<s>
The	O
following	O
is	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
clones	B-General_Concept
of	O
Sinclair	O
Research	O
's	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
home	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
list	O
includes	O
both	O
official	O
clones	B-General_Concept
(	O
from	O
Timex	O
Corporation	O
)	O
and	O
many	O
unofficial	O
clones	B-General_Concept
,	O
most	O
of	O
which	O
were	O
produced	O
in	O
Eastern	O
Bloc	O
countries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
software	O
emulators	O
can	O
fully	O
or	O
partially	O
emulate	O
some	O
clones	B-General_Concept
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
only	O
official	O
clones	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
Spectrum	O
were	O
made	O
by	O
Timex	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
notable	O
changes	O
were	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
a	O
cartridge	O
port	O
,	O
an	O
AY-3-8912	B-Device
sound	O
chip	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
improved	O
ULA	O
giving	O
access	O
to	O
better	O
graphics	O
modes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
T/S	O
2068	O
was	O
produced	O
for	O
consumers	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
while	O
very	O
similar	O
machines	O
were	O
marketed	O
in	O
Portugal	O
and	O
Poland	O
as	O
the	O
Timex	O
Computer	O
2068	O
(	O
TC	O
2068	O
)	O
and	O
Unipolbrit	B-Device
Komputer	I-Device
2086	I-Device
(	O
UK	O
2086	O
)	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Timex	B-Device
Computer	I-Device
2048	I-Device
or	O
TC	B-Device
2048	I-Device
was	O
a	O
similar	O
machine	O
to	O
the	O
Spectrum	B-Operating_System
48K	I-Operating_System
,	O
but	O
with	O
the	O
improved	O
ULA	O
from	O
the	O
TC	O
2068	O
(	O
allowing	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
improved	O
graphics	O
modes	O
)	O
,	O
Kempston	O
joystick	B-Device
port	O
,	O
and	O
composite	O
video	O
output	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Timex	O
Sinclair	O
2048	O
or	O
T/S	O
2048	O
was	O
a	O
never-released	O
variant	O
of	O
the	O
T/S	O
2068	O
with	O
16KB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
clone	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
ZX	O
Spectrum+	O
developed	O
by	O
Investrónica	O
in	O
Spain	O
in	O
1986	O
,	O
the	O
Inves	O
Spectrum	O
+	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
work	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
company	O
on	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
128	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
ROM	B-Device
was	O
also	O
modified	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
compatibility	O
problems	O
with	O
some	O
games	O
–	O
notably	O
Bombjack	B-Application
,	O
Commando	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Top	O
Gun	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Kempston	O
joystick	B-Device
port	O
was	O
fitted	O
on	O
the	O
rear	O
of	O
the	O
machine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
court	O
agreed	O
with	O
Amstrad	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
decision	O
was	O
not	O
issued	O
until	O
1991	O
,	O
when	O
the	O
computer	O
was	O
discontinued	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
8-bit	O
computer	O
market	O
in	O
Spain	O
was	O
dead	O
in	O
favour	O
of	O
16-bit	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Decibells	O
dB	O
Spectrum+	O
was	O
an	O
official	O
clone	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
ZX	O
Spectrum+	O
for	O
the	O
Indian	O
market	O
,	O
introduced	O
in	O
1988	O
by	O
Deci	O
Bells	O
Electronics	O
Limited	O
,	O
selling	O
over	O
50000	O
units	O
and	O
achieving	O
an	O
80%	O
market	O
share	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
British	O
clone	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
48K	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
,	O
Harlequin	O
was	O
designed	O
and	O
developed	O
by	O
Chris	O
Smith	O
,	O
to	O
aid	O
the	O
reverse	O
engineering	O
of	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
custom	O
ULA	O
chip	O
,	O
and	O
its	O
research	O
documentation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Completed	O
in	O
2008	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
the	O
first	O
100%	O
timing	O
compatible	O
clone	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Until	O
2012/13	O
the	O
Harlequin	O
existed	O
only	O
as	O
a	O
breadboard	O
prototype	O
,	O
but	O
recently	O
,	O
José	O
Leandro	O
Martínez	O
,	O
Ingo	O
Truppel	O
,	O
and	O
others	O
produced	O
a	O
limited	O
number	O
of	O
PCB	O
versions	O
as	O
an	O
exact	O
board	O
replacement	O
for	O
an	O
actual	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Bobo64	O
was	O
an	O
advanced	O
Czech	O
computer	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
,	O
developed	O
by	O
Václav	O
Daněček	O
between	O
1986	O
and	O
1987	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
many	O
enhancements	O
over	O
the	O
original	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
,	O
including	O
256×256	O
graphics	O
with	O
attributes	O
per	O
8×1	O
pixels	O
,	O
and	O
512×256	O
graphics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
other	O
Czechoslovak	O
home-made	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
clones	B-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
Bobo64	O
gained	O
some	O
popularity	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
built	O
by	O
dozens	O
of	O
enthusiasts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Didaktik	B-Device
was	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
home	O
computers	O
produced	O
by	O
Didaktik	B-Device
in	O
Skalica	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
former	O
Czechoslovakia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
model	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
was	O
the	O
Didaktik	B-Device
Gama	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
U880	B-Device
or	O
Zilog	B-General_Concept
Z80	I-General_Concept
processors	B-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
original	O
ULA	O
chip	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Gama	O
has	O
a	O
built-in	O
8255	O
chip	O
(	O
used	O
for	O
the	O
Kempston	O
joystick	B-Device
,	O
and	O
also	O
as	O
a	O
printer	O
port	O
)	O
and	O
80KB	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
adding	O
an	O
alternative	O
memory	O
bank	O
from	O
the	O
address	O
32768	O
to	O
65535	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Gama	O
was	O
followed	O
by	O
the	O
cheaper	O
Didaktik	B-Device
M	O
(	O
first	O
variant	O
released	O
in	O
1990	O
;	O
the	O
second	O
in	O
1991	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
model	O
M	O
had	O
a	O
modernised	O
case	O
,	O
Sinclair	O
and	O
Kempston	O
Joystick	B-Device
ports	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
keyboard	O
with	O
cursors	O
and	O
reset	O
key	O
–	O
the	O
design	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
was	O
of	O
lower	O
quality	O
than	O
the	O
Gama	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
screen	O
aspect	O
ratio	O
and	O
display	O
timing	O
are	O
different	O
from	O
the	O
original	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
because	O
the	O
M	O
