<s>
A	O
laptop	B-Device
computer	I-Device
or	O
notebook	B-Device
computer	I-Device
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
a	O
laptop	B-Device
or	O
notebook	B-Device
for	O
short	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
small	O
,	O
portable	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
(	O
PC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Laptops	B-Device
typically	O
have	O
a	O
clamshell	O
form	O
factor	O
with	O
a	O
flat	B-General_Concept
panel	I-General_Concept
screen	B-Device
(	O
usually	O
in	O
diagonal	O
size	O
)	O
on	O
the	O
inside	O
of	O
the	O
upper	O
lid	O
and	O
an	O
alphanumeric	B-Device
keyboard	I-Device
and	O
pointing	B-Device
device	I-Device
(	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
trackpad	B-Device
and/or	O
trackpoint	B-Device
)	O
on	O
the	O
inside	O
of	O
the	O
lower	O
lid	O
,	O
although	O
2-in-1	O
PCs	B-Device
with	O
a	O
detachable	O
keyboard	B-Device
are	O
often	O
marketed	O
as	O
laptops	B-Device
or	O
as	O
having	O
a	O
"	O
laptop	B-Device
mode	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
of	O
the	O
computer	O
's	O
internal	O
hardware	O
is	O
fitted	O
inside	O
the	O
lower	O
lid	O
enclosure	O
under	O
the	O
keyboard	B-Device
,	O
although	O
many	O
laptops	B-Device
have	O
a	O
built-in	O
webcam	B-Protocol
at	O
the	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
screen	B-Device
and	O
some	O
modern	O
ones	O
even	O
feature	O
a	O
touch-screen	B-Device
display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
most	O
cases	O
,	O
unlike	O
tablet	B-Device
computers	I-Device
which	O
run	O
on	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
,	O
laptops	B-Device
tend	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
desktop	B-General_Concept
operating	I-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
which	O
have	O
been	O
traditionally	O
associated	O
with	O
desktop	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Laptops	B-Device
run	O
on	O
both	O
an	O
AC	O
power	O
supply	O
and	O
a	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
pack	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
folded	O
shut	O
for	O
convenient	O
storage	O
and	O
transportation	O
,	O
making	O
them	O
suitable	O
for	O
mobile	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
,	O
laptops	B-Device
are	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
settings	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
at	O
work	O
(	O
especially	O
on	O
business	O
trips	O
)	O
,	O
in	O
education	O
,	O
for	O
playing	O
games	O
,	O
web	B-Application
browsing	I-Application
,	O
for	O
personal	O
multimedia	O
,	O
and	O
for	O
general	O
home	O
computer	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
names	O
"	O
laptop	B-Device
"	O
and	O
"	O
notebook	B-Device
"	O
refer	O
to	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
the	O
computer	O
can	O
be	O
practically	O
placed	O
on	O
(	O
or	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
)	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
lap	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
similarly	O
to	O
a	O
notebook	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2022	O
,	O
in	O
American	O
English	O
,	O
the	O
terms	O
"	O
laptop	B-Device
"	O
and	O
"	O
notebook	B-Device
"	O
are	O
used	O
interchangeably	O
;	O
in	O
other	O
dialects	O
of	O
English	O
,	O
one	O
or	O
the	O
other	O
may	O
be	O
preferred	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
notebook	B-Device
"	O
originally	O
referred	O
to	O
a	O
specific	O
size	O
of	O
laptop	B-Device
(	O
originally	O
smaller	O
and	O
lighter	O
than	O
mainstream	O
laptops	B-Device
of	O
the	O
time	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
has	O
come	O
to	O
mean	O
the	O
same	O
thing	O
and	O
no	O
longer	O
refers	O
to	O
any	O
specific	O
size	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Laptops	B-Device
combine	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
input/output	B-General_Concept
components	O
and	O
capabilities	O
of	O
a	O
desktop	B-Device
computer	I-Device
into	O
a	O
single	O
unit	O
,	O
including	O
a	O
display	O
screen	B-Device
,	O
small	O
speakers	O
,	O
a	O
keyboard	B-Device
,	O
and	O
a	O
pointing	B-Device
device	I-Device
(	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
touch	B-Application
pad	I-Application
or	O
pointing	B-Device
stick	I-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
modern	O
laptops	B-Device
include	O
a	O
built-in	O
webcam	B-Protocol
and	O
microphone	B-Application
,	O
and	O
many	O
also	O
have	O
a	O
touchscreen	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Laptops	B-Device
can	O
be	O
powered	O
by	O
an	O
internal	O
battery	O
or	O
an	O
external	O
power	O
supply	O
by	O
using	O
an	O
AC	O
adapter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
specialized	O
models	O
of	O
laptops	B-Device
include	O
rugged	B-Device
notebooks	I-Device
for	O
use	O
in	O
construction	O
or	O
military	O
applications	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
low-production-cost	O
laptops	B-Device
such	O
as	O
those	O
from	O
the	O
One	O
Laptop	B-Device
per	O
Child	O
(	O
OLPC	O
)	O
organization	O
,	O
which	O
incorporate	O
features	O
like	O
solar	O
charging	O
and	O
semi-flexible	O
components	O
not	O
found	O
on	O
most	O
laptop	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Portable	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
which	O
later	O
developed	O
into	O
modern	O
laptops	B-Device
,	O
were	O
originally	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
small	O
niche	O
market	O
,	O
mostly	O
for	O
specialized	O
field	O
applications	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
in	O
the	O
military	O
,	O
for	O
accountants	O
,	O
or	O
traveling	O
sales	O
representatives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
portable	B-Device
computers	I-Device
evolved	O
into	O
modern	O
laptops	B-Device
,	O
they	O
became	O
widely	O
used	O
for	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
(	O
PC	O
)	O
became	O
feasible	O
in	O
1971	O
,	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
a	O
portable	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
soon	O
followed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
"	O
personal	O
,	O
portable	O
information	O
manipulator	O
"	O
was	O
imagined	O
by	O
Alan	O
Kay	O
at	O
Xerox	O
PARC	O
in	O
1968	O
,	O
and	O
described	O
in	O
his	O
1972	O
paper	O
as	O
the	O
"	O
Dynabook	B-General_Concept
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
prototype	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PALM	I-Device
processor	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IBM	B-Device
5100	I-Device
,	O
the	O
first	O
commercially	O
available	O
portable	B-Device
computer	I-Device
,	O
appeared	O
in	O
September	O
1975	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
SCAMP	O
prototype	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
8-bit	O
CPU	B-Device
machines	O
became	O
widely	O
accepted	O
,	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
portables	O
increased	O
rapidly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
"	O
laptop-sized	O
notebook	B-Device
computer	I-Device
"	O
was	O
the	O
Epson	B-Device
HX-20	I-Device
,	O
invented	O
(	O
patented	O
)	O
by	O
Suwa	O
Seikosha	O
's	O
Yukio	O
Yokozawa	O
in	O
July	O
1980	O
,	O
introduced	O
at	O
the	O
COMDEX	O
computer	O
show	O
in	O
Las	O
Vegas	O
by	O
Japanese	O
company	O
Seiko	O
Epson	O
in	O
1981	O
,	O
and	O
released	O
in	O
July	O
1982	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	B-General_Concept
had	O
an	O
LCD	B-Device
screen	I-Device
,	O
a	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
a	O
calculator-size	O
printer	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
chassis	O
,	O
the	O
size	O
of	O
an	O
A4	O
notebook	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	B-General_Concept
was	O
described	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
laptop	B-Device
"	O
and	O
"	O
notebook	B-Device
"	O
computer	O
in	O
its	O
patent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
portable	O
micro	O
computer	O
Portal	O
of	O
the	O
French	O
company	O
R2E	O
Micral	B-Device
CCMC	O
officially	O
appeared	O
in	O
September	O
1980	O
at	O
the	O
Sicob	O
show	O
in	O
Paris	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	B-General_Concept
was	O
a	O
portable	O
microcomputer	O
designed	O
and	O
marketed	O
by	O
the	O
studies	O
and	O
developments	O
department	O
of	O
R2E	O
Micral	B-Device
at	O
the	O
request	O
of	O
the	O
company	O
CCMC	O
specializing	O
in	O
payroll	O
and	O
accounting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	B-General_Concept
was	O
based	O
on	O
an	O
Intel	O
8085	O
processor	O
,	O
8-bit	O
,	O
clocked	O
at	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	B-General_Concept
was	O
equipped	O
with	O
a	O
central	O
64	O
KB	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
a	O
keyboard	B-Device
with	O
58	O
alphanumeric	O
keys	O
and	O
11	O
numeric	O
keys	O
(	O
separate	O
blocks	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
32-character	O
screen	B-Device
,	O
a	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
:	O
capacity	O
=	O
140,000	O
characters	O
,	O
of	O
a	O
thermal	O
printer	O
:	O
speed	O
=	O
28	O
characters	O
/	O
second	O
,	O
an	O
asynchronous	O
channel	O
,	O
asynchronous	O
channel	O
,	O
a	O
220	O
V	O
power	O
supply	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	B-General_Concept
weighed	O
and	O
its	O
dimensions	O
were	O
454515cm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	B-General_Concept
provided	O
total	O
mobility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
was	O
aptly	O
named	O
Prologue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Osborne	B-Device
1	I-Device
,	O
released	O
in	O
1981	O
,	O
was	O
a	O
luggable	B-Device
computer	I-Device
that	O
used	O
the	O
Zilog	B-General_Concept
Z80	I-General_Concept
CPU	B-Device
and	O
weighed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	B-General_Concept
had	O
no	O
battery	O
,	O
a	O
cathode-ray	B-Device
tube	I-Device
(	O
CRT	O
)	O
screen	B-Device
,	O
and	O
dual	O
single-density	O
floppy	B-Device
drives	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
Tandy/RadioShack	O
and	O
Hewlett-Packard	O
(	O
HP	O
)	O
also	O
produced	O
portable	B-Device
computers	I-Device
of	O
varying	O
designs	O
during	O
this	O
period	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
laptops	B-Device
using	O
the	O
flip	O
form	O
factor	O
appeared	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Sharp	B-Device
PC-5000	I-Device
,	O
Ampere	O
and	O
Gavilan	O
SC	O
released	O
in	O
1983	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Gavilan	O
SC	O
was	O
described	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
laptop	B-Device
"	O
by	O
its	O
manufacturer	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
Ampere	O
had	O
a	O
modern	O
clamshell	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Toshiba	B-Device
T1100	I-Device
won	O
acceptance	O
not	O
only	O
among	O
PC	O
experts	O
but	O
the	O
mass	O
market	O
as	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
have	O
PC	O
portability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
1983	O
onward	O
,	O
several	O
new	O
input	O
techniques	O
were	O
developed	O
and	O
included	O
in	O
laptops	B-Device
,	O
including	O
the	O
touch	B-Application
pad	I-Application
(	O
Gavilan	O
SC	O
,	O
1983	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
pointing	B-Device
stick	I-Device
(	O
