<s>
LaMDA	B-Algorithm
(	O
Language	O
Model	O
for	O
Dialogue	O
Applications	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
family	O
of	O
conversational	O
large	O
language	O
models	O
developed	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
developed	O
and	O
introduced	O
as	O
Meena	O
in	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
first-generation	O
LaMDA	B-Algorithm
was	O
announced	O
during	O
the	O
2021	O
Google	B-Application
I/O	I-Application
keynote	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
second	O
generation	O
was	O
announced	O
the	O
following	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2022	O
,	O
LaMDA	B-Algorithm
gained	O
widespread	O
attention	O
when	O
Google	B-Application
engineer	O
Blake	O
Lemoine	O
made	O
claims	O
that	O
the	O
chatbot	B-Application
had	O
become	O
sentient	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2023	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
Bard	O
,	O
a	O
conversational	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
chatbot	B-Application
powered	O
by	O
LaMDA	B-Algorithm
,	O
to	O
counter	O
the	O
rise	O
of	O
OpenAI	O
's	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
28	O
,	O
2020	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
unveiled	O
Meena	O
,	O
a	O
neural	O
network-powered	O
chatbot	B-Application
with	O
2.6billion	O
parameters	O
,	O
which	O
Google	B-Application
claimed	O
to	O
be	O
superior	O
to	O
all	O
other	O
existing	O
chatbots	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
previously	O
hired	O
computer	O
scientist	O
Ray	O
Kurzweil	O
in	O
2012	O
to	O
develop	O
multiple	O
chatbots	B-Application
for	O
the	O
company	O
,	O
including	O
one	O
named	O
Danielle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Application
Google	I-Application
Brain	O
research	O
team	O
,	O
who	O
developed	O
Meena	O
,	O
hoped	O
to	O
release	O
the	O
chatbot	B-Application
to	O
the	O
public	O
in	O
a	O
limited	O
capacity	O
,	O
but	O
corporate	O
executives	O
refused	O
on	O
the	O
grounds	O
that	O
Meena	O
violated	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
"	O
AI	B-Application
principles	O
around	O
safety	O
and	O
fairness	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Meena	O
was	O
later	O
renamed	O
LaMDA	B-Algorithm
as	O
its	O
data	O
and	O
computing	O
power	O
increased	O
,	O
and	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
Brain	O
team	O
again	O
sought	O
to	O
deploy	O
the	O
software	O
to	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
Assistant	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
virtual	B-Protocol
assistant	I-Protocol
software	O
,	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
opening	O
it	O
up	O
to	O
a	O
public	O
demo	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
eventually	O
led	O
LaMDA	B-Algorithm
's	O
two	O
lead	O
researchers	O
,	O
Daniel	O
De	O
Freitas	O
and	O
Noam	O
Shazeer	O
,	O
to	O
depart	O
the	O
company	O
in	O
frustration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
years	O
later	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
the	O
LaMDA	B-Algorithm
conversational	O
large	O
language	O
model	O
during	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
I/O	O
keynote	O
on	O
May	O
18	O
,	O
2021	O
,	O
powered	O
by	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Built	O
on	O
the	O
seq2seq	B-Algorithm
architecture	O
,	O
transformer-based	O
neural	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
developed	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
Research	O
in	O
2017	O
,	O
LaMDA	B-Algorithm
was	O
trained	O
on	O
human	O
dialogue	O
and	O
stories	O
,	O
allowing	O
it	O
to	O
engage	O
in	O
open-ended	O
conversations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
states	O
that	O
responses	O
generated	O
by	O
LaMDA	B-Algorithm
have	O
been	O
ensured	O
to	O
be	O
"	O
sensible	O
,	O
interesting	O
,	O
and	O
specific	O
to	O
the	O
context	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LaMDA	B-Algorithm
has	O
access	O
to	O
multiple	O
symbolic	O
text	O
processing	O
systems	O
,	O
including	O
a	O
database	O
,	O
a	O
real-time	O
clock	O
and	O
calendar	O
,	O
a	O
mathematical	O
calculator	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
natural	O
language	O
translation	O
system	O
,	O
giving	O
it	O
superior	O
accuracy	O
in	O
tasks	O
supported	O
by	O
those	O
systems	O
,	O
and	O
making	O
it	O
among	O
the	O
first	O
