<s>
LabelMe	B-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
project	O
created	O
by	O
the	O
MIT	O
Computer	O
Science	O
and	O
Artificial	O
Intelligence	O
Laboratory	O
(	O
CSAIL	O
)	O
which	O
provides	O
a	O
dataset	B-General_Concept
of	O
digital	B-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
with	O
annotations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
dataset	B-General_Concept
is	O
dynamic	O
,	O
free	O
to	O
use	O
,	O
and	O
open	O
to	O
public	O
contribution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
applicable	O
use	O
of	O
LabelMe	B-General_Concept
is	O
in	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
October	O
31	O
,	O
2010	O
,	O
LabelMe	B-General_Concept
has	O
187,240	O
images	O
,	O
62,197	O
annotated	O
images	O
,	O
and	O
658,992	O
labeled	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
motivation	O
behind	O
creating	O
LabelMe	B-General_Concept
comes	O
from	O
the	O
history	O
of	O
publicly	O
available	O
data	O
for	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
researchers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LabelMe	B-General_Concept
was	O
created	O
to	O
solve	O
several	O
common	O
shortcomings	O
of	O
available	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
is	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
qualities	O
that	O
distinguish	O
LabelMe	B-General_Concept
from	O
previous	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
traditional	O
dataset	B-General_Concept
may	O
have	O
contained	O
images	O
of	O
dogs	O
,	O
each	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
size	O
and	O
orientation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
,	O
LabelMe	B-General_Concept
contains	O
images	O
of	O
dogs	O
in	O
multiple	O
angles	O
,	O
sizes	O
,	O
and	O
orientations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Designed	O
for	O
recognizing	O
objects	O
embedded	O
in	O
arbitrary	O
scenes	O
instead	O
of	O
images	O
that	O
are	O
cropped	O
,	O
normalized	B-Algorithm
,	O
and/or	O
resized	O
to	O
display	O
a	O
single	O
object	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Complex	O
annotation	O
:	O
Instead	O
of	O
labeling	O
an	O
entire	O
image	O
(	O
which	O
also	O
limits	O
each	O
image	O
to	O
containing	O
a	O
single	O
object	O
)	O
,	O
LabelMe	B-General_Concept
allows	O
annotation	O
of	O
multiple	O
objects	O
within	O
an	O
image	O
by	O
specifying	O
a	O
polygon	B-General_Concept
bounding	O
box	O
that	O
contains	O
the	O
object	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Diverse	O
images	O
:	O
LabelMe	B-General_Concept
contains	O
images	O
from	O
many	O
different	O
scenes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
LabelMe	B-General_Concept
annotation	O
tool	O
provides	O
a	O
means	O
for	O
users	O
to	O
contribute	O
to	O
the	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
access	O
the	O
tool	O
,	O
users	O
must	O
have	O
a	O
compatible	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
with	O
JavaScript	B-Language
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
tool	O
is	O
loaded	O
,	O
it	O
chooses	O
a	O
random	O
image	O
from	O
the	O
LabelMe	B-General_Concept
dataset	B-General_Concept
and	O
displays	O
it	O
on	O
the	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
image	O
already	O
has	O
object	O
labels	O
associated	O
with	O
it	O
,	O
they	O
will	O
be	O
overlaid	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
image	O
in	O
polygon	B-General_Concept
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
image	O
is	O
not	O
completely	O
labeled	O
,	O
the	O
user	O
can	O
use	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
to	O
draw	O
a	O
polygon	B-General_Concept
containing	O
an	O
object	O
in	O
the	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
the	O
polygon	B-General_Concept
is	O
closed	O
,	O
a	O
bubble	O
pops	O
up	O
on	O
the	O
screen	O
which	O
allows	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
enter	O
a	O
label	O
for	O
the	O
object	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
user	O
disagrees	O
with	O
the	O
previous	O
labeling	O
of	O
the	O
image	O
,	O
the	O
user	O
can	O
click	O
on	O
the	O
outline	O
polygon	B-General_Concept
of	O
an	O
object	O
and	O
either	O
delete	O
the	O
polygon	B-General_Concept
completely	O
or	O
edit	O
the	O
text	O
label	O
to	O
give	O
it	O
a	O
new	O
name	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
soon	O
as	O
changes	O
are	O
made	O
to	O
the	O
image	O
by	O
the	O
user	O
,	O
they	O
are	O
saved	O
and	O
openly	O
available	O
for	O
anyone	O
to	O
download	O
from	O
the	O
LabelMe	B-General_Concept
dataset	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
LabelMe	B-General_Concept
dataset	B-General_Concept
has	O
some	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Should	O
an	O
occluded	B-Algorithm
person	O
be	O
labeled	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
Should	O
an	O
occluded	B-Algorithm
part	O
of	O
an	O
object	O
be	O
included	O
when	O
outlining	O
the	O
object	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
user	O
has	O
to	O
describe	O
the	O
shape	O
of	O
the	O
object	O
themselves	O
by	O
outlining	O
a	O
polygon	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
creators	O
of	O
LabelMe	B-General_Concept
decided	O
to	O
leave	O
these	O
decisions	O
up	O
to	O
the	O
annotator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