IBM	B-Device
ThinkPad	I-Device
700	I-Device
,	O
1992	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
handwriting	B-Application
recognition	I-Application
(	O
Linus	O
Write-Top	O
,	O
1987	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
CPUs	B-Device
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
1990	O
Intel	O
i386SL	B-General_Concept
,	O
were	O
designed	O
to	O
use	O
minimum	O
power	O
to	O
increase	O
battery	O
life	O
of	O
portable	B-Device
computers	I-Device
and	O
were	O
supported	O
by	O
dynamic	O
power	O
management	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
Intel	B-Device
SpeedStep	I-Device
and	O
AMD	B-Device
PowerNow	I-Device
!	I-Device
</s>
<s>
Displays	O
reached	O
640x480	O
(	O
VGA	B-Protocol
)	O
resolution	O
by	O
1988	O
(	O
Compaq	O
SLT/286	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
color	O
screens	O
started	O
becoming	O
a	O
common	O
upgrade	O
in	O
1991	O
,	O
with	O
increases	O
in	O
resolution	O
and	O
screen	B-Device
size	O
occurring	O
frequently	O
until	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
17	O
"	O
screen	B-Device
laptops	B-Device
in	O
2003	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hard	B-Device
drives	I-Device
started	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
portables	O
,	O
encouraged	O
by	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
3.5	B-Device
"	I-Device
drives	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
,	O
and	O
became	O
common	O
in	O
laptops	B-Device
starting	O
with	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
2.5	O
"	O
and	O
smaller	O
drives	O
around	O
1990	O
;	O
capacities	O
have	O
typically	O
lagged	O
behind	O
physically	O
larger	O
desktop	O
drives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Common	O
resolutions	O
of	O
laptop	B-Device
webcams	B-Protocol
are	O
720p	O
(	O
HD	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
lower-end	O
laptops	B-Device
480p	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
known	O
laptops	B-Device
with	O
1080p	O
(	O
Full	O
HD	O
)	O
webcams	B-Protocol
like	O
the	O
Samsung	B-Application
700G7C	O
were	O
released	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
2010s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Optical	O
disc	O
drives	O
became	O
common	O
in	O
full-size	O
laptops	B-Device
around	O
1997	O
;	O
this	O
initially	O
consisted	O
of	O
CD-ROM	B-Device
drives	O
,	O
which	O
were	O
supplanted	O
by	O
CD-R	O
,	O
DVD	O
,	O
and	O
Blu-ray	O
drives	O
with	O
writing	O
capability	O
over	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
terms	O
laptop	B-Device
and	O
notebook	B-Device
are	O
used	O
interchangeably	O
today	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
some	O
questions	O
as	O
to	O
the	O
original	O
etymology	O
and	O
specificity	O
of	O
either	O
term	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
laptop	B-Device
appears	O
to	O
have	O
been	O
coined	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1980s	O
to	O
describe	O
a	O
mobile	O
computer	O
which	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
on	O
one	O
's	O
lap	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
distinguish	O
these	O
devices	O
from	O
earlier	O
and	O
much	O
heavier	O
portable	B-Device
computers	I-Device
(	O
informally	O
called	O
"	O
luggables	B-Device
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
notebook	B-Device
appears	O
to	O
have	O
gained	O
currency	O
somewhat	O
later	O
as	O
manufacturers	O
started	O
producing	O
even	O
smaller	O
portable	O
devices	O
,	O
further	O
reducing	O
their	O
weight	O
and	O
size	O
and	O
incorporating	O
a	O
display	O
roughly	O
the	O
size	O
of	O
A4	O
paper	O
;	O
these	O
were	O
marketed	O
as	O
notebooks	B-Device
to	O
distinguish	O
them	O
from	O
bulkier	O
mainstream	O
or	O
desktop	B-Application
replacement	I-Application
laptops	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
portable	B-Device
computers	I-Device
during	O
the	O
late	O
1970s	O
,	O
their	O
form	O
has	O
changed	O
significantly	O
,	O
spawning	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
visually	O
and	O
technologically	O
differing	O
subclasses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Except	O
where	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
distinct	O
legal	O
trademark	O
around	O
a	O
term	O
(	O
notably	O
,	O
Ultrabook	B-Device
)	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
rarely	O
hard	O
distinctions	O
between	O
these	O
classes	O
and	O
their	O
usage	O
has	O
varied	O
over	O
time	O
and	O
between	O
different	O
sources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
late	O
2010s	O
,	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
more	O
specific	O
terms	O
has	O
become	O
less	O
common	O
,	O
with	O
sizes	O
distinguished	O
largely	O
by	O
the	O
size	O
of	O
the	O
screen	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
were	O
in	O
the	O
past	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
marketing	O
categories	O
for	O
smaller	O
and	O
larger	O
laptop	B-Device
computers	I-Device
;	O
these	O
included	O
"	O
subnotebook	B-Device
"	O
models	O
,	O
low	O
cost	O
"	O
netbooks	B-Device
"	O
,	O
and	O
"	O
ultra-mobile	B-Device
PCs	I-Device
"	O
where	O
the	O
size	O
class	O
overlapped	O
with	O
devices	O
like	O
smartphone	B-Application
and	O
handheld	O
tablets	B-Device
,	O
and	O
"	O
Desktop	B-Application
replacement	I-Application
"	O
laptops	B-Device
for	O
machines	O
notably	O
larger	O
and	O
heavier	O
than	O
typical	O
to	O
operate	O
more	O
powerful	O
processors	B-General_Concept
or	O
graphics	B-Architecture
hardware	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
of	O
these	O
terms	O
have	O
fallen	O
out	O
of	O
favor	O
as	O
the	O
size	O
of	O
mainstream	O
laptops	B-Device
has	O
gone	O
down	O
and	O
their	O
capabilities	O
have	O
gone	O
up	O
;	O
except	O
for	O
niche	O
models	O
,	O
laptop	B-Device
sizes	O
tend	O
to	O
be	O
distinguished	O
by	O
the	O
size	O
of	O
the	O
screen	B-Device
,	O
and	O
for	O
more	O
powerful	O
models	O
,	O
by	O
any	O
specialized	O
purpose	O
the	O
machine	O
is	O
intended	O
for	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
gaming	B-Device
laptop	I-Device
"	O
or	O
a	O
"	O
mobile	B-Device
workstation	I-Device
"	O
for	O
professional	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
latest	O
trend	O
of	O
technological	O
convergence	O
in	O
the	O
portable	B-Device
computer	I-Device
industry	O
spawned	O
a	O
broad	O
range	O
of	O
devices	O
,	O
which	O
combined	O
features	O
of	O
several	O
previously	O
separate	O
device	O
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
hybrids	O
,	O
convertibles	B-Device
,	O
and	O
2-in-1s	O
emerged	O
as	O
crossover	O
devices	O
,	O
which	O
share	O
traits	O
of	O
both	O
tablets	B-Device
and	O
laptops	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
such	O
devices	O
have	O
a	O
touchscreen	B-Device
display	O
designed	O
to	O
allow	O
users	O
to	O
work	O
in	O
a	O
tablet	B-Device
mode	O
,	O
using	O
either	O
multi-touch	B-Application
gestures	O
or	O
a	O
stylus/digital	O
pen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Convertibles	B-Device
are	O
devices	O
with	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
conceal	O
a	O
hardware	O
keyboard	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Keyboards	B-Device
on	O
such	O
devices	O
can	O
be	O
flipped	O
,	O
rotated	O
,	O
or	O
slid	O
behind	O
the	O
back	O
of	O
the	O
chassis	O
,	O
thus	O
transforming	O
from	O
a	O
laptop	B-Device
into	O
a	O
tablet	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hybrids	O
have	O
a	O
keyboard	B-Device
detachment	O
mechanism	O
,	O
and	O
due	O
to	O
this	O
feature	O
,	O
all	O
critical	O
components	O
are	O
situated	O
in	O
the	O
part	O
with	O
the	O
display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2-in-1s	O
can	O
have	O
a	O
hybrid	O
or	O
a	O
convertible	O
form	O
,	O
often	O
dubbed	O
2-in-1	O
detachable	O
and	O
2-in-1	O
convertibles	B-Device
respectively	O
,	O
but	O
are	O
distinguished	O
by	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
run	O
a	O
desktop	B-General_Concept
OS	I-General_Concept
,	O
such	O
as	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
2-in-1s	O
are	O
often	O
marketed	O
as	O
laptop	B-Device
replacement	O
tablets	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
2-in-1s	O
are	O
distinguished	O
from	O
mainstream	O
tablets	B-Device
as	O
they	O
feature	O
an	O
x86-architecture	O
CPU	B-Device
(	O
typically	O
a	O
low	O
-	O
or	O
ultra-low-voltage	B-General_Concept
model	O
)	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Intel	B-Device
Core	I-Device
i5	O
,	O
run	O
a	O
full-featured	O
desktop	B-General_Concept
OS	I-General_Concept
like	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
have	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
typical	O
laptop	B-Device
I/O	B-General_Concept
ports	B-Protocol
,	O
such	O
as	O
USB	B-Protocol
3	O
and	O
Mini	B-Protocol
DisplayPort	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
2-in-1s	O
are	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
not	O
only	O
as	O
a	O
media	O
consumption	O
device	O
but	O
also	O
as	O
valid	O
desktop	O
or	O
laptop	B-Device
replacements	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
their	O
ability	O
to	O
run	O
desktop	O
applications	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Photoshop	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	B-General_Concept
is	O
possible	O
to	O
connect	O
multiple	O
peripheral	O
devices	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
mouse	O
,	O
keyboard	B-Device
,	O
and	O
several	O
external	O
displays	O
to	O
a	O
modern	O
2-in-1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Device
Surface	I-Device
Pro-series	O
devices	O
and	O
Surface	B-Device
Book	I-Device
are	O
examples	O
of	O
modern	O
2-in-1	O
detachable	O
,	O
whereas	O
Lenovo	O
Yoga-series	O
computers	O
are	O
a	O
variant	O
of	O
2-in-1	O
convertibles	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
older	O
Surface	B-Device
RT	I-Device
and	O
Surface	B-Device
2	I-Device
have	O
the	O
same	O
chassis	O
design	O
as	O
the	O
Surface	O
Pro	O
,	O
their	O
use	O
of	O
ARM	B-Architecture
processors	I-Architecture
and	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
RT	I-Operating_System
do	O
not	O
classify	O
them	O
as	O
2-in-1s	O
,	O
but	O
as	O
hybrid	O
tablets	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
hybrid	O
laptops	B-Device
run	O
a	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
,	O
such	O
as	O
Android	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
include	O
Asus	B-Application
's	I-Application
Transformer	I-Application
Pad	I-Application
devices	O
,	O
examples	O
of	O
hybrids	O
with	O
a	O
detachable	O
keyboard	B-Device
design	O
,	O
which	O
do	O
not	O
fall	O
in	O
the	O
category	O
of	O
2-in-1s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
rugged	B-Device
laptop	I-Device
is	O
designed	O
to	O
reliably	O
operate	O
in	O
harsh	O
usage	O
conditions	O
such	O
as	O
strong	O
vibrations	O
,	O
extreme	O
temperatures	O
,	O
and	O
wet	O
or	O
dusty	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rugged	B-Device
laptops	I-Device
are	O
bulkier	O
,	O
heavier	O
,	O
and	O
much	O
more	O
expensive	O
than	O
regular	O
laptops	B-Device
,	O
and	O
thus	O
are	O
seldom	O
seen	O
in	O
regular	O
consumer	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
basic	O
components	O
of	O
laptops	B-Device
function	O
identically	O
to	O
their	O
desktop	O
counterparts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Traditionally	O
