulus	O
onset	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LPCs	B-Algorithm
have	O
been	O
recorded	O
to	O
words	O
,	O
line	O
drawings	O
,	O
sounds	O
,	O
and	O
meaningless	O
shapes	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
seen	O
in	O
both	O
long	O
and	O
short	O
term	O
memory	O
paradigms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
LPC	B-Algorithm
has	O
been	O
more	O
associated	O
with	O
explicit	O
memory	O
than	O
implicit	O
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
LPCs	B-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
seen	O
in	O
repetition	O
paradigms	O
wherein	O
items	O
are	O
repeated	O
but	O
subjects	O
do	O
not	O
respond	O
to	O
those	O
repetitions	O
and	O
are	O
not	O
asked	O
to	O
take	O
note	O
of	O
them	O
,	O
LPC	B-Algorithm
responses	O
are	O
bigger	O
in	O
tasks	O
in	O
which	O
subjects	O
make	O
memory-related	O
judgments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Results	O
revealed	O
that	O
repetition	O
modulated	O
LPC	B-Algorithm
in	O
the	O
explicit	O
task	O
but	O
not	O
implicit	O
task	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Supporting	O
evidence	O
comes	O
from	O
studies	O
of	O
the	O
effects	O
of	O
brain	O
damage	O
on	O
the	O
LPC	B-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
have	O
shown	O
that	O
the	O
LPC	B-Algorithm
effect	O
is	O
attenuated	O
or	O
eliminated	O
in	O
patients	O
with	O
bilateral	O
hippocampal	O
damage	O
or	O
damage	O
to	O
the	O
medial	O
temporal	O
lobe	O
(	O
similar	O
damage	O
does	O
not	O
disrupt	O
the	O
N400	B-Algorithm
part	O
of	O
the	O
old/new	O
effect	O
,	O
suggesting	O
it	O
is	O
more	O
related	O
to	O
implicit	O
memory	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
many	O
things	O
that	O
are	O
known	O
to	O
change	O
the	O
amplitude	B-Application
of	O
the	O
LPC	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
amplitude	B-Application
increases	O
with	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
following	O
:	O
study-test	O
repetitions	O
,	O
words	O
that	O
are	O
reported	O
as	O
being	O
consciously	O
remembered	O
(	O
versus	O
being	O
familiar	O
)	O
,	O
correctly	O
recognized	O
words	O
that	O
are	O
then	O
later	O
recalled	O
,	O
and	O
words	O
for	O
which	O
the	O
context	O
at	O
encoding	O
is	O
recalled	O
with	O
the	O
word	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
LPC	B-Algorithm
amplitude	B-Application
is	O
also	O
sensitive	O
to	O
levels	O
of	O
processing	O
manipulation	O
,	O
being	O
larger	O
for	O
more	O
deeply	O
encoded	O
items	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
these	O
data	O
suggest	O
that	O
the	O
LPC	B-Algorithm
amplitude	B-Application
is	O
closely	O
allied	O
with	O
recollection	O
and	O
reflects	O
successful	O
retrieval	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
LPC	B-Algorithm
is	O
also	O
sensitive	O
to	O
decision	O
accuracy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Results	O
showed	O
the	O
amplitude	B-Application
of	O
LPC	B-Algorithm
effect	O
was	O
sensitive	O
to	O
decision	O
accuracy	O
(	O
and	O
perhaps	O
confidence	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
amplitude	B-Application
was	O
larger	O
in	O
ERPs	O
evoked	O
by	O
words	O
attracting	O
correct	O
versus	O
incorrect	O
recognition	O
decisions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
LPC	B-Algorithm
effect	O
had	O
a	O
left	O
>	O
right	O
,	O
centro-parietal	O
scalp	O
distribution	O
(	O
in	O
ear-referenced	O
ERPs	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
studies	O
in	O
which	O
interpreted	O
LPC	B-Algorithm
from	O
the	O
perspective	O
of	O
dual-process	O
models	O
(	O
which	O
dissociate	O
familiarity	O
and	O
recollection	O
)	O
,	O
Finningan	O
et	O
al	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
2002	O
)	O
provided	O
alternative	O
interpretations	O
of	O
LPC	B-Algorithm
in	O
terms	O
of	O
memory	O
strength	O
and	O
decisional	O
factors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
a	O
study	O
done	O
by	O
Mecklinger	O
(	O
1998	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
scalp	O
distribution	O
of	O
the	O
LPC	B-Algorithm
can	O
vary	O
with	O
the	O
type	O
of	O
material	O
retrieved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
reviewed	O
by	O
Rugg	O
and	O
Curran	O
,	O
the	O
precise	O
functional	O
significance	O
of	O
the	O
LPC	B-Algorithm
continues	O
to	O
be	O
debated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
difference	O
in	O
the	O
response	O
pattern	O
of	O
the	O
LPC	B-Algorithm
,	O
in	O
comparison	O
with	O
other	O
components	O
elicited	O
in	O
memory	O
tasks	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
N400	B-Algorithm
,	O
has	O
played	O
an	O
important	O
role	O
in	O
debates	O
about	O
dual-process	O
theories	O
of	O
memory	O
,	O
which	O
postulate	O
qualitatively	O
different	O
mechanisms	O
underlying	O
familiarity	O
and	O
recollection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
terms	O
of	O
the	O
neural	O
source	O
of	O
the	O
component	O
,	O
the	O
characteristic	O
scalp	O
distribution	O
of	O
the	O
LPC	B-Algorithm
suggests	O
that	O
it	O
might	O
reflect	O
neural	O
activity	O
generated	O
in	O
the	O
lateral	O
parietal	O
cortex	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Consistent	O
with	O
this	O
hypothesis	O
,	O
fMRI	B-Algorithm
studies	O
report	O
recollection-sensitive	O
activity	O
in	O
this	O
region	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
findings	O
of	O
direct	O
functional	O
parallels	O
between	O
these	O
fMRI	B-Algorithm
and	O
ERP	O
old/new	O
effects	O
give	O
additional	O
credence	O
to	O
the	O
hypothesis	O
that	O
the	O
ERP	O
effect	O
reflects	O
activity	O
in	O
a	O
recollection-sensitive	O
region	O
of	O
the	O
lateral	O
parietal	O
cortex	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Results	O
from	O
studies	O
of	O
patients	O
with	O
brain	O
damage	O
,	O
described	O
above	O
,	O
indicate	O
that	O
medial	O
temporal	O
lobe	O
areas	O
and	O
the	O
hippocampus	O
contribute	O
to	O
the	O
processes	O
indexed	O
by	O
the	O
LPC	B-Algorithm
,	O
although	O
perhaps	O
not	O
directly	O
to	O
the	O
recorded	O
scalp	O
activity	O
.	O
</s>