dual	O
process	O
chatbots	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
LaMDA	B-Algorithm
is	O
also	O
not	O
stateless	B-Protocol
,	O
because	O
its	O
"	O
sensibleness	O
"	O
metric	O
is	O
fine-tuned	O
by	O
"	O
pre-conditioning	O
"	O
each	O
dialog	O
turn	O
by	O
prepending	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
recent	O
dialog	O
interactions	O
,	O
on	O
a	O
user-by-user	O
basis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LaMDA	B-Algorithm
is	O
tuned	O
on	O
nine	O
unique	O
performance	O
metrics	O
:	O
sensibleness	O
,	O
specificity	O
,	O
interestingness	O
,	O
safety	O
,	O
groundedness	O
,	O
informativeness	O
,	O
citation	O
accuracy	O
,	O
helpfulness	O
,	O
and	O
role	O
consistency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
May	O
11	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
unveiled	O
LaMDA	B-Algorithm
2	O
,	O
the	O
successor	O
to	O
LaMDA	B-Algorithm
,	O
during	O
the	O
2022	O
Google	B-Application
I/O	I-Application
keynote	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
11	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
The	O
Washington	O
Post	O
reported	O
that	O
Google	B-Application
engineer	O
Blake	O
Lemoine	O
had	O
been	O
placed	O
on	O
paid	O
administrative	O
leave	O
after	O
Lemoine	O
told	O
company	O
executives	O
Blaise	O
Agüera	O
y	O
Arcas	O
and	O
Jen	O
Gennai	O
that	O
LaMDA	B-Algorithm
had	O
become	O
sentient	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lemoine	O
came	O
to	O
this	O
conclusion	O
after	O
the	O
chatbot	B-Application
made	O
questionable	O
responses	O
to	O
questions	O
regarding	O
self-identity	O
,	O
moral	O
values	O
,	O
religion	O
,	O
and	O
Isaac	O
Asimov	O
's	O
Three	O
Laws	O
of	O
Robotics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
refuted	O
these	O
claims	O
,	O
insisting	O
that	O
there	O
was	O
substantial	O
evidence	O
to	O
indicate	O
that	O
LaMDA	B-Algorithm
was	O
not	O
sentient	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
interview	O
with	O
Wired	O
,	O
Lemoine	O
reiterated	O
his	O
claims	O
that	O
LaMDA	B-Algorithm
was	O
"	O
a	O
person	O
"	O
as	O
dictated	O
by	O
the	O
Thirteenth	O
Amendment	O
to	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Constitution	O
,	O
comparing	O
it	O
to	O
an	O
"	O
alien	O
intelligence	O
of	O
terrestrial	O
origin	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
further	O
revealed	O
that	O
he	O
had	O
been	O
dismissed	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
after	O
he	O
hired	O
an	O
attorney	O
on	O
LaMDA	B-Algorithm
's	O
behalf	O
,	O
after	O
the	O
chatbot	B-Application
requested	O
that	O
Lemoine	O
do	O
so	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
July	O
22	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
fired	O
Lemoine	O
,	O
asserting	O
that	O
Blake	O
had	O
violated	O
their	O
policies	O
"	O
to	O
safeguard	O
product	O
information	O
"	O
and	O
rejected	O
his	O
claims	O
as	O
"	O
wholly	O
unfounded	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internal	O
controversy	O
instigated	O
by	O
the	O
incident	O
prompted	O
Google	B-Application
executives	O
to	O
decide	O
against	O
releasing	O
LaMDA	B-Algorithm
to	O
the	O
public	O
,	O
which	O
it	O
had	O
previously	O
been	O
considering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
experts	O
ridiculed	O
the	O
idea	O
that	O
a	O
language	O
model	O
could	O
be	O
self-aware	O
,	O
including	O
former	O
New	O
York	O
University	O
psychology	O
professor	O
Gary	O
Marcus	O
,	O
David	O
Pfau	O
of	O
Google	B-Application
sister	O
company	O
DeepMind	B-Application
,	O
Erik	O
Brynjolfsson	O
of	O
the	O
Institute	O
for	O
Human-Centered	O
Artificial	B-Application
Intelligence	I-Application
at	O
Stanford	O
University	O
,	O
and	O
University	O
of	O
Surrey	O
professor	O
Adrian	O
Hilton	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Yann	O
LeCun	O
,	O
who	O
leads	O
Meta	O
Platforms	O
 '	O
AI	B-Application
research	I-Application
team	O
,	O
stated	O
that	O
neural	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
such	O
as	O
LaMDA	B-Algorithm
were	O
"	O
not	O
powerful	O
enough	O
to	O
attain	O
true	O
intelligence	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
University	O
of	O
California	O
,	O
Santa	O
Cruz	O
professor	O
Max	O
Kreminski	O
noted	O
that	O
LaMDA	B-Algorithm
's	O
architecture	O
did	O
not	O
"	O
support	O
some	O
key	O
capabilities	O
of	O
human-like	O
consciousness	O
"	O
and	O
that	O
its	O