they	O
were	O
miniaturized	O
and	O
adapted	O
to	O
mobile	O
use	O
,	O
The	O
design	O
restrictions	O
on	O
power	O
,	O
size	O
,	O
and	O
cooling	B-Device
of	O
laptops	B-Device
limit	O
the	O
maximum	O
performance	O
of	O
laptop	B-Device
parts	O
compared	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
desktop	O
components	O
,	O
although	O
that	O
difference	O
has	O
increasingly	O
narrowed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
general	O
,	O
laptop	B-Device
components	O
are	O
not	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
replaceable	O
or	O
upgradable	O
by	O
the	O
end-user	O
,	O
except	O
for	O
components	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
detached	O
;	O
in	O
the	O
past	O
,	O
batteries	O
and	O
optical	O
drives	O
were	O
commonly	O
exchangeable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
restriction	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
major	O
differences	O
between	O
laptops	B-Device
and	O
desktop	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
because	O
the	O
large	O
"	O
tower	B-General_Concept
"	O
cases	O
used	O
in	O
desktop	B-Device
computers	I-Device
are	O
designed	O
so	O
that	O
new	O
motherboards	B-Device
,	O
hard	B-Device
disks	I-Device
,	O
sound	B-Device
cards	I-Device
,	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
other	O
components	O
can	O
be	O
added	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Memory	O
and	O
storage	O
can	O
often	O
be	O
upgraded	O
with	O
some	O
disassembly	O
,	O
but	O
with	O
the	O
most	O
compact	O
laptops	B-Device
,	O
there	O
may	O
be	O
no	O
upgradeable	O
components	O
at	O
all	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
sections	O
summarizes	O
the	O
differences	O
and	O
distinguishing	O
features	O
of	O
laptop	B-Device
components	O
in	O
comparison	O
to	O
desktop	B-Device
personal	I-Device
computer	I-Device
parts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
typical	O
laptop	B-Device
has	O
a	O
screen	B-Device
that	O
,	O
when	O
unfolded	O
,	O
is	O
upright	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Laptop	B-Device
screens	O
most	O
commonly	O
employ	O
liquid-crystal	B-Device
display	I-Device
(	O
LCD	B-Device
)	O
technology	O
,	O
although	O
use	O
of	O
OLED	B-Device
panels	O
has	O
risen	O
substantially	O
since	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
display	O
interfaces	O
with	O
the	O
motherboard	B-Device
using	O
the	O
Low-voltage	B-Architecture
differential	I-Architecture
signaling	I-Architecture
(	O
LVDS	B-Architecture
)	O
or	O
embedded	O
DisplayPort	B-Protocol
protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Externally	O
,	O
it	B-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
a	O
glossy	O
or	O
a	O
matte	O
(	O
anti-glare	O
)	O
screen	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
past	O
,	O
there	O
was	O
a	O
broader	O
range	O
of	O
marketing	O
terms	O
(	O
both	O
formal	O
and	O
informal	O
)	O
to	O
distinguish	O
between	O
different	O
sizes	O
of	O
laptops	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
included	O
Netbooks	B-Device
,	O
subnotebooks	B-Device
,	O
Ultra-mobile	B-Device
PC	I-Device
,	O
and	O
Desktop	B-Application
replacement	I-Application
computers	I-Application
;	O
these	O
are	O
sometimes	O
still	O
used	O
informally	O
,	O
although	O
they	O
are	O
essentially	O
dead	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
manufacturer	O
marketing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2021	O
,	O
mainstream	O
consumer	O
laptops	B-Device
tend	O
to	O
come	O
with	O
11	O
"	O
,	O
13	O
"	O
or	O
15	O
"	O
-16	O
"	O
screens	O
;	O
14	O
"	O
models	O
are	O
more	O
popular	O
among	O
business	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Machines	O
small	O
enough	O
to	O
be	O
handheld	O
(	O
screens	O
in	O
the	O
6	O
–	O
8	B-Device
"	I-Device
range	O
)	O
can	O
be	O
marketed	O
either	O
as	O
very	O
small	O
laptops	B-Device
or	O
"	O
handheld	O
PCs	B-Device
,	O
"	O
while	O
the	O
distinction	O
between	O
the	O
largest	O
laptops	B-Device
and	O
"	O
All-in-One	O
"	O
desktops	B-Device
is	O
whether	O
they	O
fold	O
for	O
travel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
MacBook	B-Device
Pro	I-Device
with	O
Retina	O
display	O
in	O
2012	O
,	O
there	O
has	O
been	O
an	O
increase	O
in	O
the	O
availability	O
of	O
"	O
HiDPI	B-Algorithm
"	O
(	O
or	O
high	O
Pixel	B-Algorithm
density	I-Algorithm
)	O
displays	O
;	O
as	O
of	O
2022	O
,	O
this	O
is	O
generally	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
anything	O
higher	O
than	O
1920	O
pixels	O
wide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
External	O
displays	O
can	O
be	O
connected	O
to	O
most	O
laptops	B-Device
,	O
with	O
most	O
models	O
supporting	O
at	O
least	O
one	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
technology	O
such	O
as	O
USB4	O
(	O
section	O
Alternate	O
Mode	O
partner	O
specifications	O
)	O
|DisplayPort	O
Alt	O
Mode ] ]	O
has	O
been	O
utilized	O
to	O
charge	O
a	O
laptop	B-Device
and	O
provide	O
display	O
output	O
over	O
one	O
USB-C	O
Cable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
laptop	B-Device
displays	O
have	O
a	O
maximum	O
refresh	O
rate	O
of	O
60Hz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Dell	O
M17x	O
and	O
Samsung	B-Application
700G7A	O
,	O
both	O
released	O
in	O
2011	O
,	O
were	O
among	O
the	O
first	O
laptops	B-Device
to	O
feature	O
a	O
120Hz	O
refresh	O
rate	O
,	O
and	O
more	O
such	O
laptops	B-Device
have	O
appeared	O
in	O
the	O
years	O
since	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
laptop	B-Device
's	O
CPU	B-Device
has	O
advanced	O
power-saving	O
features	O
and	O
produces	O
less	O
heat	O
than	O
one	O
intended	O
purely	O
for	O
desktop	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mainstream	O
laptop	B-Device
CPUs	B-Device
made	O
after	O
2018	O
have	O
at	O
least	O
two	O
processor	O
cores	O
,	O
often	O
four	O
cores	O
,	O
and	O
sometimes	O
more	O
,	O
with	O
8	O
cores	O
becoming	O
more	O
common	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
low	O
price	O
and	O
mainstream	O
performance	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
longer	O
a	O
significant	O
performance	O
difference	O
between	O
laptop	B-Device
and	O
desktop	O
CPUs	B-Device
,	O
but	O
at	O
the	O
high	O
end	O
,	O
the	O
fastest	O
desktop	O
CPUs	B-Device
still	O
substantially	O
outperform	O
the	O
fastest	O
laptop	B-Application
processors	I-Application
,	O
at	O
the	O
expense	O
of	O
massively	O
higher	O
power	O
consumption	O
and	O
heat	O
generation	O
;	O
the	O
fastest	O
laptop	B-Application
processors	I-Application
top	O
out	O
at	O
56	O
watts	O
of	O
heat	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
fastest	O
desktop	O
processors	B-General_Concept
top	O
out	O
at	O
150	O
watts	O
(	O
and	O
often	O
need	O
water	O
cooling	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
has	O
been	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
CPUs	B-Application
designed	I-Application
for	I-Application
laptops	I-Application
available	O
from	O
both	O
Intel	O
,	O
AMD	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
manufacturers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
non-x86	O
architectures	O
,	O
Motorola	O
and	O
IBM	O
produced	O
the	O
chips	O
for	O
the	O
former	O
PowerPC-based	O
Apple	O
laptops	B-Device
(	O
iBook	B-Device
and	O
PowerBook	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Between	O
around	O
2000	O
to	O
2014	O
,	O
most	O
full-size	O
laptops	B-Device
had	O
socketed	O
,	O
replaceable	O
CPUs	B-Device
;	O
on	O
thinner	O
models	O
,	O
the	O
CPU	B-Device
was	O
soldered	O
on	O
the	O
motherboard	B-Device
and	O
was	O
not	O
replaceable	O
or	O
upgradable	O
without	O
replacing	O
the	O
motherboard	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2015	O
,	O
Intel	O
has	O
not	O
offered	O
new	O
laptop	B-Device
CPU	B-Device
models	O
with	O
pins	O
to	O
be	O
interchangeable	O
,	O
preferring	O
ball	B-Algorithm
grid	I-Algorithm
array	I-Algorithm
chip	O
packages	O
which	O
have	O
to	O
be	O
soldered	O
;	O
and	O
as	O
of	O
2021	O
,	O
only	O
a	O
few	O
rare	O
models	O
using	O
desktop	O
parts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
past	O
,	O
some	O
laptops	B-Device
have	O
used	O
a	O
desktop	O
processor	O
instead	O
of	O
the	O
laptop	B-Device
version	O
and	O
have	O
had	O
high-performance	O
gains	O
at	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
greater	O
weight	O
,	O
heat	O
,	O
and	O
limited	O
battery	O
life	O
;	O
this	O
is	O
not	O
unknown	O
as	O
of	O
2022	O
,	O
but	O
since	O
around	O
2010	O
,	O
the	O
practice	O
has	O
been	O
restricted	O
to	O
small-volume	O
gaming	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Laptop	B-Device
CPUs	B-Device
are	O
rarely	O
able	O
to	O
be	O
overclocked	B-Application
;	O
most	O
use	O
locked	O
processors	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
on	O
gaming	O
models	O
where	O
unlocked	O
processors	B-General_Concept
are	O
available	O
,	O
the	O
cooling	B-Device
system	O
in	O
most	O
laptops	B-Device
is	O
often	O
very	O
close	O
to	O
its	O
limits	O
and	O
there	O
is	O
rarely	O
headroom	O
for	O
an	O
overclocking	B-Application
–	O
related	O
operating	O
temperature	O
increase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
most	O
laptops	B-Device
,	O
the	O
GPU	B-Architecture
is	O
integrated	O
into	O
the	O
CPU	B-Device
to	O
conserve	O
power	O
and	O
space	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
introduced	O
by	O
Intel	O
with	O
the	O
Core	B-Device
i-series	I-Device
of	O
mobile	O
processors	B-General_Concept
in	O
2010	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
similar	O
AMD	B-Architecture
APU	I-Architecture
processors	B-General_Concept
in	O
January	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
that	O
,	O
lower-end	O
machines	O
tended	O
to	O
use	O
graphics	B-Architecture
processors	I-Architecture
integrated	O
into	O
the	O
system	O
chipset	O
,	O
while	O
higher-end	O
machines	O
had	O
a	O
separate	O
graphics	B-Architecture
processor	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
past	O
,	O
laptops	B-Device
lacking	O
a	O
separate	O
graphics	B-Architecture
processor	I-Architecture
were	O
limited	O
in	O
their	O
utility	O
for	O
gaming	O
and	O
professional	O
applications	O
involving	O
3D	O
graphics	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
capabilities	O
of	O
CPU-integrated	O
graphics	O
have	O
converged	O
with	O
the	O
low-end	O
of	O
dedicated	O
graphics	B-Architecture
processors	I-Architecture
since	O
the	O
mid-2010s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
laptops	B-Device
posessing	O
limited	O
onboard	O
graphics	O
capability	O
but	O
sufficient	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
throughput	O
,	O
an	O
external	O
GPU	B-Architecture
(	O
eGPU	O
)	O
can	O
provide	O
additional	O
graphics	O
power	O
at	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
physical	O
space	O
and	O
portability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Higher-end	O
laptops	B-Device
intended	O
for	O
gaming	O
or	O
professional	O
3D	O
work	O
still	O
come	O
with	O
dedicated	O
(	O
and	O
in	O
some	O
cases	O
even	O
dual	O
)	O
graphics	B-Architecture
processors	I-Architecture
on	O
the	O
motherboard	B-Device
or	O
as	O
an	O
internal	B-Architecture
expansion	I-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2011	O
,	O
these	O
almost	O
always	O
involve	O
switchable	O
graphics	O
so	O
that	O
when	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
demand	O
for	O
the	O
higher	O