uses	O
a	O
different	O
ULA	O
chip	O
,	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
Russian	O
clone	B-General_Concept
Baltik	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
final	O
model	O
was	O
the	O
Didaktik	B-Device
Kompakt	O
(	O
1991	O
)	O
which	O
integrated	O
all	O
previous	O
M	O
hardware	O
with	O
a	O
3.5	O
″	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drive	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
previous	O
versions	O
,	O
the	O
Didaktik	B-Device
192K	O
was	O
an	O
amateur	O
project	O
,	O
partly	O
combining	O
the	O
hardware	O
of	O
the	O
Didaktik	B-Device
Gama	O
and	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
128K	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Krišpín	O
was	O
a	O
czechoslovakian	O
clone	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
,	O
developed	O
by	O
František	O
Kubiš	O
at	B-Operating_System
1984	O
,	O
a	O
student	O
of	O
EF	O
SVŠT	O
(	O
Electrotechnical	O
Faculty	O
of	O
Slovak	O
Technical	O
University	O
)	O
Bratislava	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ULA	O
was	O
designed	O
using	O
discrete	O
74xx	O
ICs	O
,	O
which	O
resulted	O
in	O
the	O
screen	O
part	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
being	O
synchronised	O
perfectly	O
,	O
without	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
blocking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
Czechoslovakian	O
clone	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
48K	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
MISTRUM	O
,	O
was	O
supplied	O
in	O
kit	O
form	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ROM	B-Device
was	O
modified	O
to	O
include	O
letters	O
with	O
Czech	O
diacritic	O
marks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Nucleon	O
was	O
a	O
Czech	O
clone	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
Pentagon	B-Device
512K	I-Device
,	O
made	O
by	O
CSS	O
Electronics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Sparrow	O
48K	O
is	O
the	O
first	O
modern	O
clone	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
designed	O
to	O
replace	O
the	O
original	O
motherboard	O
in	O
standard	O
and	O
Spectrum+	O
case	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
ULA	O
chip	O
,	O
this	O
clone	B-General_Concept
was	O
heavily	O
modernised	O
,	O
replacing	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
larger	O
glue	O
logic	O
with	O
one	O
CPLD	O
chip	O
,	O
the	O
entire	O
main	O
memory	O
with	O
one	O
SRAM	O
chip	O
,	O
and	O
all	O
8	O
video	O
memory	O
chips	O
with	O
a	O
second	O
SRAM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Sparrow	O
also	O
offers	O
a	O
larger	O
ROM	B-Device
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
increased	O
by	O
16	O
KB	O
via	O
a	O
switch	O
or	O
a	O
jumper	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
successor	O
is	O
the	O
Sparrow	O
SX	O
,	O
with	O
software	O
ROM	B-Device
switching	O
and	O
RTC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
HCX	O
was	O
a	O
Spectrum	O
clone	B-General_Concept
developed	O
at	B-Operating_System
the	O
Technical	O
University	O
of	O
Magdeburg	O
in	O
1988	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
RR-Spectrum	O
was	O
a	O
privately	O
built	O
East	O
German	O
clone	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Spectral	O
was	O
another	O
An	O
East	O
German	O
clone	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
came	O
with	O
a	O
built-in	O
joystick	B-Device
interface	O
,	O
and	O
either	O
48	O
or	O
128KB	O
RAM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
HT	O
3080C	O
was	O
a	O
Hungarian	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
clone	B-General_Concept
made	O
by	O
Híradástechnikai	O
Szövetkezet	O
(	O
News	O
Technology	O
Cooperative	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
released	O
in	O
1986	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
two	O
first	O
computers	O
(	O
HT	O
1080Z	O
and	O
HT	O
2080Z	O
)	O
were	O
clones	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
TRS-80	B-Device
,	O
and	O
were	O
unsuccessful	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
poor	O
graphics	O
features	O
and	O
high	O
price	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
HT	O
3080C	O
was	O
produced	O
to	O
satisfy	O
both	O
these	O
criteria	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
also	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
previous	O
HT	O
machines	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
option	O
of	O
switching	O
between	O
TRS-80	B-Device
and	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
had	O
a	O
graphics	O
resolution	O
of	O
256×192	O
(	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
standard	O
)	O
and	O
an	O
AY-chip	O
for	O
sound	O
(	O
for	O
compatibility	O
with	O
previous	O
HT	O
machines	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
featured	O
a	O
32KB	O
ROM	B-Device
,	O
64KB	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
(	O
uniquely	O
)	O
a	O
Commodore	O
serial	O
port	O
which	O
enabled	O
the	O
connection	O
of	O
peripherals	O
for	O
the	O
C64	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
the	O
1541	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drive	I-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Elwro	O
800	O
Junior	O
was	O
Polish	O
clone	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
produced	O
by	O
ELWRO	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
schools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
ran	O
a	O
special	O
version	O
of	O
CP/M	B-Application
called	O
CP/J	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Peripherals	O
were	O
attached	O
to	O
the	O
computer	O
using	O
a	O
mix	O
of	O
DIN	B-Architecture
and	O
D-subminiature	B-Protocol
connectors	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
ELWRO	O
had	O
developed	O
a	O
local	B-General_Concept
area	I-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
protocol	O
called	O
JUNET	O
(	O
JUnior	O
NETwork	O
)	O
for	O
use	O
with	O
the	O
machines	O
which	O
operated	O
on	O
a	O
basis	O
not	O
unlike	O
MIDI	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
one	O
DIN	B-Architecture
cable	O
was	O
used	O
to	O
receive	O
data	O
,	O
and	O
another	O
to	O
send	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CoBra	O
(	O
COmputer	O
BRAsov	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
clone	B-General_Concept
built	O
in	O
Braşov	O
,	O
Romania	O
in	O
1988	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ROM	B-Device
contained	O
the	O
OPUS	O
and	O
CP/M	B-Application
operating	I-Application
systems	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CIP	O
are	O
Romanian	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
clones	B-General_Concept
made	O
by	O
Intreprinderea	O
Electronica	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ROM	B-Device
is	O
original	O
Sinclair	O
,	O
but	O
has	O
been	O
modified	O
to	O
display	O
'	O
BASIC	O
S	O
 '	O
in	O
place	O
of	O
the	O
standard	O
Sinclair	O
copyright	O
message	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Only	O
one	O
set	O
of	O
8×	O
1-bit	O
64KB	O
RAM	B-Architecture
modules	O
is	O
present	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CIP-03	O
