<s>
LAMP	B-Application
(	O
Linux	O
,	O
Apache	O
,	O
MySQL	O
,	O
PHP/Perl/Python	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
acronym	O
denoting	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
software	B-Application
stacks	I-Application
for	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
web	O
's	O
most	O
popular	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
LAMP	B-Application
now	O
refers	O
to	O
a	O
generic	O
software	B-Application
stack	I-Application
model	O
and	O
its	O
components	O
are	O
largely	O
interchangeable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
letter	O
in	O
the	O
acronym	O
stands	O
for	O
one	O
of	O
its	O
four	O
open-source	B-Application
building	O
blocks	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
components	O
of	O
the	O
LAMP	B-Application
stack	I-Application
are	O
present	O
in	O
the	O
software	B-Application
repositories	I-Application
of	O
most	O
Linux	B-Application
distributions	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
acronym	O
LAMP	B-Application
was	O
coined	O
by	O
Michael	O
Kunze	O
in	O
the	O
December	O
1998	O
issue	O
of	O
Computertechnik	O
,	O
a	O
German	O
computing	O
magazine	O
,	O
as	O
he	O
demonstrated	O
that	O
a	O
bundle	O
of	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
"	O
could	O
be	O
a	O
feasible	O
alternative	O
to	O
expensive	O
commercial	O
packages	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
then	O
,	O
O'Reilly	O
Media	O
and	O
MySQL	B-Application
teamed	O
up	O
to	O
popularize	O
the	O
acronym	O
and	O
evangelize	O
its	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
and	O
the	O
concept	O
became	O
popular	O
because	O
it	O
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
stacks	O
for	O
the	O
web	O
,	O
with	O
sufficient	O
capabilities	O
to	O
host	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
web	O
frameworks	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Joomla	B-Protocol
,	O
WordPress	B-Application
and	O
Drupal	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
LAMP	B-Application
model	O
has	O
been	O
adapted	O
to	O
other	O
componentry	O
,	O
though	O
typically	O
consisting	O
of	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
growing	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
archetypal	O
LAMP	B-Application
,	O
variations	O
and	O
retronyms	O
appeared	O
for	O
other	O
combinations	O
of	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
web	O
server	O
,	O
database	O
,	O
and	O
software	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
an	O
equivalent	O
installation	O
on	O
the	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
family	O
is	O
known	O
as	O
WAMP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
alternative	O
running	O
IIS	B-Application
in	O
place	O
of	O
Apache	B-Application
is	O
called	O
WIMP	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Variants	O
involving	O
other	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
include	O
MAMP	B-Protocol
(	O
macOS	B-Application
)	O
,	O
SAMP	O
(	O
Solaris	B-Application
)	O
,	O
FAMP	O
(	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
)	O
,	O
iAMP	O
(	O
IBM	B-Application
i	I-Application
)	O
and	O
XAMPP	B-Application
(	O
cross-platform	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
web	O
server	O
or	O
database	B-Application
management	I-Application
system	I-Application
also	O
varies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LEMP	O
is	O
a	O
version	O
where	O
Apache	B-Application
has	O
been	O
replaced	O
with	O
the	O
more	O
lightweight	O
web	O
server	O
Nginx	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
version	O
where	O
MySQL	B-Application
has	O
been	O
replaced	O
by	O
PostgreSQL	B-Application
is	O
called	O
LAPP	O
,	O
or	O
sometimes	O
by	O
keeping	O
the	O
original	O
acronym	O
,	O
LAMP	B-Application
(	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
/	O
Apache	B-Application
/	O
Middleware	O
(	O
Perl	B-Language
,	O
PHP	B-Application
,	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
Ruby	O
)	O
/	O
PostgreSQL	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
LAMP	B-Application
bundle	O
can	O
be	O
combined	O
with	O
many	O
other	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
packages	O
,	O
including	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Nagios	B-Application
,	O
Collectd	B-Language
or	O
Cacti	B-Protocol
,	O
for	O
monitoring	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
another	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
software	O
which	O
Wikipedia	O
and	O
other	O
Wikimedia	O
Foundation	O
projects	O
use	O
for	O
their	O
underlying	O
infrastructure	O
is	O
a	O
customized	O
LAMP	B-Application
stack	I-Application
with	O
additions	O
such	O
as	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
Virtual	I-Operating_System
Server	I-Operating_System
(	O
LVS	O
)	O
for	O
load	B-Application
balancing	I-Application
and	O
Ceph	B-Operating_System
and	O
Swift	B-Application
for	O
distributed	O
object	O
storages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linux	B-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
computer	B-General_Concept
operating	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
assembled	O
under	O
the	O
model	O
of	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
development	O
and	O
distribution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
Linux	B-Application
distributions	I-Application
,	O
as	O
collections	O
of	O
software	O
based	O