performance	O
dedicated	O
graphics	B-Architecture
processor	I-Architecture
,	O
the	O
more	O
power-efficient	O
integrated	O
graphics	B-Architecture
processor	I-Architecture
will	O
be	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nvidia	B-Application
Optimus	I-Application
and	O
AMD	O
Hybrid	O
Graphics	O
are	O
examples	O
of	O
this	O
sort	O
of	O
system	O
of	O
switchable	O
graphics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Traditionally	O
,	O
the	O
system	O
RAM	B-Architecture
on	O
laptops	B-Device
(	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
on	O
desktop	B-Device
computers	I-Device
)	O
was	O
physically	O
separate	O
from	O
the	O
graphics	O
memory	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
GPU	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
's	O
M	O
series	O
SoCs	O
feature	O
a	O
unified	O
pool	O
of	O
memory	O
for	O
both	O
the	O
system	O
and	O
the	O
GPU	B-Architecture
;	O
this	O
approach	O
can	O
produce	O
substantial	O
efficiency	O
gains	O
for	O
some	O
applications	O
but	O
comes	O
at	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
eGPU	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
around	O
the	O
year	O
2000	O
,	O
most	O
laptops	B-Device
have	O
used	O
SO-DIMM	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
although	O
,	O
as	O
of	O
2021	O
,	O
an	O
increasing	O
number	O
of	O
models	O
use	O
memory	O
soldered	O
to	O
the	O
motherboard	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
2000	O
,	O
most	O
laptops	B-Device
used	O
proprietary	B-Device
memory	O
modules	O
if	O
their	O
memory	O
was	O
upgradable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
early	O
2010s	O
,	O
high	O
end	O
laptops	B-Device
such	O
as	O
the	O
2011	O
Samsung	B-Application
700G7A	O
have	O
passed	O
the	O
10	O
GB	O
RAM	B-Architecture
barrier	O
,	O
featuring	O
16	O
GB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
upgradeable	O
,	O
memory	O
slots	O
are	O
sometimes	O
accessible	O
from	O
the	O
bottom	O
of	O
the	O
laptop	B-Device
for	O
ease	O
of	O
upgrading	O
;	O
in	O
other	O
cases	O
,	O
accessing	O
them	O
requires	O
significant	O
disassembly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
laptops	B-Device
have	O
two	O
memory	O
slots	O
,	O
although	O
some	O
will	O
have	O
only	O
one	O
,	O
either	O
for	O
cost	O
savings	O
or	O
because	O
some	O
amount	O
of	O
memory	O
is	O
soldered	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
high-end	O
models	O
have	O
four	O
slots	O
;	O
these	O
are	O
usually	O
mobile	O
engineering	O
workstations	B-Device
,	O
although	O
a	O
few	O
high-end	O
models	O
intended	O
for	O
gaming	O
do	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2021	O
,	O
8	O
GB	O
RAM	B-Architecture
is	O
most	O
common	O
,	O
with	O
lower-end	O
models	O
occasionally	O
having	O
4GB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Higher-end	O
laptops	B-Device
may	O
come	O
with	O
16	O
GB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
or	O
more	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
laptops	B-Device
most	O
often	O
used	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
for	O
storage	O
,	O
although	O
a	O
few	O
used	O
either	O
RAM	B-Architecture
disk	O
or	O
tape	O
,	O
by	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drives	I-Device
had	O
become	O
the	O
standard	O
form	O
of	O
storage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Between	O
1990	O
and	O
2009	O
,	O
almost	O
all	O
laptops	B-Device
typically	O
had	O
a	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drive	I-Device
(	O
HDD	O
)	O
for	O
storage	O
;	O
since	O
then	O
,	O
solid-state	B-Device
drives	I-Device
(	O
SSD	B-Device
)	O
have	O
gradually	O
come	O
to	O
supplant	O
hard	B-Device
drives	I-Device
in	O
all	O
but	O
some	O
inexpensive	O
consumer	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Solid-state	B-Device
drives	I-Device
are	O
faster	O
and	O
more	O
power-efficient	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
eliminating	O
the	O
hazard	O
of	O
drive	O
and	O
data	O
corruption	O
caused	O
by	O
a	O
laptop	B-Device
's	O
physical	O
impacts	O
,	O
as	O
they	O
use	O
no	O
mechanical	O
parts	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
rotational	O
platter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
2000s	O
,	O
SSDs	B-Device
were	O
substantially	O
more	O
expensive	O
than	O
HDDs	O
,	O
but	O
as	O
of	O
2021	O
prices	O
on	O
smaller	O
capacity	O
(	O
under	O
1	O
terabyte	O
)	O
drives	O
have	O
converged	O
;	O
larger	O
capacity	O
drives	O
remain	O
more	O
expensive	O
than	O
comparable-sized	O
HDDs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
around	O
1990	O
,	O
where	O
a	O
hard	B-Device
drive	I-Device
is	O
present	O
it	B-General_Concept
will	O
typically	O
be	O
a	O
2.5-inch	O
drive	O
;	O
some	O
very	O
compact	O
laptops	B-Device
support	O
even	O
smaller	O
1.8-inch	O
HDDs	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
very	O
small	O
number	O
used	O
1	O
"	O
Microdrives	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
SSDs	B-Device
are	O
built	O
to	O
match	O
the	O
size/shape	O
of	O
a	O
laptop	B-Device
hard	I-Device
drive	I-Device
,	O
but	O
increasingly	O
they	O
have	O
been	O
replaced	O
with	O
smaller	O
mSATA	O
or	O
M.2	B-Protocol
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SSDs	B-Device
using	O
the	O
newer	O
and	O
much	O
faster	O
NVM	B-Application
Express	I-Application
standard	O
for	O
connecting	O
are	O
only	O
available	O
as	O
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2022	O
,	O
many	O
laptops	B-Device
no	O
longer	O
contain	O
space	O
for	O
a	O
2.5	O
"	O
drive	O
,	O
accepting	O
only	O
M.2	B-Protocol
cards	O
;	O
a	O
few	O
of	O
the	O
smallest	O
have	O
storage	O
soldered	O
to	O
the	O
motherboard	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
those	O
that	O
can	O
,	O
they	O
can	O
typically	O
contain	O
a	O
single	O
2.5-inch	O
drive	O
,	O
but	O
a	O
small	O
number	O
of	O
laptops	B-Device
with	O
a	O
screen	B-Device
wider	O
than	O
15	O
inches	O
can	O
house	O
two	O
drives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
variety	O
of	O
external	O
HDDs	O
or	O
NAS	B-Application
data	O
storage	O
servers	O
with	O
support	O
of	O
RAID	B-Architecture
technology	O
can	O
be	O
attached	O
to	O
virtually	O
any	O
laptop	B-Device
over	O
such	O
interfaces	O
as	O
USB	B-Protocol
,	O
FireWire	B-Protocol
,	O
eSATA	O
,	O
or	O
Thunderbolt	B-Protocol
,	O
or	O
over	O
a	O
wired	O
or	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
to	O
further	O
increase	O
space	O
for	O
the	O
storage	O
of	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
laptops	B-Device
also	O
incorporate	O
a	O
SD	B-Device
or	O
microSD	O
card	O
slot	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
enables	O
users	O
to	O
download	O
digital	O
pictures	O
from	O
an	O
SD	B-Device
card	I-Device
onto	O
a	O
laptop	B-Device
,	O
thus	O
enabling	O
them	O
to	O
delete	O
the	O
SD	B-Device
card	I-Device
's	O
contents	O
to	O
free	O
up	O
space	O
for	O
taking	O
new	O
pictures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Optical	O
disc	O
drives	O
capable	O
of	O
playing	O
CD-ROMs	B-Device
,	O
compact	O
discs	O
(	O
CD	O
)	O
,	O
DVDs	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
some	O
cases	O
,	O
Blu-ray	O
discs	O
(	O
BD	O
)	O
,	O
were	O
nearly	O
universal	O
on	O
full-sized	O
models	O
between	O
the	O
mid-1990s	O
and	O
the	O
early	O
2010s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2021	O
,	O
drives	O
are	O
uncommon	O
in	O
compact	O
or	O
premium	O
laptops	B-Device
;	O
they	O
remain	O
available	O
in	O
some	O
bulkier	O
models	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
trend	O
towards	O
thinner	O
and	O
lighter	O
machines	O
is	O
gradually	O
eliminating	O
these	O
drives	O
and	O
players	O
–	O
when	O
needed	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
connected	O
via	O
USB	B-Protocol
instead	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
alphanumeric	B-Device
keyboard	I-Device
is	O
used	O
to	O
enter	O
text	O
,	O
data	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
commands	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
function	B-Application
keys	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
touchpad	B-Application
(	O
also	O
called	O
a	O
trackpad	B-Device
)	O
,	O
a	O
pointing	B-Device
stick	I-Device
,	O
or	O
both	O
,	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
control	O
the	O
position	O
of	O
the	O
cursor	O
on	O
the	O
screen	B-Device
,	O
and	O
an	O
integrated	O
keyboard	B-Device
is	O
used	O
for	O
typing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
touchpads	B-Application
have	O
buttons	O
separate	O
from	O
the	O
touch	O
surface	O
,	O
while	O
others	O
share	O
the	O
surface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
quick	O
double-tap	O
is	O
typically	O
registered	O
as	O
a	O
click	O
,	O
and	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
may	O
recognize	O
multi-finger	O
touch	O
gestures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
external	O
keyboard	B-Device
and	O
mouse	O
may	O
be	O
connected	O
using	O
a	O
USB	B-Protocol
port	I-Protocol
or	O
wirelessly	O
,	O
via	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
or	O
similar	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
laptops	B-Device
have	O
multitouch	B-Application
touchscreen	B-Device
displays	O
,	O
either	O
available	O
as	O
an	O
option	O
or	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
laptops	B-Device
have	O
webcams	B-Protocol
and	O
microphones	B-Application
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
communicate	O
with	O
other	O
people	O
with	O
both	O
moving	O
images	O
and	O
sound	O
,	O
via	O
web	B-Protocol
conferencing	I-Protocol
or	O
video-calling	B-Application
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Laptops	B-Device
typically	O
have	O
USB	B-Protocol
ports	I-Protocol
and	O
a	O
combined	O
headphone/microphone	O
jack	O
,	O
for	O
use	O
with	O
headphones	O
,	O
a	O
combined	O
headset	O
,	O
or	O
an	O
external	O
mic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
laptops	B-Device
have	O
a	O
card	B-Device
reader	I-Device
for	O
reading	O
digital	O
camera	O
SD	B-Device
cards	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
a	O
typical	O
laptop	B-Device
there	O
are	O
several	O
USB	B-Protocol
ports	I-Protocol
;	O
if	O
they	O
use	O
only	O
the	O
older	O
USB	B-Protocol
connectors	O
instead	O
of	O
USB-C	O
,	O
they	O
will	O
typically	O
have	O
an	O
external	O
monitor	O
port	O
(	O
VGA	B-Protocol
,	O
DVI	B-Protocol
,	O
HDMI	B-Protocol
or	O
Mini	B-Protocol
DisplayPort	I-Protocol
or	O
occasionally	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
)	O
,	O
an	O
audio	O
in/out	O
port	O
(	O
often	O
in	O
form	O
of	O
a	O
single	O
socket	O
)	O
is	O
common	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	B-General_Concept
is	O
possible	O
to	O
connect	O
up	O
to	O
three	O
external	O
displays	O
to	O
a	O
2014-era	O
laptop	B-Device
via	O
a	O
single	O
Mini	B-Protocol
DisplayPort	I-Protocol
,	O
using	O
multi-stream	O
transport	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
2015	O
version	O
of	O
its	O
MacBook	B-Device
,	O
transitioned	O
from	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
different	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
ports	B-Protocol
to	O
a	O
single	O
USB-C	O
port	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
has	O
since	O
transitioned	O
back	O
to	O
using	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
different	O