was	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
EEPROM	O
designed	O
to	O
work	O
with	O
the	O
3	O
data	O
densities	O
on	O
the	O
tape	O
at	B-Operating_System
speeds	O
up	O
to	O
3	O
times	O
higher	O
than	O
the	O
original	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
2K	O
ROM	B-Device
was	O
also	O
capable	O
of	O
loading	O
and	O
saving	O
at	B-Operating_System
those	O
speeds	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
whole	O
64K	O
as	O
storage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Produced	O
from	O
1988	O
to	O
1993	O
it	O
was	O
a	O
common	O
clone	B-General_Concept
in	O
Romania	O
,	O
with	O
about	O
15,000	O
units	O
produced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CIP-04	O
was	O
a	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
+3	O
clone	B-General_Concept
with	O
a	O
built-in	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drive	I-Device
and	O
256	O
KB	O
RAM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Felix	O
HC	O
are	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
clones	B-General_Concept
manufactured	O
in	O
Romania	O
from	O
1985	O
to	O
1994	O
by	O
ICE	O
Felix	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
version	O
(	O
HC	O
85	O
)	O
closely	O
resembled	O
the	O
Spectrum	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
built-in	O
BASIC	O
interpreter	O
,	O
Z80A	B-General_Concept
processor	O
,	O
48KB	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
tape	O
,	O
and	O
TV	O
interfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
optional	O
Interface	B-Device
1	I-Device
expansion	O
was	O
available	O
for	O
the	O
HC	O
85	O
,	O
HC	O
90	O
,	O
and	O
HC	O
91	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
functionally	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
ZX	B-Device
Interface	I-Device
1	I-Device
,	O
but	O
instead	O
of	O
Microdrives	O
it	O
supported	O
single-density	O
or	O
double-density	O
floppy	B-Device
disks	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
had	O
64KB	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
extra	O
circuitry	O
which	O
provided	O
CP/M	B-Application
support	O
if	O
the	O
Interface	B-Device
1	I-Device
expansion	O
was	O
also	O
present	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
HC	O
2000	O
(	O
manufactured	O
from	O
1992	O
to	O
1994	O
)	O
had	O
a	O
built-in	O
3.5-inch	O
720KB	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drive	I-Device
,	O
and	O
64KB	O
RAM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
both	O
as	O
a	O
Spectrum	O
clone	B-General_Concept
with	O
added	O
disk	O
functionality	O
(	O
only	O
48KB	O
RAM	B-Architecture
available	O
)	O
or	O
in	O
CP/M	B-Application
mode	O
,	O
giving	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
full	O
64KB	O
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Essentially	O
,	O
it	O
consolidated	O
the	O
HC	O
91	O
,	O
Interface	B-Device
1	I-Device
,	O
and	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drive	I-Device
into	O
a	O
single	O
case	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
last	O
model	O
to	O
be	O
made	O
in	O
the	O
Z80	B-General_Concept
line	O
was	O
the	O
HC91+	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
a	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
128K	O
clone	B-General_Concept
in	O
a	O
HC91	O
case	O
and	O
keyboard	O
,	O
and	O
had	O
some	O
compatibility	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
,	O
the	O
AY-8910	B-Device
sound	O
chip	O
was	O
offered	O
as	O
an	O
add-on	O
service	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
soldered	O
on	O
the	O
board	O
by	O
factory	O
technicians	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Demoscene	O
demos	O
had	O
problems	O
running	O
multi-colour	O
effects	O
,	O
and	O
displaying	O
sound	O
VU	O
meter-like	O
effects	O
,	O
through	O
lack	O
of	O
data	O
in	O
the	O
AY	B-Device
chip	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
JET	O
was	O
a	O
Romanian	O
clone	B-General_Concept
from	O
1989	O
produced	O
by	O
Electromagnetica	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Timisoara	O
series	O
were	O
Romanian	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
clones	B-General_Concept
developed	O
in	O
the	O
university	O
of	O
Timișoara	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
models	O
(	O
microTIM	O
,	O
microTIM+	O
and	O
TIM-S	O
+	O
)	O
were	O
equipped	O
with	O
a	O
joystick	B-Device
port	O
,	O
and	O
came	O
with	O
128KB	O
RAM	B-Architecture
and	O
an	O
AY-3-8912	B-Device
sound	O
chip	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Czerweny	O
CZ	O
2000	O
,	O
Czerweny	O
CZ	O
Spectrum	O
and	O
Czerweny	O
CZ	O
Spectrum	O
Plus	O
were	O
Argentinian	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
clones	B-General_Concept
which	O
were	O
produced	O
from	O
1982	O
(	O
after	O
the	O
Falklands	O
war	O
)	O
until	O
an	O
electrical	O
fire	O
destroyed	O
the	O
factory	O
in	O
Paraná	O
in	O
June	O
1986	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TK90X	B-Device
was	O
the	O
first	O
Brazilian	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
clone	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
launched	O
in	O
1985	O
by	O
Microdigital	O
Eletronica	O
,	O
a	O
company	O
located	O
in	O
São	O
Paulo	O
,	O
Brazil	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
previously	O
manufactured	O
ZX81	O
clones	B-General_Concept
(	O
TK82	O
,	O
TK82C	B-Device
,	O
TK83	O
,	O
and	O
TK85	B-Device
)	O
and	O
a	O
ZX80	B-Operating_System
clone	B-General_Concept
(	O
TK80	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ROM	B-Device
was	O
hacked	O
to	O
include	O
a	O
UDG	O
editor	O
,	O
and	O
accented	O
characters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
spite	O
of	O
this	O
,	O
incompatibility	O
issues	O
with	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
software	O
are	O
very	O
rare	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
keyboard	O
membrane	O
is	O
more	O
durable	O
than	O
that	O
found	O
on	O
the	O
original	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
48K	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TK90X	B-Device
also	O
features	O
a	O
Sinclair-compatible	O
joystick	B-Device
port	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TK95	O
microcomputer	B-Architecture
was	O
the	O
successor	O
to	O
the	O
TK90X	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Launched	O
in	O
November	O
1986	O
,	O
its	O
improvements	O
were	O
largely	O
cosmetic	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
uses	O
exactly	O
the	O
same	O
PCB	O
as	O
the	O
TK90X	B-Device
,	O
but	O
had	O
its	O
ROM	B-Device
capacity	O
increased	O
to	O
16KB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Personal	O
Computer	O
SPC-650	O
was	O
a	O
South	O
Korean	O
clone	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
ZX	O
Spectrum+	O
by	O
Samsung	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
similar	O
design	O
to	O
the	O
original	O
machine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
game	O
console	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
48	O
,	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
Brest	O
Special	O
Design	O
Bureau	O
"	O
Zapad	O
"	O
and	O
produced	O
by	O
the	O
"	O
Tsvetotron	O
"	O