around	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
and	O
often	O
around	O
a	O
package	B-Application
management	I-Application
system	I-Application
,	O
provide	O
complete	O
LAMP	B-Application
setups	O
through	O
their	O
packages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
W3Techs	O
in	O
October	O
2013	O
,	O
58.5	O
%	O
of	O
web	O
server	O
market	O
share	O
is	O
shared	O
between	O
Debian	O
and	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
,	O
while	O
RHEL	O
,	O
Fedora	O
and	O
CentOS	O
together	O
shared	O
37.3	O
%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
role	O
of	O
LAMP	B-Application
's	O
web	O
server	O
has	O
been	O
traditionally	O
supplied	O
by	O
Apache	B-Application
,	O
and	O
has	O
since	O
included	O
other	O
web	O
servers	O
such	O
as	O
Nginx	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Until	O
2022	O
,	O
Apache	B-Application
HTTP	I-Application
Server	I-Application
was	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
web	O
server	O
on	O
the	O
public	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2013	O
,	O
Netcraft	O
estimated	O
that	O
Apache	B-Application
served	O
54.2	O
%	O
of	O
all	O
active	O
websites	O
and	O
53.3	O
%	O
of	O
the	O
top	O
servers	O
across	O
all	O
domains	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
W3Tech	O
's	O
web	O
server	O
count	O
,	O
only	O
in	O
June	O
2022	O
did	O
Nginx	B-Operating_System
bypass	O
Apache	B-Application
in	O
popularity	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
share	O
of	O
33.6	O
%	O
versus	O
Apache	B-Application
at	O
31.4	O
%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apache	B-Application
is	O
developed	O
and	O
maintained	O
by	O
an	O
open	O
community	O
of	O
developers	O
under	O
the	O
auspices	O
of	O
the	O
Apache	B-Application
Software	O
Foundation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Released	O
under	O
the	O
Apache	B-Application
License	I-Application
,	O
Apache	B-Application
is	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
wide	O
variety	O
of	O
features	O
are	O
supported	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
of	O
them	O
are	O
implemented	O
as	O
compiled	B-Language
modules	B-Architecture
which	O
extend	O
the	O
core	O
functionality	O
of	O
Apache	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
can	O
range	O
from	O
server-side	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	O
support	O
to	O
authentication	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MySQL	B-Application
's	O
original	O
role	O
as	O
the	O
LAMP	B-Application
's	O
relational	B-Application
database	I-Application
management	O
system	O
has	O
since	O
been	O
alternately	O
provisioned	O
by	O
others	O
like	O
PostgreSQL	B-Application
,	O
MariaDB	B-Application
(	O
a	O
community-developed	O
fork	B-Application
of	O
MySQL	B-Application
developed	O
by	O
its	O
original	O
developers	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
even	O
NoSQL	B-General_Concept
databases	B-Application
like	O
MongoDB	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
MySQL	B-Application
is	O
a	O
multithreaded	B-Operating_System
,	O
multi-user	B-Operating_System
,	O
SQL	B-Language
database	I-Language
management	O
system	O
,	O
acquired	O
by	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
in	O
2008	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
then	O
acquired	O
by	O
Oracle	B-Application
Corporation	I-Application
in	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
its	O
early	O
years	O
,	O
the	O
MySQL	B-Application
team	O
has	O
made	O
its	O
source	O
code	O
available	O
under	O
the	O
terms	O
of	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
under	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
proprietary	B-Application
agreements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PostgreSQL	B-Application
is	O
also	O
an	O
ACID-compliant	O
object-relational	B-General_Concept
database	I-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
developed	O
by	O
PostgreSQL	B-Application
Global	O
Development	O
Group	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MongoDB	B-Application
is	O
a	O
NoSQL	B-General_Concept
database	O
that	O
eschews	O
the	O
traditional	O
relational	B-Application
database	I-Application
structure	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
JSON-like	O
documents	O
with	O
dynamic	O
schemas	O
(	O
calling	O
the	O
format	O
BSON	B-Protocol
)	O
,	O
making	O
the	O
integration	O
of	O
data	O
in	O
certain	O
types	O
of	O
applications	O
easier	O
and	O
faster	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PHP	B-Application
's	O
role	O
as	O
the	O
LAMP	B-Application
's	O
application	B-Application
programming	O
language	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
performed	O
by	O
other	O
languages	O
such	O
as	O
Perl	B-Language
and	O
Python	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
PHP	B-Application
is	O
a	O
server-side	B-Language
scripting	I-Language
language	O
designed	O
for	O
web	O
development	O
but	O
also	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
general-purpose	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
PHP	B-Application
code	O
is	O
interpreted	B-Application
by	O
a	O
web	O
server	O
via	O
a	O
PHP	B-Application
processor	O
module	B-Architecture
,	O
which	O
generates	O
the	O
resulting	O
web	O
page	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PHP	B-Application
commands	O
can	O
optionally	O
be	O
embedded	O
directly	O
into	O
an	O
HTML	B-Language