ports	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	O
,	O
with	O
its	O
updated	O
version	O
of	O
Chromebook	B-Device
Pixel	I-Device
,	O
shows	O
a	O
similar	O
transition	O
trend	O
towards	O
USB-C	O
,	O
although	O
keeping	O
older	O
USB	B-Protocol
Type-A	I-Protocol
ports	B-Protocol
for	O
a	O
better	O
compatibility	O
with	O
older	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
being	O
common	O
until	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
2000s	O
decade	O
,	O
Ethernet	O
network	O
port	O
are	O
rarely	O
found	O
on	O
modern	O
laptops	B-Device
,	O
due	O
to	O
widespread	O
use	O
of	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
networking	I-General_Concept
,	O
such	O
as	O
Wi-Fi	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Legacy	B-Device
ports	I-Device
such	O
as	O
a	O
PS/2	O
keyboard/mouse	O
port	O
,	O
serial	B-Protocol
port	I-Protocol
,	O
parallel	B-Device
port	I-Device
,	O
or	O
FireWire	B-Protocol
are	O
provided	O
on	O
some	O
models	O
,	O
but	O
they	O
are	O
increasingly	O
rare	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
Apple	O
's	O
systems	O
,	O
and	O
on	O
a	O
handful	O
of	O
other	O
laptops	B-Device
,	O
there	O
are	O
also	O
Thunderbolt	B-Protocol
ports	I-Protocol
,	O
but	O
Thunderbolt	B-Protocol
3	O
uses	O
USB-C	O
.	O
Laptops	B-Device
typically	O
have	O
a	O
headphone	O
jack	O
,	O
so	O
that	O
the	O
user	O
can	O
connect	O
headphones	O
or	O
amplified	O
speaker	O
systems	O
for	O
listening	O
to	O
music	O
or	O
other	O
audio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
past	O
,	O
a	O
PC	B-Architecture
Card	I-Architecture
(	O
formerly	O
PCMCIA	B-Architecture
)	O
or	O
ExpressCard	B-Device
slot	O
for	O
expansion	O
was	O
often	O
present	O
on	O
laptops	B-Device
to	O
allow	O
adding	O
and	O
removing	O
functionality	O
,	O
even	O
when	O
the	O
laptop	B-Device
is	O
powered	O
on	O
;	O
these	O
are	O
becoming	O
increasingly	O
rare	O
since	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
USB	B-Protocol
3.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
internal	O
subsystems	O
such	O
as	O
Ethernet	O
,	O
Wi-Fi	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
wireless	O
cellular	O
modem	B-Application
can	O
be	O
implemented	O
as	O
replaceable	O
internal	B-Architecture
expansion	I-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
,	O
usually	O
accessible	O
under	O
an	O
access	O
cover	O
on	O
the	O
bottom	O
of	O
the	O
laptop	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
standard	O
for	O
such	O
cards	O
is	O
PCI	O
Express	O
,	O
which	O
comes	O
in	O
both	O
mini	O
and	O
even	O
smaller	O
M.2	B-Protocol
sizes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
newer	O
laptops	B-Device
,	O
it	B-General_Concept
is	O
not	O
uncommon	O
to	O
also	O
see	O
Micro	O
SATA	O
(	O
mSATA	O
)	O
functionality	O
on	O
PCI	O
Express	O
Mini	O
or	O
M.2	B-Protocol
card	O
slots	O
allowing	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
those	O
slots	O
for	O
SATA-based	O
solid-state	B-Device
drives	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
,	O
laptops	B-Device
have	O
typically	O
used	O
lithium	O
ion	O
or	O
lithium	O
polymer	O
batteries	O
,	O
These	O
replaced	O
the	O
older	O
nickel	B-Device
metal-hydride	I-Device
typically	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
and	O
nickel	O
–	O
cadmium	O
batteries	O
used	O
in	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
laptops	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
few	O
of	O
the	O
oldest	O
laptops	B-Device
used	O
non-rechargeable	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
,	O
or	O
lead	B-Device
–	I-Device
acid	I-Device
batteries	I-Device
.	I-Device
</s>
<s>
A	O
battery	O
's	O
performance	O
gradually	B-Algorithm
decreases	I-Algorithm
over	I-Algorithm
time	I-Algorithm
;	O
a	O
noticeable	O
reduction	O
in	O
capacity	O
is	O
typically	O
evident	O
after	O
two	O
to	O
three	O
years	O
of	O
regular	O
use	O
,	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
charging	O
and	O
discharging	O
pattern	O
and	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
the	O
battery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Innovations	O
in	O
laptops	B-Device
and	O
batteries	O
have	O
seen	O
situations	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
battery	O
can	O
provide	O
up	O
to	O
24	O
hours	O
of	O
continued	O
operation	O
,	O
assuming	O
average	O
power	O
consumption	O
levels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Laptops	B-Device
with	O
removable	O
batteries	O
may	O
support	O
larger	O
replacement	O
batteries	O
with	O
extended	O
capacity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
laptop	B-Device
's	O
battery	O
is	O
charged	O
using	O
an	O
external	O
power	O
supply	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
plugged	O
into	O
a	O
wall	O
outlet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
power	O
supply	O
is	O
usually	O
external	O
and	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
laptop	B-Device
through	O
a	O
DC	O
connector	O
cable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
most	O
cases	O
,	O
it	B-General_Concept
can	O
charge	O
the	O
battery	O
and	O
power	O
the	O
laptop	B-Device
simultaneously	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
battery	O
is	O
fully	O
charged	O
,	O
the	O
laptop	B-Device
continues	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
power	O
supplied	O
by	O
the	O
external	O
power	O
supply	O
,	O
avoiding	O
battery	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
used	O
power	O
supply	O
is	O
not	O
strong	O
enough	O
to	O
power	O
computing	O
components	O
and	O
charge	O
the	O
battery	O
simultaneously	O
,	O
the	O
battery	O
may	O
charge	O
in	O
a	O
shorter	O
period	O
of	O
time	O
if	O
the	O
laptop	B-Device
is	O
turned	O
off	O
or	O
sleeping	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
charger	O
typically	O
adds	O
about	O
to	O
the	O
overall	O
transporting	O
weight	O
of	O
a	O
laptop	B-Device
,	O
although	O
some	O
models	O
are	O
substantially	O
heavier	O
or	O
lighter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
2016-era	O
laptops	B-Device
use	O
a	O
smart	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
,	O
a	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
pack	O
with	O
a	O
built-in	O
battery	B-Algorithm
management	I-Algorithm
system	I-Algorithm
(	O
BMS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
smart	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
can	O
internally	O
measure	O
voltage	O
and	O
current	O
,	O
and	O
deduce	O
charge	O
level	O
and	O
State	O
of	O
Health	O
(	O
SoH	O
)	O
parameters	O
,	O
indicating	O
the	O
state	O
of	O
the	O
cells	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Historically	O
,	O
DC	O
connectors	O
,	O
typically	O
cylindrical/barrel	O
-shaped	O
coaxial	O
power	O
connectors	O
have	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
laptops	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
connector	O
heads	O
feature	O
a	O
center	O
pin	O
to	O
allow	O
the	O
end	O
device	O
to	O
determine	O
the	O
power	O
supply	O
type	O
by	O
measuring	O
the	O
resistance	O
between	O
it	B-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
connector	O
's	O
negative	O
pole	O
(	O
outer	O
surface	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
advent	O
of	O
USB-C	O
,	O
portable	O
electronics	O
made	O
increasing	O
use	O
of	O
it	B-General_Concept
for	O
both	O
power	O
delivery	O
and	O
data	O
transfer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
support	O
for	O
20	O
V	O
(	O
common	O
laptop	B-Device
power	O
supply	O
voltage	O
)	O
and	O
5	O
A	O
typically	O
suffices	O
for	O
low	O
to	O
mid-end	O
laptops	B-Device
,	O
but	O
some	O
with	O
higher	O
power	O
demands	O
such	O
as	O
gaming	B-Device
laptops	I-Device
depend	O
on	O
dedicated	O
DC	O
connectors	O
to	O
handle	O
currents	O
beyond	O
5	O
A	O
without	O
risking	O
overheating	O
,	O
some	O
even	O
above	O
10	O
A	O
.	O
Additionally	O
,	O
dedicated	O
DC	O
connectors	O
are	O
more	O
durable	O
and	O
less	O
prone	O
to	O
wear	O
and	O
tear	O
from	O
frequent	O
reconnection	O
,	O
as	O
their	O
design	O
is	O
less	O
delicate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Waste	O
heat	O
from	O
the	O
operation	O
is	O
difficult	O
to	O
remove	O
in	O
the	O
compact	O
internal	O
space	O
of	O
a	O
laptop	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
laptops	B-Device
used	O
passive	O
cooling	B-Device
;	O
this	O
gave	O
way	O
to	O
heat	O
sinks	O
placed	O
directly	O
on	O
the	O
components	O
to	O
be	O
cooled	O
,	O
but	O
when	O
these	O
hot	O
components	O
are	O
deep	O
inside	O
the	O
device	O
,	O
a	O
large	O
space-wasting	O
air	O
duct	O
is	O
needed	O
to	O
exhaust	O
the	O
heat	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
laptops	B-Device
instead	O
rely	O
on	O
heat	O
pipes	O
to	O
rapidly	O
move	O
waste	O
heat	O
towards	O
the	O
edges	O
of	O
the	O
device	O
,	O
to	O
allow	O
for	O
a	O
much	O
smaller	O
and	O
compact	O
fan	B-Application
and	O
heat	O
sink	O
cooling	B-Device
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Secondary	O
device	O
temperature	O
monitoring	O
may	O
reduce	O
performance	O
or	O
trigger	O
an	O
emergency	O
shutdown	O
if	O
it	B-General_Concept
is	O
unable	O
to	O
dissipate	O
heat	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
if	O
the	O
laptop	B-Device
were	O
to	O
be	O
left	O
running	O
and	O
placed	O
inside	O
a	O
carrying	O
case	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aftermarket	O
cooling	B-Device
pads	I-Device
with	O
external	O
fans	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
with	O
laptops	B-Device
to	O
reduce	O
operating	O
temperatures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
docking	B-Device
station	I-Device
(	O
sometimes	O
referred	O
to	O
simply	O
as	O
a	O
dock	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
laptop	B-Device
accessory	O
that	O
contains	O
multiple	O
ports	B-Protocol
and	O
in	O
some	O
cases	O
expansion	O
slots	O
or	O
bays	O
for	O
fixed	O
or	O
removable	O
drives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
laptop	B-Device
connects	O
and	O
disconnects	O
to	O
a	O
docking	B-Device
station	I-Device
,	O
typically	O
through	O
a	O
single	O
large	O
proprietary	B-Device
connector	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
docking	B-Device
station	I-Device
is	O
an	O
especially	O
popular	O
laptop	B-Device
accessory	O
in	O
a	O
corporate	O
computing	O
environment	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
a	O
possibility	O
of	O
a	O
docking	B-Device
station	I-Device
transforming	O
a	O
laptop	B-Device
into	O
a	O
full-featured	O
desktop	B-Application
replacement	I-Application
,	O
yet	O
allowing	O
for	O
its	O
easy	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
ability	O
can	O
be	O
advantageous	O
to	O
"	O
road	B-General_Concept
warrior	I-General_Concept
"	O
employees	O
who	O
have	O
to	O
travel	O
frequently	O
for	O
work	O
,	O
and	O
yet	O
who	O
also	O
come	O
into	O
the	O
office	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
more	O
ports	B-Protocol
are	O
needed	O
,	O
or	O
their	O
position	O
on	O
a	O
laptop	B-Device
is	O
inconvenient	O
,	O
one	O
can	O
use	O
a	O
cheaper	O
passive	O
device	O
known	O
as	O
a	O
port	B-Device
replicator	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
devices	O
mate	O
to	O
the	O
connectors	O
on	O
the	O
laptop	B-Device
,	O
such	O
as	O
through	O
USB	B-Protocol
or	O
FireWire	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Laptop	B-Device
charging	I-Device
trolleys	I-Device
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