plant	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cartridges	O
are	O
a	O
board	O
with	O
ROM	B-Device
chips	I-Device
and	O
a	O
page	O
decoder	O
(	O
the	O
cartridge	O
is	O
accessed	O
through	O
16K	O
pages	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Spectrum-compatible	O
computer	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Zilog	B-Device
Z380	I-Device
(	O
a	O
32-bit	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Z80	B-General_Concept
,	O
capable	O
of	O
running	O
at	B-Operating_System
40	O
MHz	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Arus	O
(	O
ru	O
:	O
Арус	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
clone	B-General_Concept
based	O
on	O
the	O
Pentagon	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Developed	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
it	O
was	O
produced	O
at	B-Operating_System
the	O
Iset	O
plant	O
in	O
Kamensk-Uralsky	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
featured	O
a	O
7MHz	O
Z80	B-General_Concept
processor	O
,	O
1024KB	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
128KB	O
ROM	B-Device
,	O
AY-8910	B-Device
sound	O
chip	O
(	O
two	O
were	O
fitted	O
in	O
upgraded	O
models	O
)	O
,	O
8-bit	O
DAC	O
,	O
8-channel	O
ADC	O
,	O
RS-232	O
and	O
Centronics	O
ports	O
,	O
Beta	B-Device
Disk	I-Device
Interface	I-Device
,	O
IDE	B-Protocol
interface	O
,	O
AT/XT	O
keyboard	O
,	O
text	O
mode	O
(	O
80×25	O
,	O
16	O
possible	O
colours	O
in	O
an	O
8×8	O
pattern	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
two	O
additional	O
resolutions	O
of	O
320*200	O
and	O
640*200	O
pixels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Baltica	O
(	O
or	O
Baltic	O
,	O
ru	O
:	O
Балтик	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
Soviet	O
clone	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
48K	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
Z80	B-General_Concept
ran	O
at	B-Operating_System
a	O
higher	O
frequency	O
(	O
4MHz	O
)	O
which	O
made	O
it	O
less	O
compatible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
first	O
released	O
in	O
1988	O
by	O
a	O
company	O
named	O
Sonet	O
from	O
Minsk	O
and	O
different	O
versions	O
exist	O
,	O
with	O
expanded	O
hardware	O
and	O
operating	O
systems	O
,	O
compared	O
to	O
the	O
original	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Best	O
III	O
was	O
a	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
clone	B-General_Concept
made	O
in	O
St.	O
Petersburg	O
in	O
1993	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
size	O
of	O
the	O
system	B-General_Concept
unit	I-General_Concept
is	O
16.8	O
×	O
10	O
×	O
2inches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
Russian	O
Z80	B-General_Concept
clone	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Bi	O
Am	O
ZX-Spectrum	B-Operating_System
48/64	O
was	O
Russian	O
clone	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
produced	O
between	O
1992	O
and	O
1994	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	B-General_Concept
unit	I-General_Concept
is	O
made	O
of	O
metal	O
,	O
and	O
measures	O
10	O
×	O
8.4	O
×	O
2inches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Bi	O
Am	O
ZX-Spectrum	B-Operating_System
128	O
was	O
a	O
128KB	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Blic	O
(	O
ru	O
:	O
Блиц	O
)	O
or	O
Blitz	O
is	O
a	O
Soviet	O
clone	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
48K	O
,	O
designed	O
in	O
1990	O
,	O
and	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
earlier	O
Leningrad	B-Device
clone	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ROM	B-Device
had	O
been	O
modified	O
to	O
display	O
“	O
BLIC	O
Home	O
Computer	O
”	O
alongside	O
three	O
rectangles	O
which	O
were	O
respectively	O
coloured	O
blue	O
,	O
red	O
,	O
and	O
green	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
keys	O
were	O
made	O
of	O
rubber	O
,	O
and	O
their	O
size	O
and	O
placement	O
was	O
virtually	O
identical	O
to	O
that	O
on	O
the	O
original	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
48K	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Byte	O
(	O
ru	O
:	O
Байт	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
soviet	O
clone	B-General_Concept
made	O
in	O
Brest	O
by	O
the	O
Brest	O
Electromechanical	O
Plant	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Introduced	O
in	O
1989	O
,	O
it	O
used	O
several	O
Z80	B-General_Concept
CPU	B-General_Concept
clones	B-General_Concept
like	O
the	O
KR1858VM1	B-Device
,	O
KR1858VM1	B-Device
or	O
T34VM1	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specifications	O
are	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
original	O
Spectrum	O
,	O
with	O
48KB	O
or	O
RAM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
machines	O
were	O
produced	O
at	B-Operating_System
the	O
Vladivostok	O
plant	O
Radiopribor	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
South	O
Korean	O
microchips	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BASIC	O
(	O
ru	O
:	O
Бейсик	O
)	O
came	O
with	O
48KB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
while	O
the	O
Breeze	O
(	O
ru	O
:	O
Бриз	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
128KB	O
machine	O
with	O
a	O
printer	O
controller	O
,	O
disk	O
drive	O
and	O
a	O
sound	O
chip	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Composite	O
(	O
ru	O
:	O
Композит	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
Russian	O
clone	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
introduced	O
in	O
1993	O
by	O
NTK	O
(	O
ru	O
:	O
НТК	O
)	O
,	O
with	O
48KB	O
RAM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
modified	O
version	O
of	O
Leningrad	B-Device
2	O
,	O
produced	O
by	O
the	O
Composite	O
co-op	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dubna	B-Device
48K	I-Device
(	O
ru	O
:	O
Дубна	B-Device
48К	I-Device
)	O
was	O
a	O
1991	O
Soviet	O
clone	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
home	O
computer	O
,	O
named	O
after	O
the	O
town	O
of	O
Dubna	O
,	O
where	O
it	O
was	O
produced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
used	O
Zilog	B-General_Concept
Z80	I-General_Concept
processor	O
clone	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Duet	O
(	O
ru	O
:	O
Дуэт	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
48K	O
clone	B-General_Concept
produced	O
at	B-Operating_System
the	O
Lianozovsky	O
Electromechanical	O
Plant	O
(	O
LEMZ	O
,	O
Moscow	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Ella	O
Ra	O
,	O
Also	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
Elara-Disk	O
128	O
,	O
this	O
was	O
a	O
Russian	O
clone	B-General_Concept
,	O
made	O
in	O
1991	O
,	O
of	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
128K	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
featured	O
a	O
58-key	O
keyboard	O
,	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drive	I-Device
,	O
and	O
ports	O
for	O
both	O
Kempston	O
and	O
Sinclair	O
joysticks	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GrandRomMax	O
was	O
a	O
Russian	O
clone	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
made	O
in	O
Moscow	O
in	O
1993	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
very	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
Pentagon	B-Device
,	O
but	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