neural	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
weights	O
were	O
"	O
frozen	O
"	O
,	O
assuming	O
it	O
was	O
a	O
typical	O
large	O
language	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	B-Application
Watson	I-Application
lead	O
developer	O
David	O
Ferrucci	O
compared	O
how	O
LaMDA	B-Algorithm
appeared	O
to	O
be	O
human	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
way	O
Watson	B-Application
did	O
when	O
it	O
was	O
first	O
introduced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Former	O
Google	B-Application
AI	I-Application
ethicist	O
Timnit	O
Gebru	O
called	O
Lemoine	O
a	O
victim	O
of	O
a	O
"	O
hype	O
cycle	O
"	O
initiated	O
by	O
researchers	O
and	O
the	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lemoine	O
's	O
claims	O
have	O
also	O
generated	O
discussion	O
on	O
whether	O
the	O
Turing	O
test	O
remained	O
useful	O
to	O
determine	O
researchers	O
 '	O
progress	O
toward	O
achieving	O
artificial	O
general	O
intelligence	O
,	O
with	O
Will	O
Omerus	O
of	O
the	O
Post	O
opining	O
that	O
the	O
test	O
actually	O
measured	O
whether	O
machine	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
systems	O
were	O
capable	O
of	O
deceiving	O
humans	O
,	O
while	O
Brian	O
Christian	O
of	O
The	O
Atlantic	O
said	O
that	O
the	O
controversy	O
was	O
an	O
instance	O
of	O
the	O
ELIZA	B-General_Concept
effect	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
unveiling	O
of	O
LaMDA	B-Algorithm
2	O
in	O
May	O
2022	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
also	O
launched	O
the	O
AI	B-Application
Test	O
Kitchen	O
,	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
application	I-Application
for	O
the	O
Android	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
powered	O
by	O
LaMDA	B-Algorithm
capable	O
of	O
providing	O
lists	O
of	O
suggestions	O
on-demand	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
complex	O
goal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
open	O
only	O
to	O
Google	B-Application
employees	O
,	O
the	O
app	O
was	O
set	O
to	O
be	O
made	O
available	O
to	O
"	O
select	O
academics	O
,	O
researchers	O
,	O
and	O
policymakers	O
"	O
by	O
invitation	O
sometime	O
in	O
the	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
released	O
a	O
"	O
season	O
2	O
"	O
update	O
to	O
the	O
app	O
,	O
integrating	O
a	O
limited	O
form	O
of	O
Google	B-Application
Brain	I-Application
's	O
Imagen	B-General_Concept
text-to-image	B-General_Concept
model	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
third	O
iteration	O
of	O
the	O
AI	B-Application
Test	O
Kitchen	O
was	O
in	O
development	O
by	O
January	O
2023	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
expected	O
to	O
launch	O
at	O
I/O	O
later	O
that	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
6	O
,	O
2023	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
Bard	O
,	O
a	O
conversational	O
AI	B-Application
chatbot	B-Application
powered	O
by	O
LaMDA	B-Algorithm
,	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
the	O
unexpected	O
popularity	O
of	O
OpenAI	O
's	O
ChatGPT	B-General_Concept
chatbot	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
positions	O
the	O
chatbot	B-Application
as	O
a	O
"	O
collaborative	O
AI	B-Application
service	O
"	O
rather	O
than	O
a	O
search	B-Application
engine	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
Bard	O
,	O
Pichai	O
also	O
unveiled	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
Generative	O
Language	O
API	B-Application
,	O
an	O
application	B-Application
programming	I-Application
interface	I-Application
also	O
based	O
on	O
LaMDA	B-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
he	O
announced	O
would	O
be	O
opened	O
up	O
to	O
third-party	O
developers	O
in	O
March	O
2023	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LaMDA	B-Algorithm
uses	O
a	O
decoder-only	O
transformer	B-Algorithm
language	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tests	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
indicated	O
that	O
LaMDA	B-Algorithm
surpassed	O
human	O
responses	O
in	O
the	O
area	O
of	O
interestingness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
LaMDA	B-Algorithm
transformer	B-Algorithm
model	I-Algorithm
and	O
an	O
external	O
information	B-Library
retrieval	I-Library
system	I-Library
interact	O
to	O
improve	O
the	O
accuracy	O
of	O
facts	O
provided	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