laptop	B-Device
trolleys	O
or	O
laptop	B-Device
carts	O
,	O
are	O
mobile	O
storage	O
containers	O
to	O
charge	O
multiple	O
laptops	B-Device
,	O
netbooks	B-Device
,	O
and	O
tablet	B-Device
computers	I-Device
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
trolleys	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
schools	O
that	O
have	O
replaced	O
their	O
traditional	O
static	O
computer	O
labs	O
suites	O
of	O
desktop	O
equipped	O
with	O
"	O
tower	B-General_Concept
"	O
computers	O
,	O
but	O
do	O
not	O
have	O
enough	O
plug	O
sockets	O
in	O
an	O
individual	O
classroom	O
to	O
charge	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
trolleys	O
can	O
be	O
wheeled	O
between	O
rooms	O
and	O
classrooms	O
so	O
that	O
all	O
students	O
and	O
teachers	O
in	O
a	O
particular	O
building	O
can	O
access	O
fully	O
charged	O
IT	B-General_Concept
equipment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Laptop	B-Device
charging	I-Device
trolleys	I-Device
are	O
also	O
used	O
to	O
deter	O
and	O
protect	O
against	O
opportunistic	O
and	O
organized	O
theft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Laptops	B-Device
,	O
netbooks	B-Device
,	O
and	O
tablets	B-Device
are	O
among	O
the	O
highest	O
–	O
value	O
portable	O
items	O
in	O
a	O
school	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moreover	O
,	O
laptops	B-Device
can	O
easily	O
be	O
concealed	O
under	O
clothing	O
and	O
stolen	O
from	O
buildings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
types	O
of	O
laptop	B-Device
–	O
charging	O
trolleys	O
are	O
designed	O
and	O
constructed	O
to	O
protect	O
against	O
theft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
are	O
generally	O
made	O
out	O
of	O
steel	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
laptops	B-Device
remain	O
locked	O
up	O
while	O
not	O
in	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
trolleys	O
can	O
be	O
moved	O
between	O
areas	O
from	O
one	O
classroom	O
to	O
another	O
,	O
they	O
can	O
often	O
be	O
mounted	O
or	O
locked	O
to	O
the	O
floor	O
,	O
support	O
pillars	O
,	O
or	O
walls	O
to	O
prevent	O
thieves	O
from	O
stealing	O
the	O
laptops	B-Device
,	O
especially	O
overnight	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
laptops	B-Device
,	O
solar	O
panels	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
generate	O
enough	O
solar	O
power	O
for	O
the	O
laptop	B-Device
to	O
operate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
One	O
Laptop	B-Device
Per	O
Child	O
Initiative	O
released	O
the	O
OLPC	B-Application
XO-1	I-Application
laptop	B-Device
which	O
was	O
tested	O
and	O
successfully	O
operated	O
by	O
use	O
of	O
solar	O
panels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Presently	O
,	O
they	O
are	O
designing	O
an	O
OLPC	B-Application
XO-3	I-Application
laptop	B-Device
with	O
these	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
OLPC	B-Application
XO-3	I-Application
can	O
operate	O
with	O
2	O
watts	O
of	O
electricity	O
because	O
its	O
renewable	O
energy	O
resources	O
generate	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
4	O
watts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Samsung	B-Application
has	O
also	O
designed	O
the	O
NC215S	O
solar	O
–	O
powered	O
notebook	B-Device
that	O
will	O
be	O
sold	O
commercially	O
in	O
the	O
U.S.	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
common	O
accessory	O
for	O
laptops	B-Device
is	O
a	O
laptop	B-Device
sleeve	O
,	O
laptop	B-Device
skin	O
,	O
or	O
laptop	B-General_Concept
case	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
provides	O
a	O
degree	O
of	O
protection	O
from	O
scratches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
laptop	B-Device
sleeves	O
are	O
wrapped	O
in	O
ballistic	O
nylon	O
to	O
provide	O
some	O
measure	O
of	O
waterproofing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
common	O
accessory	O
is	O
a	O
laptop	B-Device
cooler	I-Device
,	O
a	O
device	O
that	O
helps	O
lower	O
the	O
internal	O
temperature	O
of	O
the	O
laptop	B-Device
either	O
actively	O
or	O
passively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
common	O
active	O
method	O
involves	O
using	O
electric	O
fans	O
to	O
draw	O
heat	O
away	O
from	O
the	O
laptop	B-Device
,	O
while	O
a	O
passive	O
method	O
might	O
involve	O
propping	O
the	O
laptop	B-Device
up	O
on	O
some	O
type	O
of	O
pad	O
so	O
it	B-General_Concept
can	O
receive	O
more	O
airflow	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
stores	O
sell	O
laptop	B-Device
pads	O
that	O
enable	O
a	O
reclining	O
person	O
on	O
a	O
bed	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
laptop	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
components	O
of	O
earlier	O
models	O
of	O
laptops	B-Device
can	O
easily	O
be	O
replaced	O
without	O
opening	O
completely	O
its	O
bottom	O
part	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
keyboard	B-Device
,	O
battery	O
,	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
,	O
memory	O
modules	O
,	O
CPU	B-Device
cooling	B-Device
fan	B-Application
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
components	O
of	O
recent	O
models	O
of	O
laptops	B-Device
reside	O
inside	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Replacing	O
most	O
of	O
its	O
components	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
keyboard	B-Device
,	O
battery	O
,	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
,	O
memory	O
modules	O
,	O
CPU	B-Device
cooling	B-Device
fan	B-Application
,	O
etc.	O
,	O
requires	O
removal	O
of	O
its	O
either	O
top	O
or	O
bottom	O
part	O
,	O
removal	O
of	O
the	O
motherboard	B-Device
,	O
and	O
returning	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
types	O
,	O
solder	O
and	O
glue	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
mount	O
components	O
such	O
as	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
storage	O
,	O
and	O
batteries	O
,	O
making	O
repairs	O
additionally	O
difficult	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Features	O
that	O
certain	O
early	O
models	O
of	O
laptops	B-Device
used	O
to	O
have	O
that	O
are	O
not	O
available	O
in	O
most	O
current	O
laptops	B-Device
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Portability	O
is	O
usually	O
the	O
first	O
feature	O
mentioned	O
in	O
any	O
comparison	O
of	O
laptops	B-Device
versus	O
desktop	B-Device
PCs	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Physical	O
portability	O
allows	O
a	O
laptop	B-Device
to	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
many	O
places	O
—	O
not	O
only	O
at	O
home	O
and	O
the	O
office	O
but	O
also	O
during	O
commuting	O
and	O
flights	O
,	O
in	O
coffee	O
shops	O
,	O
in	O
lecture	O
halls	O
and	O
libraries	O
,	O
at	O
clients	O
 '	O
locations	O
or	O
a	O
meeting	O
room	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
a	O
home	O
,	O
portability	O
enables	O
laptop	B-Device
users	O
to	O
move	O
their	O
devices	O
from	O
room	O
to	O
room	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Productivity	O
:	O
Using	O
a	O
laptop	B-Device
in	O
places	O
where	O
a	O
desktop	B-Device
PC	I-Device
cannot	O
be	O
used	O
can	O
help	O
employees	O
and	O
students	O
to	O
increase	O
their	O
productivity	O
on	O
work	O
or	O
school	O
tasks	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
an	O
office	O
worker	O
reading	O
their	O
work	O
e-mails	O
during	O
an	O
hour-long	O
commute	O
by	O
train	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
student	O
doing	O
their	O
homework	O
at	O
the	O
university	O
coffee	O
shop	O
during	O
a	O
break	O
between	O
lectures	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Up-to-date	O
information	O
:	O
Using	O
a	O
single	O
laptop	B-Device
prevents	O
fragmentation	O
of	O
files	O
across	O
multiple	O
PC	O
's	O
as	O
the	O
files	O
exist	O
in	O
a	O
single	O
location	O
and	O
are	O
always	O
up-to-date	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Connectivity	O
:	O
A	O
key	O
advantage	O
of	O
laptops	B-Device
is	O
that	O
they	O
almost	O
always	O
have	O
integrated	O
connectivity	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
Wi-Fi	O
and	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
sometimes	O
connection	O
to	O
cellular	O
networks	O
either	O
through	O
native	O
integration	O
or	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
hotspot	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wi-Fi	O
networks	O
and	O
laptop	B-Device
programs	O
are	O
especially	O
widespread	O
at	O
university	O
campuses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
advantages	O
of	O
laptops	B-Device
:	O
</s>
<s>
Size	O
:	O
Laptops	B-Device
are	O
smaller	O
than	O
desktop	B-Device
PCs	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
not	O
in	O
use	O
,	O
a	O
laptop	B-Device
can	O
be	O
closed	O
and	O
put	O
away	O
in	O
a	O
desk	O
drawer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Low	O
power	O
consumption	O
:	O
Laptops	B-Device
are	O
several	O
times	O
more	O
power-efficient	O
than	O
desktops	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
typical	O
laptop	B-Device
uses	O
10	O
–	O
100	O
W	O
,	O
compared	O
to	O
200	O
–	O
800W	O
for	O
desktops	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
could	O
be	O
particularly	O
beneficial	O
for	O
large	O
businesses	O
,	O
which	O
run	O
hundreds	O
of	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
thus	O
economies	O
of	O
scale	O
,	O
and	O
homes	O
where	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
computer	O
running	O
24/7	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
home	O
media	O
server	O
,	O
print	O
server	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Quiet	O
:	O
Laptops	B-Device
are	O
typically	O
much	O
quieter	O
than	O
desktops	B-Device
,	O
due	O
both	O
to	O
the	O
components	O
(	O
often	O
silent	O
solid-state	B-Device
drives	I-Device
replacing	O
hard	B-Device
drives	I-Device
)	O
and	O
to	O
less	O
heat	O
production	O
leading	O
to	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
fewer	O
,	O
sometimes	O
no	O
cooling	B-Device
fans	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
latter	O
has	O
given	O
rise	O
to	O
laptops	B-Device
that	O
have	O
no	O
moving	O
parts	O
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
complete	O
silence	O
during	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Battery	O
:	O
a	O
charged	O
laptop	B-Device
can	O
continue	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
case	O
of	O
a	O
power	O
outage	O
and	O
is	O
not	O
affected	O
by	O
short	O
power	O
interruptions	O
and	O
blackouts	O
,	O
an	O
issue	O
that	O
is	O
present	O
with	O
desktop	B-Device
PC	I-Device
's	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All-in-One	O
:	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
portable	O
,	O
most	O
modern	O
laptops	B-Device
have	O
all	O
components	O
integrated	O
into	O
the	O
chassis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
desktops	B-Device
(	O
excluding	O
all-in-ones	O
)	O
this	O
is	O
usually	O
divided	O
into	O
the	O
desktop	O
"	O
tower	B-General_Concept
"	O
(	O
the	O
unit	O
with	O
the	O
CPU	B-Device
,	O
hard	B-Device
drive	I-Device
,	O
power	O
supply	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
)	O
,	O
keyboard	B-Device
,	O
mouse	O
,	O
display	O
screen	B-Device
,	O
and	O
optional	O
peripherals	O
such	O
as	O
speakers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compared	O
to	O
desktop	B-Device
PCs	I-Device
,	O
laptops	B-Device
have	O
disadvantages	O
in	O
the	O
following	O