more	O
like	O
the	O
original	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
version	O
has	O
an	O
improperly	O
configured	O
Beta	B-Device
Disk	I-Device
Interface	I-Device
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
all	O
information	O
on	O
the	O
disk	O
being	O
destroyed	O
when	O
an	O
attempt	O
to	O
write	O
to	O
it	O
is	O
made	O
on	O
a	O
different	O
machine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Grandboard	O
2+	O
was	O
a	O
Russian	O
clone	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
,	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
GrandRomMax	O
GRM2+	O
board	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Gamma	O
(	O
ru	O
:	O
Гамма	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
48K	O
clone	B-General_Concept
produced	O
by	O
OKB	O
Processor	O
,	O
Voronezh	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ROM	B-Device
was	O
changed	O
from	O
the	O
original	O
machine	O
,	O
with	O
lowercase	O
Latin	O
characters	O
replaced	O
by	O
Cyrillic	O
and	O
Sinclair	O
BASIC	O
messages	O
translated	O
into	O
Russian	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hobbit	B-Device
(	O
ru	O
:	O
Хоббит	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
Soviet/Russian	O
8-bit	O
home	O
computer	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Sinclair	O
Research	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
hardware	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
featured	O
a	O
CP/M	B-Application
mode	O
,	O
and	O
Forth	B-Application
mode	O
or	O
LOGO	B-Device
mode	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
Forth	B-Application
or	O
LOGO	B-Device
operating	O
environment	O
residing	O
in	O
an	O
on-board	O
ROM	B-Device
chip	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
keyboard	O
had	O
Cyrillic	O
characters	O
and	O
the	O
ROM	B-Device
was	O
modified	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Iskra-1085	O
(	O
ru	O
:	O
Искра	O
1085	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
48K	O
clone	B-General_Concept
with	O
64K	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Julduz	O
( Юлдуз	O
,	O
meaning	O
"	O
star	O
"	O
in	O
Azerbaijani	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
clone	B-General_Concept
aimed	O
at	B-Operating_System
schools	O
,	O
with	O
64KB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Kay	B-Device
1024	I-Device
was	O
a	O
Russian	O
clone	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
,	O
released	O
by	O
NEMO	O
in	O
1998	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
intended	O
to	O
rival	O
the	O
popular	O
Scorpion	B-Operating_System
ZS	O
256	O
,	O
and	O
had	O
a	O
slightly	O
lower	O
price	O
despite	O
carrying	O
far	O
more	O
onboard	O
RAM	B-Architecture
(	O
1024KB	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
features	O
a	O
controller	O
for	O
a	O
standard	O
PC	O
keyboard	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
an	O
HDD	B-Device
,	O
but	O
not	O
for	O
FDDs	B-Device
–	O
although	O
support	O
for	O
these	O
was	O
available	O
via	O
an	O
expansion	O
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
has	O
a	O
turbo	O
mode	O
,	O
enabling	O
it	O
to	O
run	O
at	B-Operating_System
10MHz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Krasnogorsk	O
(	O
ru	O
:	O
Красного́рск	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
Russian	O
clone	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
,	O
named	O
after	O
the	O
city	O
in	O
which	O
it	O
was	O
built	O
(	O
Krasnogorsk	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
developed	O
and	O
manufactured	O
in	O
1991	O
,	O
but	O
not	O
produced	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
quantities	O
as	O
the	O
Leningrad	B-Device
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Kvorum	B-Device
(	O
ru	O
:	O
КВОРУМ	O
)	O
were	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
Russian	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
clones	B-General_Concept
with	O
three	O
different	O
RAM	B-Architecture
options	O
:	O
48KB	O
(	O
Kvorum	B-Device
48	O
)	O
;	O
64	O
KB	O
(	O
Kvorum	B-Device
64	O
)	O
;	O
128	O
KB	O
(	O
Kvorum	B-Device
128	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Kvorum	B-Device
128	O
featured	O
built-in	O
tests	O
,	O
a	O
memory	O
monitor	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
copying	O
in	O
ROM	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
had	O
the	O
option	O
of	O
running	O
CP/M	B-Application
and	O
TR-DOS	O
(	O
via	O
Beta	B-Device
Disk	I-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Kvorum	B-Device
128+	O
had	O
the	O
same	O
features	O
as	O
the	O
Kvorum	B-Device
128	O
,	O
but	O
included	O
a	O
built-in	O
3.5	O
″	O
drive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Leningrad	B-Device
is	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
Soviet	O
clones	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
ZX	O
Spectrum.The	O
Leningrad	B-Device
1	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
1988	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
a	O
clone	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
48K	O
–	O
it	O
became	O
the	O
cheapest	O
out	O
of	O
all	O
the	O
mass-made	O
clones	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
computer	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
as	O
simple	O
as	O
possible	O
,	O
and	O
more	O
compact	O
than	O
the	O
other	O
clones	B-General_Concept
which	O
were	O
available	O
at	B-Operating_System
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
designed	O
by	O
Sergey	O
Zonov	O
,	O
who	O
later	O
went	O
on	O
and	O
created	O
the	O
Scorpion	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Leningrad	B-Device
2	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
1991	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
joystick	B-Device
port	O
was	O
changed	O
to	O
one	O
which	O
was	O
Kempston-compatible	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
keyboard	O
was	O
much	O
improved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Master	O
(	O
ru	O
:	O
MACTEP	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
Soviet	O
clone	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
made	O
in	O
1990	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
ran	O
at	B-Operating_System
2.5MHz	O
with	O
48KB	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
It	O
had	O
ports	O
for	O
both	O
Sinclair	O
and	O
Kempston	O
joysticks	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Master	O
K	O
is	O
a	O
Russian	O
clone	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
made	O
in	O
Ivanovo	O
in	O
1991	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
featured	O
48KB	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
16KB	O
ROM	B-Device
,	O
and	O
a	O
Kempston	O
joystick	B-Device
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
dimensions	O
of	O
the	O
system	B-General_Concept
unit	I-General_Concept
are	O
14	O
×	O
8	O
×	O
2inches	O
,	O
and	O
its	O
weight	O
is	O
approximately	O
1kg	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moskva	O
(	O
ru	O
:	O
Москва	O
,	O
en	O
:	O
Moscow	O
)	O
was	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
two	O
Soviet	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