source	O
document	O
rather	O
than	O
calling	O
an	O
external	O
file	O
to	O
process	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
also	O
evolved	O
to	O
include	O
a	O
command-line	B-Application
interface	I-Application
capability	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
standalone	O
graphical	B-Application
applications	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
PHP	B-Application
is	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
released	O
under	O
the	O
terms	O
of	O
PHP	B-Language
License	I-Language
,	O
which	O
is	O
incompatible	O
with	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
(	O
GPL	B-License
)	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
restrictions	O
PHP	B-Language
License	I-Language
places	O
on	O
the	O
usage	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
PHP	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Perl	B-Language
is	O
a	O
family	O
of	O
high-level	B-Language
,	O
general-purpose	B-Language
,	O
interpreted	B-Application
,	O
dynamic	B-Language
programming	I-Language
languages	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
languages	O
in	O
this	O
family	O
include	O
Perl	B-Language
5	O
and	O
Raku	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
provide	O
advanced	O
text	O
processing	O
facilities	O
without	O
the	O
arbitrary	O
data-length	O
limits	O
of	O
many	O
contemporary	O
Unix	B-Application
command	I-Application
line	I-Application
tools	I-Application
,	O
facilitating	O
manipulation	O
of	O
text	B-General_Concept
files	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Perl	B-Language
5	O
gained	O
widespread	O
popularity	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
as	O
a	O
CGI	B-Language
scripting	I-Language
language	O
for	O
the	O
Web	O
,	O
in	O
part	O
due	O
to	O
its	O
parsing	B-Language
abilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Python	B-Language
is	O
a	O
widely	O
used	O
general-purpose	B-Language
,	O
high-level	B-Language
,	O
interpreted	B-Application
,	O
programming	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Python	B-Language
supports	O
multiple	O
programming	O
paradigms	O
,	O
including	O
object-oriented	B-Language
,	O
imperative	B-Application
,	O
functional	B-Language
and	O
procedural	B-Application
paradigms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
features	O
a	O
dynamic	O
type	O
system	O
,	O
automatic	O
memory	B-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
,	O
a	O
standard	B-Library
library	I-Library
,	O
and	O
strict	O
use	O
of	O
whitespace	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
other	O
dynamic	B-Language
languages	I-Language
,	O
Python	B-Language
is	O
often	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
,	O
but	O
is	O
also	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
non-scripting	O
contexts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specific	O
approaches	O
are	O
required	O
for	O
websites	O
that	O
serve	O
large	O
numbers	O
of	O
requests	O
,	O
or	O
provide	O
services	O
that	O
demand	O
high	O
uptime	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
High-availability	O
approaches	O
for	O
the	O
LAMP	B-Application
stack	I-Application
may	O
involve	O
multiple	O
web	O
and	O
database	O
servers	O
,	O
combined	O
with	O
additional	O
components	O
that	O
perform	O
logical	O
aggregation	O
of	O
resources	O
provided	O
by	O
each	O
of	O
the	O
servers	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
distribution	O
of	O
the	O
workload	O
across	O
multiple	O
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
aggregation	O
of	O
web	O
servers	O
may	O
be	O
provided	O
by	O
placing	O
a	O
load	B-Application
balancer	I-Application
in	O
front	O
of	O
them	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
by	O
using	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
Virtual	I-Operating_System
Server	I-Operating_System
(	O
LVS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
aggregation	O
of	O
database	O
servers	O
,	O
MySQL	B-Application
provides	O
internal	O
replication	B-Architecture
mechanisms	O
that	O
implement	O
a	O
master/slave	B-Operating_System
relationship	O
between	O
the	O
original	O
database	O
(	O
master	O
)	O
and	O
its	O
copies	O
(	O
slaves	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
high-availability	O
setups	O
may	O
also	O
improve	O
the	O
availability	O
of	O
LAMP	B-Application
instances	O
by	O
providing	O
various	O
forms	O
of	O
redundancy	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
possible	O
for	O
a	O
certain	O
number	O
of	O
components	O
(	O
separate	O
servers	O
)	O
to	O
experience	O
downtime	O
without	O
interrupting	O
the	O
users	O
of	O
services	O
provided	O
as	O
a	O
whole	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
redundant	O
setups	O
may	O
also	O
handle	O
hardware	O
failures	O
resulting	O
in	O
data	B-General_Concept
loss	I-General_Concept
on	O
individual	O
servers	O
in	O
a	O
way	O
that	O
prevents	O
collectively	O
stored	O
data	O
from	O
actually	O
becoming	O
lost	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Beside	O
higher	O
availability	O
,	O
such	O
LAMP	B-Application
setups	O
are	O
capable	O
of	O
providing	O
almost	O
linear	O
improvements	O
in	O
performance	O
for	O
services	O
having	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
internal	O
database	O
read	O
operations	O
much	O
higher	O
than	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
write/update	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