areas	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
majority	O
of	O
laptops	B-Device
released	O
in	O
2022	O
are	O
capable	O
of	O
common	O
tasks	O
such	O
as	O
web	B-Application
browsing	I-Application
,	O
video	O
playback	O
,	O
and	O
office	O
applications	O
,	O
even	O
at	O
the	O
low	O
end	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
said	O
,	O
performance	O
of	O
desktops	B-Device
often	O
surpass	O
comparably	O
priced	O
laptops	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
upper	O
limits	O
of	O
performance	O
of	O
laptops	B-Device
remain	O
lower	O
than	O
desktops	B-Device
,	O
due	O
to	O
mostly	O
practical	O
reasons	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
decreased	O
battery	O
life	O
,	O
increased	O
size	O
and	O
heat	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
upgradeability	O
of	O
laptops	B-Device
is	O
very	O
limited	O
compared	O
to	O
thoroughly	O
standardized	O
desktops	B-Device
,	O
due	O
to	O
technical	O
and	O
economic	O
reasons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
general	O
,	O
hard	B-Device
drives	I-Device
and	O
memory	O
can	O
be	O
upgraded	O
easily	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
integrated	O
nature	O
of	O
laptops	B-Device
,	O
however	O
,	O
the	O
motherboard	B-Device
,	O
CPU	B-Device
,	O
and	O
graphics	O
,	O
are	O
seldom	O
officially	O
upgradeable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
efforts	O
towards	O
industry	O
standard	O
parts	O
and	O
layouts	O
have	O
been	O
attempted	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Common	B-Device
Building	I-Device
Block	I-Device
,	O
but	O
the	O
industry	O
remains	O
largely	O
proprietary	B-Device
and	O
fragmented	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
no	O
industry-wide	O
standard	O
form	O
factor	O
for	O
laptops	B-Device
;	O
Moreover	O
,	O
starting	O
with	O
2013	O
models	O
,	O
laptops	B-Device
have	O
become	O
increasingly	O
integrated	O
(	O
soldered	O
)	O
with	O
the	O
motherboard	B-Device
for	O
most	O
of	O
its	O
components	O
(	O
CPU	B-Device
,	O
SSD	B-Device
,	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
Laptops	B-Device
are	O
less	O
durable	O
than	O
desktops/PCs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
durability	O
of	O
the	O
laptop	B-Device
depends	O
on	O
the	O
user	O
if	O
proper	O
maintenance	O
is	O
done	O
then	O
the	O
laptop	B-Device
can	O
work	O
longer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
their	O
portability	O
,	O
laptops	B-Device
are	O
subject	O
to	O
more	O
wear	O
and	O
physical	O
damage	O
than	O
desktops	B-Device
,	O
additionally	O
hindered	O
by	O
their	O
integrated	O
nature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
liquid	O
spill	O
onto	O
the	O
keyboard	B-Device
,	O
while	O
a	O
minor	O
issue	O
with	O
a	O
desktop	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
can	O
damage	O
the	O
internals	O
of	O
a	O
laptop	B-Device
and	O
destroy	O
the	O
computer	O
,	O
result	O
in	O
a	O
costly	O
repair	O
or	O
entire	O
replacement	O
of	O
laptops	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
study	O
found	O
that	O
a	O
laptop	B-Device
is	O
three	O
times	O
more	O
likely	O
to	O
break	O
during	O
the	O
first	O
year	O
of	O
use	O
than	O
a	O
desktop	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
maintain	O
a	O
laptop	B-Device
,	O
it	B-General_Concept
is	O
recommended	O
to	O
clean	O
it	B-General_Concept
every	O
three	O
months	O
for	O
dirt	O
,	O
debris	O
,	O
dust	O
,	O
and	O
food	O
particles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
cleaning	O
kits	O
consist	O
of	O
a	O
lint-free	O
or	O
microfiber	O
cloth	O
for	O
the	O
screen	B-Device
and	O
keyboard	B-Device
,	O
compressed	O
air	O
for	O
getting	O
dust	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
cooling	B-Device
fan	B-Application
,	O
and	O
a	O
cleaning	O
solution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Harsh	O
chemicals	O
such	O
as	O
bleach	O
should	O
not	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
clean	O
a	O
laptop	B-Device
,	O
as	O
they	O
can	O
damage	O
it	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Laptops	B-Device
rely	O
on	O
extremely	O
compact	O
cooling	B-Device
systems	O
involving	O
a	O
fan	B-Application
and	O
heat	O
sink	O
that	O
can	O
fail	O
from	O
blockage	O
caused	O
by	O
accumulated	O
airborne	O
dust	O
and	O
debris	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
laptops	B-Device
do	O
not	O
have	O
any	O
type	O
of	O
removable	O
dust	O
collection	O
filter	O
over	O
the	O
air	O
intake	O
for	O
these	O
cooling	B-Device
systems	O
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
a	O
system	O
that	O
gradually	O
conducts	O
more	O
heat	O
and	O
noise	O
as	O
the	O
years	O
pass	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
cases	O
,	O
the	O
laptop	B-Device
starts	O
to	O
overheat	O
even	O
at	O
idle	O
load	O
levels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
dust	O
is	O
usually	O
stuck	O
inside	O
where	O
the	O
fan	B-Application
and	O
heat	O
sink	O
meet	O
,	O
where	O
it	B-General_Concept
can	O
not	O
be	O
removed	O
by	O
a	O
casual	O
cleaning	O
and	O
vacuuming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
of	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
compressed	O
air	O
can	O
dislodge	O
the	O
dust	O
and	O
debris	O
but	O
may	O
not	O
entirely	O
remove	O
it	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
device	O
is	O
turned	O
on	O
,	O
the	O
loose	O
debris	O
is	O
reaccumulated	O
into	O
the	O
cooling	B-Device
system	O
by	O
the	O
fans	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Complete	O
disassembly	O
is	O
usually	O
required	O
to	O
clean	O
the	O
laptop	B-Device
entirely	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
laptops	B-Device
are	O
difficult	O
to	O
disassemble	O
by	O
the	O
average	O
user	O
and	O
contain	O
components	O
that	O
are	O
sensitive	O
to	O
electrostatic	O
discharge	O
(	O
ESD	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Battery	O
life	O
is	O
limited	O
because	O
the	O
capacity	B-Algorithm
drops	I-Algorithm
with	I-Algorithm
time	I-Algorithm
,	O
eventually	O
warranting	O
replacement	O
after	O
as	O
little	O
as	O
2	O
–	O
3	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
new	O
battery	O
typically	O
stores	O
enough	O
energy	O
to	O
run	O
the	O
laptop	B-Device
for	O
five	O
to	O
six	O
hours	O
or	O
more	O
,	O
depending	O
on	O
usage	O
and	O
the	O
battery	O
size	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
laptops	B-Device
do	O
not	O
have	O
the	O
usual	O
removable	O
battery	O
and	O
have	O
to	O
be	O
brought	O
to	O
the	O
service	O
center	O
of	O
their	O
manufacturer	O
or	O
a	O
third-party	O
laptop	B-Device
service	O
center	O
to	O
have	O
their	O
battery	O
replaced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Desktop	B-Device
PC	I-Device
's	O
do	O
not	O
face	O
similar	O
problems	O
since	O
they	O
are	O
reliant	O
on	O
long	O
lasting	O
power	O
supplies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
they	O
are	O
valuable	O
,	O
commonly	O
used	O
,	O
portable	O
,	O
and	O
easy	O
to	O
hide	O
in	O
a	O
backpack	O
or	O
other	O
type	O
of	O
bag	O
,	O
laptops	B-Device
are	O
often	O
stolen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Every	O
day	O
,	O
over	O
1,600	O
laptops	B-Device
go	O
missing	O
from	O
U.S.	O
airports	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
cost	O
of	O
stolen	O
business	O
or	O
personal	O
data	O
,	O
and	O
of	O
the	O
resulting	O
problems	O
(	O
identity	O
theft	O
,	O
credit	O
card	O
fraud	O
,	O
breach	O
of	O
privacy	O
)	O
,	O
can	O
be	O
many	O
times	O
the	O
value	O
of	O
the	O
stolen	O
laptop	B-Device
itself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Consequently	O
,	O
the	O
physical	O
protection	O
of	O
laptops	B-Device
and	O
the	O
safeguarding	O
of	O
data	O
contained	O
on	O
them	O
are	O
both	O
of	O
great	O
importance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
laptops	B-Device
,	O
primarily	O
professional	O
and	O
educational	O
devices	O
,	O
have	O
a	O
Kensington	O
security	O
slot	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
tether	O
them	O
with	O
a	O
security	O
cable	O
and	O
lock	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
modern	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
have	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
Activation	O
Lock	O
or	O
similar	O
that	O
prevents	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
device	O
without	O
credentials	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2015	O
,	O
some	O
laptops	B-Device
also	O
have	O
additional	O
security	O
elements	O
added	O
,	O
including	O
biometric	O
security	O
components	O
such	O
as	O
Windows	O
Hello	O
or	O
Touch	O
ID	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	O
such	O
as	O
GadgetTrak	O
and	O
Find	B-Operating_System
My	I-Operating_System
Mac	I-Operating_System
have	O
been	O
engineered	O
to	O
help	O
people	O
locate	O
and	O
recover	O
their	O
stolen	O
laptops	B-Device
in	O
the	O
event	O
of	O
theft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Setting	O
one	O
's	O
laptop	B-Device
with	O
a	O
password	O
on	O
its	O
firmware	O
(	O
protection	O
against	O
going	O
to	O
firmware	O
setup	O
or	O
booting	O
)	O
,	O
internal	O
HDD/SSD	O
(	O
protection	O
against	O
accessing	O
it	B-General_Concept
and	O
loading	O
an	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
on	O
it	B-General_Concept
afterward	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
every	O
user	O
account	O
of	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
are	O
additional	O
security	O
measures	O
that	O
a	O
user	O
should	O
do	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fewer	O
than	O
5%	O
of	O
lost	O
or	O
stolen	O
laptops	B-Device
are	O
recovered	O
by	O
the	O
companies	O
that	O
own	O
them	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
that	O
number	O
may	O
decrease	O
due	O
to	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
companies	O
and	O
software	O
solutions	O
specializing	O
in	O
laptop	B-Device
recovery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
2010s	O
,	O
the	O
common	O
availability	O
of	O
webcams	B-Protocol
on	O
laptops	B-Device
raised	O
privacy	O
concerns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Robbins	O
v	O
.	O
Lower	O
Merion	O
School	O
District	O
(	O
Eastern	O
District	O
of	O
Pennsylvania	O
2010	O
)	O
,	O
school-issued	O
laptops	B-Device
loaded	O
with	O
special	O
software	O
enabled	O
staff	O
from	O
two	O
high	O
schools	O
to	O
take	O
secret	O
webcam	B-Protocol
shots	O
of	O
students	O
at	O
home	O
,	O
via	O
their	O
students	O
 '	O
laptops	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prolonged	O
use	O
of	O
laptops	B-Device
can	O
cause	O
repetitive	O
strain	O
injury	O
because	O
of	O
their	O
small	O
,	O
flat	O
keyboard	B-Device
and	O
trackpad	B-Device
pointing	B-Device
devices	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Usage	O
of	O
separate	O
,	O
external	O
ergonomic	B-Device
keyboards	I-Device
and	O
pointing	B-Device
devices	I-Device
is	O
recommended	O
to	O
prevent	O
injury	O
when	O
working	O
for	O
long	O
periods	O
of	O
time	O
;	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
connected	O
to	O
a	O
laptop	B-Device
easily	O
by	O
USB	B-Protocol
,	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
or	O
via	O
a	O
docking	B-Device
station	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
health	O
standards	O
require	O
ergonomic	B-Device
keyboards	I-Device
at	O
workplaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
laptop	B-Device