clones	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Introduced	O
in	O
1988	O
,	O
the	O
Moskva	O
48K	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
mass-produced	O
clone	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
48K	O
Spectrum	O
in	O
the	O
USSR	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
year	O
later	O
,	O
the	O
Moskva	O
128K	O
was	O
launched	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
a	O
faithful	O
clone	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
128K	O
,	O
featuring	O
a	O
built-in	O
printer	O
interface	O
,	O
joystick	B-Device
and	O
TV/RGB	O
ports	O
,	O
but	O
lacked	O
a	O
sound	O
processor	O
and	O
disk	O
drive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nafanja	O
(	O
ru	O
:	O
НАФАНЯ	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
Soviet	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
clone	B-General_Concept
from	O
1990	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
transported	O
in	O
a	O
case	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
compatible	O
with	O
Dubna	B-Device
48K	I-Device
,	O
and	O
has	O
a	O
joystick	B-Device
port	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	B-Operating_System
the	O
time	O
of	O
launch	O
,	O
its	O
price	O
was	O
650	O
roubles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Parus	O
VI-201	O
(	O
ru	O
:	O
Парус	O
BN-201	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
Russian	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
clone	B-General_Concept
from	O
1992	O
,	O
designed	O
for	O
use	O
as	O
a	O
video	B-Device
game	I-Device
console	I-Device
–	O
ВИ	O
(	O
VI	O
)	O
stood	O
for	O
видео	O
игра	O
(	O
video	O
game	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
equipped	O
with	O
a	O
Zilog	B-General_Concept
Z80	I-General_Concept
processor	O
,	O
RF	O
modulator	O
,	O
plus	O
several	O
DIN	B-Architecture
connectors	I-Architecture
for	O
use	O
with	O
Kempston	O
joysticks	B-Device
and	O
an	O
external	O
cassette	O
recorder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Orel	O
BK-08	O
(	O
ru	O
:	O
Орель	O
БК-08	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
Ukrainian	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
clone	B-General_Concept
from	O
1991	O
which	O
featured	O
64	O
KB	O
non-separate	O
fast	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
an	O
NMI	O
button	O
,	O
an	O
extended	O
keyboard	O
with	O
Cyrillic	O
characters	O
in	O
the	O
upper	O
address	O
of	O
ROM	B-Device
,	O
two	O
Sinclair	O
joystick	B-Device
ports	O
,	O
and	O
one	O
Kempston	O
in	O
both	O
connectors	O
(	O
DIN	B-Architecture
connectors	I-Architecture
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Memory	O
access	O
is	O
clear	O
(	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
conflict	O
with	O
the	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
and	O
display	O
controller	O
)	O
and	O
display	O
timing	O
is	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
in	O
the	O
original	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Pentagon	B-Device
(	O
ru	O
:	O
Пентагон	O
)	O
home	O
computer	O
was	O
a	O
clone	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
British-made	O
Sinclair	B-Operating_System
ZX	I-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
128	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
PCB	O
was	O
copied	O
all	O
over	O
the	O
ex-USSR	O
in	O
1991-1996	O
,	O
which	O
made	O
it	O
a	O
widespread	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
clone	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
name	O
"	O
Pentagon	B-Device
"	O
derives	O
from	O
the	O
shape	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
PCB	O
(	O
Pentagon	B-Device
48	O
)	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
diagonal	O
cut	O
in	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
corners	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Peters	O
MC64	O
was	O
a	O
Russian	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
clone	B-General_Concept
from	O
around	O
1993	O
,	O
made	O
by	O
Peters	O
Plus	O
,	O
Ltd.	O
,	O
who	O
went	O
on	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
Sprinter	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Profi	O
or	O
ZX-Profi	O
is	O
a	O
Soviet	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
clone	B-General_Concept
developed	O
in	O
1991	O
in	O
Moscow	O
by	O
Kondor	O
and	O
Kramis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
features	O
a	O
7MHz	O
Zilog	B-General_Concept
Z80	I-General_Concept
CPU	B-General_Concept
,	O
up	O
to	O
1024KB	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
64KB	O
ROM	B-Device
,	O
AY8910	B-Device
sound	O
chip	O
,	O
Beta	B-Device
128	I-Device
disk	I-Device
interface	I-Device
,	O
IDE	B-Protocol
interface	O
,	O
and	O
512×240	O
multi-colour	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
two	O
possible	O
colours	O
per	O
8×1	O
block	O
)	O
graphics	O
mode	O
for	O
CP/M	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
liked	O
to	O
plug	O
in	O
two	O
8-bit	O
DACs	O
to	O
play	O
4-channel	O
modules	O
of	O
Scream	B-Application
Tracker	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
models	O
had	O
a	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
interface	O
,	O
and	O
turbo	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Robik	O
(	O
ru	O
:	O
Арифметико	O
Логическое	O
Устройство	O
«РОБИК»	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
soviet	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
clone	B-General_Concept
produced	O
between	O
1989	O
and	O
1994	O
by	O
NPO	O
Selto-Rotor	O
in	O
Cherkasy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
ZX	O
Spectrum+	O
clone	B-General_Concept
produced	O
in	O
1990	O
in	O
Kaunas	O
(	O
as	O
mentioned	O
on	O
the	O
computer	O
startup	O
screen	O
)	O
,	O
then	O
on	O
the	O
Lithuanian	O
SSR	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Scorpion	B-Operating_System
ZS-256	O
(	O
ru	O
:	O
Скорпион	O
ЗС-256	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
very	O
widespread	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
clone	B-General_Concept
produced	O
in	O
St.	O
Petersburg	O
by	O
Sergey	O
Zonov	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
fitted	O
with	O
a	O
Zilog	B-General_Concept
Z80	I-General_Concept
processor	O
,	O
whilst	O
memory	O
options	O
ranged	O
from	O
256	O
to	O
1024KB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
expansions	O
were	O
produced	O
,	O
including	O
SMUC	O
–	O
an	O
adapter	O
for	O
IDE	B-Protocol
and	O
ISA	B-Architecture
slots	I-Architecture
,	O
which	O
allowed	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
IBM	O
PC	O
compatible	O
hard	B-Device
drives	I-Device
and	O
expansion	O
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Shadow	O
Service	O
Monitor	O
(	O
debugger	O
)	O
in	O
the	O
BASIC	O
ROM	B-Device
was	O
activated	O
by	O
pressing	O
the	O
Magic	O
Button	O
(	O
NMI	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
was	O
also	O
the	O
option	O
of	O
fitting	O
the	O
machine	O
with	O
a	O
ProfROM	O
which	O
included	O
such	O
software	O
as	O
a	O
clock	O
,	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
utilities	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
ZX-Word	O
text	O