text	O
labels	O
for	O
objects	O
provided	O
in	O
LabelMe	B-General_Concept
come	O
from	O
user	O
input	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
variation	O
in	O
the	O
labels	O
used	O
(	O
as	O
described	O
above	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WordNet	B-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
database	O
of	O
words	O
organized	O
into	O
a	O
structural	O
way	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
allows	O
assigning	O
a	O
word	O
to	O
a	O
category	O
,	O
or	O
in	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
language	O
:	O
a	O
sense	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
authors	O
of	O
LabelMe	B-General_Concept
tried	O
automatic	O
sense	O
assignment	O
,	O
they	O
found	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
prone	O
to	O
a	O
high	O
rate	O
of	O
error	O
,	O
so	O
instead	O
they	O
assigned	O
words	O
to	O
senses	O
manually	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
first	O
,	O
this	O
may	O
seem	O
like	O
a	O
daunting	O
task	O
since	O
new	O
labels	O
are	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
LabelMe	B-General_Concept
project	O
continuously	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
the	O
right	O
is	O
a	O
graph	O
comparing	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
polygons	B-General_Concept
to	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
words	O
(	O
descriptions	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
you	O
can	O
see	O
,	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
words	O
is	O
small	O
compared	O
with	O
the	O
continuous	O
growth	O
of	O
polygons	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
therefore	O
is	O
easy	O
enough	O
to	O
keep	O
up	O
to	O
date	O
manually	O
by	O
the	O
LabelMe	B-General_Concept
team	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
assignment	O
is	O
done	O
,	O
searches	O
in	O
the	O
LabelMe	B-General_Concept
database	O
are	O
much	O
more	O
effective	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
since	O
the	O
assignment	O
was	O
done	O
manually	O
,	O
a	O
picture	O
of	O
a	O
computer	B-Device
mouse	I-Device
labeled	O
as	O
mouse	B-Device
would	O
not	O
show	O
up	O
in	O
a	O
search	O
for	O
animals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
if	O
objects	O
are	O
labeled	O
with	O
more	O
complex	O
terms	O
like	O
dog	O
walking	O
,	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
still	O
allows	O
the	O
search	O
of	O
dog	O
to	O
return	O
these	O
objects	O
as	O
results	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WordNet	B-General_Concept
makes	O
the	O
LabelMe	B-General_Concept
database	O
much	O
more	O
useful	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Having	O
a	O
large	O
dataset	B-General_Concept
of	O
objects	O
where	O
overlap	O
is	O
allowed	O
provides	O
enough	O
data	O
to	O
try	O
and	O
categorize	O
objects	O
as	O
being	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
another	O
object	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Let	O
the	O
overlap	O
score	O
between	O
object	O
O	O
and	O
part	O
P	O
,	O
,	O
be	O
defined	O
as	O
the	O
ratio	O
of	O
the	O
intersection	O
area	O
to	O
the	O
area	O
of	O
the	O
part	O
polygon	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Let	O
denote	O
the	O
images	O
where	O
object	O
and	O
part	O
polygons	B-General_Concept
have	O
where	O
is	O
some	O
threshold	O
value	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
authors	O
of	O
LabelMe	B-General_Concept
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
automatically	O
determine	O
which	O
object	O
is	O
the	O
foreground	O
and	O
which	O
is	O
the	O
background	O
,	O
the	O
authors	O
of	O
LabelMe	B-General_Concept
propose	O
several	O
options	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
object	O
with	O
more	O
polygon	B-General_Concept
points	O
inside	O
the	O
intersecting	O
area	O
is	O
most	O
likely	O
the	O
foreground	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
do	O
this	O
,	O
a	O
color	B-General_Concept
histogram	I-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
intersecting	O
areas	O
is	O
compared	O
to	O
the	O
color	B-General_Concept
histogram	I-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
two	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
object	O
with	O
the	O
closer	O
color	B-General_Concept
histogram	I-General_Concept
is	O
assigned	O
as	O
the	O
foreground	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
method	O
is	O
less	O
accurate	O
than	O
counting	O
the	O
polygon	B-General_Concept
points	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
LabelMe	B-General_Concept
project	O
provides	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
tools	O
for	O
using	O
the	O
LabelMe	B-General_Concept
dataset	B-General_Concept
from	O
Matlab	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
research	O
is	O
often	O
done	O
in	O
Matlab	O
,	O
this	O
allows	O
the	O
integration	O
of	O
the	O
dataset	B-General_Concept
with	O
existing	O
tools	O
in	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
entire	O
dataset	B-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
downloaded	O
and	O
used	O
offline	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
toolbox	O
allows	O
dynamic	O
downloading	O
of	O
content	O
on	O
demand	O
.	O
</s>