's	O
integrated	O
screen	B-Device
often	O
requires	O
users	O
to	O
lean	O
over	O
for	O
a	O
better	O
view	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
cause	O
neck	O
or	O
spinal	O
injuries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
larger	O
and	O
higher-quality	O
external	O
screen	B-Device
can	O
be	O
connected	O
to	O
almost	O
any	O
laptop	B-Device
to	O
alleviate	O
this	O
and	O
to	O
provide	O
additional	O
screen	B-Device
space	O
for	O
more	O
productive	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
study	O
by	O
State	O
University	O
of	O
New	O
York	O
researchers	O
found	O
that	O
heat	O
generated	O
from	O
laptops	B-Device
can	O
increase	O
the	O
temperature	O
of	O
the	O
lap	O
of	O
male	O
users	O
when	O
balancing	O
the	O
computer	O
on	O
their	O
lap	O
,	O
potentially	O
putting	O
sperm	O
count	O
at	O
risk	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
study	O
,	O
which	O
included	O
roughly	O
two	O
dozen	O
men	O
between	O
the	O
ages	O
of	O
21	O
and	O
35	O
,	O
found	O
that	O
the	O
sitting	O
position	O
required	O
to	O
balance	O
a	O
laptop	B-Device
can	O
increase	O
scrotum	O
temperature	O
by	O
as	O
much	O
as	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
later	O
2010	O
study	O
of	O
29	O
males	O
published	O
in	O
Fertility	O
and	O
Sterility	O
found	O
that	O
men	O
who	O
kept	O
their	O
laptops	B-Device
on	O
their	O
laps	O
experienced	O
scrotal	O
hyperthermia	O
(	O
overheating	O
)	O
in	O
which	O
their	O
scrotal	O
temperatures	O
increased	O
by	O
up	O
to	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
resulting	O
heat	O
increase	O
,	O
which	O
could	O
not	O
be	O
offset	O
by	O
a	O
laptop	B-Device
cushion	O
,	O
may	O
increase	O
male	O
infertility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
common	O
practical	O
solution	O
to	O
this	O
problem	O
is	O
to	O
place	O
the	O
laptop	B-Device
on	O
a	O
table	O
or	O
desk	O
or	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
book	O
or	O
pillow	O
between	O
the	O
body	O
and	O
the	O
laptop	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
solution	O
is	O
to	O
obtain	O
a	O
cooling	B-Device
unit	O
for	O
the	O
laptop	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
are	O
usually	O
USB	B-Protocol
powered	O
and	O
consist	O
of	O
a	O
hard	O
thin	O
plastic	O
case	O
housing	O
one	O
,	O
two	O
,	O
or	O
three	O
cooling	B-Device
fans	O
–	O
with	O
the	O
entire	O
assembly	O
designed	O
to	O
sit	O
under	O
the	O
laptop	B-Device
in	O
question	O
–	O
which	O
results	O
in	O
the	O
laptop	B-Device
remaining	O
cool	O
to	O
the	O
touch	O
,	O
and	O
greatly	O
reduces	O
laptop	B-Device
heat	O
buildup	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Heat	O
generated	O
from	O
using	O
a	O
laptop	B-Device
on	O
the	O
lap	O
can	O
also	O
cause	O
skin	O
discoloration	O
on	O
the	O
thighs	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
toasted	O
skin	O
syndrome	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
many	O
laptop	B-Device
brands	O
and	O
manufacturers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
major	O
brands	O
that	O
offer	O
notebooks	B-Device
in	O
various	O
classes	O
are	O
listed	O
in	O
the	O
adjacent	O
box	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
major	O
brands	O
usually	O
offer	O
good	O
service	O
and	O
support	O
,	O
including	O
well-executed	O
documentation	O
and	O
driver	O
downloads	O
that	O
remain	O
available	O
for	O
many	O
years	O
after	O
a	O
particular	O
laptop	B-Device
model	O
is	O
no	O
longer	O
produced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Capitalizing	O
on	O
service	O
,	O
support	O
,	O
and	O
brand	O
image	O
,	O
laptops	B-Device
from	O
major	O
brands	O
are	O
more	O
expensive	O
than	O
laptops	B-Device
by	O
smaller	O
brands	O
and	O
ODMs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
brands	O
specialize	O
in	O
a	O
particular	O
class	O
of	O
laptops	B-Device
,	O
such	O
as	O
gaming	B-Device
laptops	I-Device
(	O
Alienware	O
)	O
,	O
high-performance	O
laptops	B-Device
(	O
HP	B-Device
Envy	I-Device
)	O
,	O
netbooks	B-Device
(	O
EeePC	B-Device
)	O
and	O
laptops	B-Device
for	O
children	O
(	O
OLPC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
brands	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
major	O
ones	O
,	O
do	O
not	O
design	O
and	O
do	O
not	O
manufacture	O
their	O
laptops	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
,	O
a	O
small	O
number	O
of	O
Original	O
Design	O
Manufacturers	O
(	O
ODMs	O
)	O
design	O
new	O
models	O
of	O
laptops	B-Device
,	O
and	O
the	O
brands	O
choose	O
the	O
models	O
to	O
be	O
included	O
in	O
their	O
lineup	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2006	O
,	O
7	O
major	O
ODMs	O
manufactured	O
7	O
of	O
every	O
10	O
laptops	B-Device
in	O
the	O
world	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
largest	O
one	O
(	O
Quanta	O
Computer	O
)	O
having	O
30%	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
market	O
share	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Battery-powered	O
portable	B-Device
computers	I-Device
had	O
just	O
2%	O
worldwide	O
market	O
share	O
in	O
1986	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
laptops	B-Device
have	O
become	O
increasingly	O
popular	O
,	O
both	O
for	O
business	O
and	O
personal	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Around	O
109	O
million	O
notebook	B-Device
PCs	I-Device
shipped	O
worldwide	O
in	O
2007	O
,	O
a	O
growth	O
of	O
33%	O
compared	O
to	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2008	O
it	B-General_Concept
was	O
estimated	O
that	O
145.9million	O
notebooks	B-Device
were	O
sold	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
the	O
number	O
would	O
grow	O
in	O
2009	O
to	O
177.7million	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
third	O
quarter	O
of	O
2008	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
when	O
worldwide	O
notebook	B-Device
PC	I-Device
shipments	O
exceeded	O
desktops	B-Device
,	O
with	O
38.6million	O
units	O
versus	O
38.5million	O
units	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
advent	O
of	O
tablets	B-Device
and	O
affordable	O
laptops	B-Device
,	O
many	O
computer	O
users	O
now	O
have	O
laptops	B-Device
due	O
to	O
the	O
convenience	O
offered	O
by	O
the	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
2008	O
,	O
laptops	B-Device
were	O
very	O
expensive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2005	O
,	O
the	O
average	O
notebook	B-Device
sold	O
for	O
while	O
desktops	B-Device
sold	O
for	O
an	O
average	O
of	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Around	O
2008	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
prices	O
of	O
laptops	B-Device
decreased	O
substantially	O
due	O
to	O
low-cost	O
netbooks	B-Device
,	O
drawing	O
an	O
average	O
at	O
U.S.	O
retail	O
stores	O
in	O
August	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
with	O
the	O
2010	O
's	O
,	O
laptops	B-Device
have	O
decreased	O
substantially	O
in	O
price	O
at	O
the	O
low	O
end	O
due	O
to	O
inexpensive	O
and	O
low	O
power	O
Arm	B-Architecture
processors	I-Architecture
,	O
less	O
demanding	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
such	O
as	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
SoC	B-Architecture
's	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
list	O
of	O
materials	O
that	O
go	O
into	O
a	O
laptop	B-Device
computer	I-Device
is	O
long	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
substances	O
used	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
beryllium	O
,	O
lead	O
,	O
chromium	B-Language
,	O
and	O
mercury	O
compounds	O
,	O
are	O
toxic	O
or	O
carcinogenic	O
to	O
humans	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
these	O
toxins	O
are	O
relatively	O
harmless	O
when	O
the	O
laptop	B-Device
is	O
in	O
use	O
,	O
concerns	O
that	O
discarded	O
laptops	B-Device
cause	O
a	O
serious	O
health	O
and	O
environmental	O
risks	O
when	O
improperly	O
discarded	O
have	O
arisen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Waste	O
Electrical	O
and	O
Electronic	O
Equipment	O
Directive	O
(	O
WEEE	O
Directive	O
)	O
in	O
Europe	O
specified	O
that	O
all	O
laptop	B-Device
computers	I-Device
must	O
be	O
recycled	O
by	O
law	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Environmental	O
Protection	O
Agency	O
(	O
EPA	O
)	O
has	O
outlawed	O
landfill	B-Application
dumping	O
or	O
the	O
incinerating	O
of	O
discarded	O
laptop	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
laptop	B-Device
computers	I-Device
begin	O
the	O
recycling	O
process	O
with	O
a	O
method	O
known	O
as	O
Demanufacturing	O
,	O
this	O
involves	O
the	O
physical	O
separation	O
of	O
the	O
components	O
of	O
the	O
laptop	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
circuit	O
boards	O
,	O
hard	B-Device
drives	I-Device
and	O
batteries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Corporate	O
laptop	B-Device
recycling	O
can	O
require	O
an	O
additional	O
process	O
known	O
as	O
data	O
destruction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
data	O
destruction	O
process	O
ensures	O
that	O
all	O
information	O
or	O
data	O
that	O
has	O
been	O
stored	O
on	O
a	O
laptop	B-Device
hard	I-Device
drive	I-Device
can	O
never	O
be	O
retrieved	O
again	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Below	O
is	O
an	O
overview	O
of	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
data	O
protection	O
and	O
environmental	O
laws	O
and	O
regulations	O
applicable	O
for	O
laptop	B-Device
recycling	O
data	O
destruction	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ruggedized	B-Device
Grid	O
Compass	O
computer	O
was	O
used	O
since	O
the	O
early	O
days	O
of	O
the	O
Space	O
Shuttle	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
commercial	O
laptop	B-Device
used	O
in	O
space	O
was	O
a	O
Macintosh	B-Device
portable	I-Device
in	O
1990	O
on	O
Space	O
Shuttle	O
mission	O
STS-41	O
and	O
again	O
in	O
1991	O
aboard	O
STS-43	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
and	O
other	O
laptop	B-Device
computers	I-Device
continue	O
to	O
be	O
flown	O
aboard	O
crewed	O
spaceflights	O
,	O
though	O
the	O
only	O
long-duration	O
flight	O
certified	O
computer	O
for	O
the	O
International	O
Space	O
Station	O
is	O
the	O
ThinkPad	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2011	O
,	O
over	O
100	O
ThinkPads	B-Operating_System
were	O
aboard	O
the	O
ISS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Laptops	B-Device
used	O
aboard	O
the	O
International	O
Space	O
Station	O
and	O
other	O
spaceflights	O
are	O
generally	O
the	O
same	O
ones	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
purchased	O
by	O
the	O
general	O
public	O
but	O
needed	O
modifications	O
are	O
made	O
to	O
allow	O
them	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
safely	O
and	O
effectively	O
in	O
a	O
weightless	O
environment	O
such	O
as	O
updating	O
the	O
cooling	B-Device
systems	O
to	O
function	O
without	O
relying	O
on	O
hot	O
air	O
rising	O
and	O
accommodation	O
for	O
the	O
lower	O
cabin	O
air	O
pressure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Laptops	B-Device
operating	O
in	O
harsh	O
usage	O
environments	O
and	O
conditions	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
strong	O
vibrations	O
,	O
extreme	O
temperatures	O
,	O
and	O
wet	O
or	O
dusty	O
conditions	O
differ	O
from	O
those	O
used	O
in	O
space	O
in	O
that	O
they	O
are	O
custom	B-Device
designed	I-Device
for	O
the	O
task	O
and	O
do	O
not	O
use	O
commercial	O
off-the-shelf	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