editor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sever	O
48/002	O
(	O
ru	O
:	O
Север	O
48/002	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
Soviet	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
clone	B-General_Concept
from	O
1990	O
,	O
whose	O
name	O
means	O
'	O
North	O
 '	O
( Север	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
had	O
64KB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
a	O
16KB	O
ROM	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
dimensions	O
of	O
the	O
system	B-General_Concept
unit	I-General_Concept
are	O
12	O
×	O
8	O
×	O
2inches	O
,	O
and	O
its	O
weight	O
is	O
1kg	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Sintez	O
and	O
-Sintez	O
-	O
are	O
Soviet	O
clones	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
developed	O
in	O
the	O
"	O
Signal	O
"	O
factory	O
( НПО	O
«Сигнал»	O
)	O
within	O
the	O
Moldovan	O
SSR	O
in	O
1989	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
Sintez	O
resembled	O
the	O
Spectrum+	O
model	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
-Sintez	O
-	O
was	O
an	O
improved	O
version	O
with	O
a	O
more	O
common	O
mechanical	O
keyboard	O
,	O
an	O
additional	O
serial	O
port	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
provision	O
for	O
an	O
8080	B-General_Concept
or	O
related	O
processor	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Whilst	O
it	O
is	O
largely	O
compatible	O
with	O
software	O
for	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
48K	O
(	O
and	O
has	O
two	O
Interface	O
2	O
joystick	B-Device
ports	O
)	O
its	O
hardware	O
is	O
configured	O
differently	O
from	O
the	O
machine	O
it	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
–	O
utilising	O
a	O
different	O
memory	O
chip	O
set-up	O
,	O
and	O
lacking	O
slowdown	O
when	O
accessing	O
certain	O
areas	O
of	O
memory	O
–	O
with	O
the	O
result	O
that	O
certain	O
applications	O
and	O
games	O
may	O
produce	O
unexpected	O
results	O
,	O
or	O
crash	O
altogether	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Spektr	O
48	O
(	O
ru	O
:	O
Срektр	O
48	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
Russian	O
clone	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
48K	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
,	O
produced	O
in	O
1991	O
by	O
Oryol	O
( Орёл	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
used	O
a	O
membrane	O
keyboard	O
which	O
featured	O
both	O
Latin	O
and	O
Cyrillic	O
letters	O
,	O
and	O
came	O
with	O
a	O
monitor	O
program	O
in	O
ROM	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Symbol	O
(	O
ru	O
:	O
Симбол	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
Russian	O
clone	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
,	O
produced	O
by	O
JSC	O
"	O
Radiozavod	O
"	O
in	O
Penza	O
from	O
1990	O
to	O
1995	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Vesta	O
IK-30	O
is	O
a	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
48K	O
clone	B-General_Concept
with	O
a	O
40-button	O
keyboard	O
,	O
external	O
power	O
supply	O
and	O
a	O
joystick	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Vostok	O
was	O
a	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
48K	O
clone	B-General_Concept
,	O
produced	O
by	O
the	O
Izhevsk	O
Radio	O
Plant	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
came	O
with	O
a	O
Kempston	O
joystick	B-Device
interface	O
and	O
a	O
built-in	O
tape	O
recorder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ZX	O
Next	O
is	O
a	O
Russian	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
clone	B-General_Concept
with	O
two	O
Z80	B-General_Concept
processors	B-General_Concept
(	O
one	O
serving	O
as	O
a	O
video	O
processor	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
features	O
an	O
RS-232	O
port	O
,	O
turbo	O
mode	O
,	O
IBM	O
keyboard	O
,	O
10	O
Mbit/s	O
local	B-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
interface	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
CGA	O
graphics	O
mode	O
with	O
640×200	O
pixel	O
resolution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
RAM	B-Architecture
is	O
expandable	O
to	O
512KB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Not	O
to	O
be	O
confused	O
with	O
the	O
Sinclair	B-Device
ZX	I-Device
Spectrum	I-Device
Next	I-Device
released	O
in	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
Russian	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
clones	B-General_Concept
designed	O
by	O
Mick	O
Laboratory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ZXM-777	O
was	O
developed	O
in	O
2006	O
,	O
and	O
uses	O
a	O
TMPZ84C00-8	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
at	B-Operating_System
3.5MHz	O
in	O
normal	O
mode	O
,	O
or	O
7.0MHz	O
in	O
turbo	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
features	O
128	O
KB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
a	O
YM2149F	B-Device
sound	O
chip	O
,	O
a	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
controller	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
TR-DOS	O
,	O
BASIC	O
128	O
,	O
or	O
ASIC	O
48	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ZXM-Phoenix	O
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
2008	O
,	O
and	O
uses	O
a	O
KR1858VM1	B-Device
(	O
Z80A	B-General_Concept
clone	B-General_Concept
)	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
running	O
at	B-Operating_System
3.5MHz	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
TMPZ84C00-8	O
running	O
at	B-Operating_System
3.5MHz	O
in	O
normal	O
mode	O
,	O
or	O
7.0MHz	O
in	O
turbo	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
1024/2048	O
KB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
floppy	B-Device
and	O
hard	B-Device
drive	I-Device
controllers	O
,	O
and	O
features	O
mouse	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ZXM-Alcyon	O
was	O
developed	O
in	O
late	O
2015	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
transformation	O
of	O
an	O
Igrosoft	O
slot	O
machine	O
board	O
(	O
which	O
uses	O
a	O
Zilog	B-General_Concept
Z80	I-General_Concept
microprocessor	O
)	O
into	O
a	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
compatible	O
machine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
AZX-Monstrum	O
is	O
a	O
proposal	O
for	O
a	O
vastly	O
modernised	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
compatible	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
Zilog	B-Device
Z380	I-Device
(	O
a	O
32-bit	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Z80	B-General_Concept
,	O
capable	O
of	O
running	O
at	B-Operating_System
40MHz	O
)	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
its	O
own	O
graphic	O
adapter	O
,	O
AT-keyboard	O
,	O
own	O
BIOS	O
and	O
extended	O
BASIC-ROM	O
,	O
and	O
RAM	B-Architecture
expandable	O
up	O
to	O
4GB	O
linear	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Standard	O
devices	O
of	O
are	O
HDD-controller	O
,	O
DMA	O
vs	O
IRQ	O
controller	O
,	O
ROM-Task	O
Switching	O
,	O
and	O
more	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
So	O
far	O
only	O
the	O
HDD-controller	O
has	O
been	O
produced	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
rest	O
exists	O
as	O
drawings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
clone	B-General_Concept
made	O
by	O
Zaxxon	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
SpeccyBob	O
is	O
a	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
clone	B-General_Concept
built	O
entirely	O
around	O
standard	O
74HC	O
TTL	B-General_Concept
chips	O
and	O
a	O
programmable	O
EPROM	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
SE	O
is	O
a	O
proposal	O
for	O
an	O
advanced	O
Spectrum	O
machine	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Timex	B-Device
TC	I-Device
2048	I-Device
and	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
128	I-Operating_System
,	O
with	O
Timex	O
graphic	O
modes	O
,	O
and	O
280K	O
RAM.	O
,	O
made	O
by	O
Andrew	O
Owen	O
and	O
Jarek	O
Adamski	O
in	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
planned	O
production	O
models	O
of	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
SE	O
are	O
the	O
Chloe	O
140SE	O
and	O
Chloe	O
280SE	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ZX128u+	O
is	O
a	O
Spanish	O
clone	B-General_Concept
with	O
the	O
ULAplus	O
display	O
support	O
,	O
using	O
an	O
emulated	O
DivMMC	O
interface	O
as	O
mass	O
storage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
board	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Harlequin	O
clone	B-General_Concept
and	O
contains	O
aZ80	O
processor	O
and	O
AY	B-Device
chip	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
machines	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
Programmable	O
Logic	O
Devices	O
(	O
PLD	O
)	O
–	O
an	O
electronic	O
component	O
used	O
to	O
build	O
reconfigurable	B-Architecture
digital	O
circuits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
compatible	O
computer	O
with	O
a	O
real	O
Z80	B-General_Concept
cpu	B-General_Concept
,	O
VGA	O
,	O
Turbosound	O
,	O
PS/2	O
keyboard	O
,	O
Kempston	O
joystick	B-Device
,	O
customized	O
for	O
Raspberry	B-Operating_System
Pi	I-Operating_System
3B	O
case	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
clone	B-General_Concept
made	O
by	O
Mario	O
Pratto	O
in	O
2022	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chrome	O
and	O
Chrome	O
128	O
are	O
Spectrum	O
clones	B-General_Concept
featuring	O
a	O
7MHz	O
Zilog	B-General_Concept
Z80	I-General_Concept
CPU	B-General_Concept
,	O
160+64	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
PlusD	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
interface	O
,	O
AY	O
sound	O
chip	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
RGB	O
SCART	B-Protocol
port	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
the	O
first	O
(	O
and	O
only	O
,	O
as	O
of	O
2022	O
)	O
clone	B-General_Concept
with	O
100%	O
hardware	O
and	O
display	O
timings	O
aligned	O
with	O
a	O
digital	O
video	O
and	O
sound	O
output	O
(	O
incl	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
uses	O
the	O
real	O
(	O
faster	O
)	O
Z80	B-General_Concept
CPU	B-General_Concept
switchable	O
from	O
3.5MHz	O
up	O
to	O
20MHz	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
overclocked	O
to	O
30MHz	O
–	O
or	O
changed	O
for	O
a	O
T80	O
core	O
at	B-Operating_System
higher	O
speed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
eLeMeNt	O
ZX	O
combines	O
48K	O
,	O
128K	O
,	O
+2	O
,	O
+2A	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
Russian	O
memory	O
models	O
–	O
including	O
four	O
Pentagon	B-Device
(	O
computer	O
)	O
and	O
several	O
other	O
Russian	O
models	O
–	O
and	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
interfaces	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
:	O
K-Mouse	O
;	O
TurboSound	O
FM	O
;	O
Sound	O
Interface	O
Device	O
(	O
SID	O
)	O
;	O
enhanced	O
Covox	O
and	O
Soundrive	O
;	O
DivMMC	O
;	O
Z-Controller	O
;	O
Timex	O
and	O
advanced	O
HiRes	O
512×92	O
with	O
attributes	O
and	O
planar-based	B-Device
and	O
chunky	O
HGFX	O
graphics	O
modes	O
;	O
ULA+	O
and	O
indexed	O
true	O
colour	O
palettes	O
;	O
USB	O
mouse	O
and	O
keyboard	O
;	O
2	O
interchangeable	O
SD	O
card	O
slots	O
;	O
3	O
joystick	B-Device
slots	O
,	O
supporting	O
2-button	O
Kempston	O
and	O
8-button	O
Sega	O
controllers	O
;	O
USB	O
serial	O
connection	O
with	O
PC	O
through	O
a	O
standard	O
USB-A	O
cable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
eLeMeNt	O
has	O
2	O
MB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
which	O
is	O
upgradeable	O
to	O
4	O
MB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ROM	B-Device
system	O
supports	O
16K	O
to	O
64KB	O
ROMs	O
,	O
plus	O
SetUp	O
(	O
BIOS	O
)	O
ROM	B-Device
,	O
Rescue	O
ROM	B-Device
,	O
and	O
the	O
latest	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
modern	O
FAT	O
and	O
POSIX-API	O
based	O
filesystem	O
:	O
esxDOS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
spanish	O
clone	B-General_Concept
,	O
introduced	O
in	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Karabas-128	O
is	O
a	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
128k	O
clone	B-General_Concept
developed	O
by	O
Andy	O
Karpov	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
CPLD	O
Altera	O
EPM7128STC100	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Karabas	O
Pro	O
is	O
FPGA	O
based	O
clone	B-General_Concept
with	O
FDD	O
and	O
HDD	B-Device
controllers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
clone	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
ZX	B-Device
Spectrum	I-Device
Next	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAM	O
Coupé	O
was	O
an	O
advanced	O
8-bit	O
computer	O
from	O
1989	O
,	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
48K	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Coupé	O
was	O
considered	O
the	O
successor	O
to	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
in	O
the	O
late	O
'	O
80s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Sizif	O
is	O
a	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
CPLD-based	O
clone	B-General_Concept
for	O
rubber	O
case	O
,	O
developed	O
by	O
Eugene	O
Lozovoy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Speccy2010	O
is	O
FPGA	O
development	O
board	O
by	O
Martin	O
Bórik	O
,	O
built	O
for	O
the	O
implementation	O
of	O
various	O
gaming	O
computers	O
,	O
originally	O
focused	O
on	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
and	O
its	O
clones	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
are	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
clones	B-General_Concept
by	O
Don	O
"	O
Superfo	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ZX	O
Badaloc	O
was	O
the	O
very	O
first	O
CPLD/FPGA	O
advanced	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
clone	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ZX	O
Prism	O
is	O
a	O
proposal	O
for	O
a	O
modern	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
clone	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ZX-Uno	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
FPGA	O
board	O
focused	O
on	O
replicating	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
computer	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
a	O
similar	O
size	O
to	O
the	O
Raspberry	B-Operating_System
Pi	I-Operating_System
and	O
fit	O
into	O
a	O
RasPi	B-Operating_System
case	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
interface	O
that	O
can	O
also	O
work	O
as	O
a	O
standalone	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
