<s>
The	O
Ku	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
(	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
portion	O
of	O
the	O
electromagnetic	O
spectrum	O
in	O
the	O
microwave	O
range	O
of	O
frequencies	O
from	O
12	O
to	O
18gigahertz	O
(	O
GHz	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
symbol	O
is	O
short	O
for	O
"	O
K-under	O
"	O
(	O
originally	O
)	O
,	O
because	O
it	O
is	O
the	O
lower	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
NATO	B-Algorithm
K	I-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
was	O
split	O
into	O
three	O
bands	O
(	O
Ku	O
,	O
K	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
Ka	O
)	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
presence	O
of	O
the	O
atmospheric	O
water	O
vapor	O
resonance	O
peak	O
at	O
22.24GHz	O
,	O
(	O
1.35cm	O
)	O
which	O
made	O
the	O
center	O
unusable	O
for	O
long	O
range	O
transmission	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ku	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
is	O
primarily	O
used	O
for	O
satellite	O
communications	O
,	O
most	O
notably	O
the	O
downlink	O
used	O
by	O
direct	O
broadcast	B-Operating_System
satellites	O
to	O
broadcast	B-Operating_System
satellite	O
television	O
,	O
and	O
for	O
specific	O
applications	O
such	O
as	O
NASA	O
's	O
Tracking	O
Data	O
Relay	O
Satellite	O
used	O
for	O
International	O
Space	O
Station	O
(	O
ISS	O
)	O
communications	O
and	O
SpaceX	O
Starlink	O
satellites	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ku	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
satellites	O
are	O
also	O
used	O
for	O
backhauls	B-General_Concept
and	O
particularly	O
for	O
satellite	O
from	O
remote	O
locations	O
back	O
to	O
a	O
television	O
network	O
's	O
studio	O
for	O
editing	O
and	O
broadcasting	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
NBC	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
television	O
network	O
to	O
uplink	B-Application
a	O
majority	O
of	O
its	O
affiliate	O
feeds	O
via	O
Ku	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
in	O
1983	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Segments	O
in	O
most	O
of	O
North	O
and	O
South	O
America	O
are	O
represented	O
by	O
ITU	O
Region	O
2	O
from	O
11.7	O
to	O
12.2GHz	O
(	O
Local	O
Oscillator	O
Frequency	O
(	O
LOF	O
)	O
10.75	O
to	O
11.25GHz	O
)	O
,	O
allocated	O
to	O
the	O
FSS	O
(	O
fixed	O
satellite	O
service	O
)	O
,	O
uplink	B-Application
from	O
14.0	O
to	O
14.5GHz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
more	O
than	O
22	O
FSS	O
Ku	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
satellites	O
orbiting	O
over	O
North	O
America	O
,	O
each	O
carrying	O
12	O
to	O
48	O
transponders	B-Architecture
,	O
20	O
to	O
120	O
watts	O
per	O
transponder	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
requiring	O
a	O
0.8-m	O
to	O
1.5-m	O
antenna	O
for	O
clear	O
reception	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
12.2	O
to	O
12.7GHz	O
(	O
LOF	O
11.25	O
to	O
11.75GHz	O
)	O
segment	O
is	O
allocated	O
to	O
the	O
BSS	O
(	O
broadcasting	B-Operating_System
satellite	O
service	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BSS	O
(	O
DBS	O
direct	O
broadcast	B-Operating_System
satellites	O
)	O
normally	O
carry	O
16	O
to	O
32	O
transponders	B-Architecture
of	O
27MHz	O
bandwidth	O
running	O
at	O
100	O
to	O
240	O
watts	O
of	O
power	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
receiver	O
antennas	O
as	O
small	O
as	O
18inches	O
(	O
450mm	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Segments	O
in	O
those	O
regions	O
are	O
represented	O
by	O
ITU	O
Region	O
1	O
,	O
and	O
they	O
are	O
the	O
11.45	O
to	O
11.7	O
and	O
12.5	O
to	O
12.75GHz	O
bands	O
are	O
allocated	O
to	O
the	O
FSS	O
(	O
fixed	O
satellite	O
service	O
,	O
uplink	B-Application
14.0	O
to	O
14.5GHz	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Europe	O
Ku	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
is	O
used	O
from	O
10.7	O
to	O
12.75GHz	O
(	O
LOF	O
Low	O
9.750GHz	O
,	O
LOF	O
High	O
10.600GHz	O
)	O
for	O
direct	O
broadcast	B-Operating_System
satellite	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
those	O
carried	O
by	O
the	O
Astra	O
satellites	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
11.7	O
to	O
12.5GHz	O
segment	O
is	O
allocated	O
to	O
the	O
BSS	O
(	O
broadcasting	B-Operating_System
satellite	O
service	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
statement	O
has	O
made	O
many	O
people	O
unsure	O
about	O
using	O
Ku-band	B-Algorithm
(	O
11	O
–	O
18GHz	O
)	O
in	O
Indonesia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
model	O
can	O
create	O
a	O
99.7	O
%	O
available	O
link	O
so	O
that	O
Ku-band	B-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
applied	O
in	O
Indonesia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Use	O
of	O
the	O
Ku-band	B-Algorithm
for	O
satellite	O
communications	O
in	O
tropical	O
regions	O
like	O
Indonesia	O
is	O
becoming	O
more	O
frequent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
satellites	O
above	O
Indonesia	O
have	O
Ku-band	B-Algorithm
transponders	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
even	O
Ka	O
band	O
transponders	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Newskies	O
(	O
NSS	O
6	O
)	O
,	O
launched	O
in	O
December	O
2002	O
and	O
positioned	O
at	O
95°	O
East	O
,	O
contains	O
only	O
Ku-band	B-Algorithm
transponders	B-Architecture
with	O
a	O
footprint	O
on	O
Indonesia	O
(	O
Sumatra	O
,	O
Java	B-Device
,	O
Borneo	O
,	O
Celebes	O
,	O
Bali	O
,	O
Nusa	O
Tenggara	O
,	O
Moluccas	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NSS	O
6	O
is	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
replaced	O
by	O
SES-12	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
location	O
,	O
which	O
launched	O
in	O
June	O
2018	O
and	O
carries	O
54	O
Ku-band	B-Algorithm
transponders	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
iPSTAR	O
satellite	O
,	O
launched	O
in	O
2004	O
also	O
uses	O
Ku	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
footprints	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
satellites	O
that	O
provides	O
Ku	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
covers	O
Indonesia	O
are	O
Palapa	O
D	O
,	O
MEASAT	O
3/3A	O
,	O
JCSAT-4B	O
,	O
AsiaSat	O
5	O
,	O
ST	O
2	O
,	O
Chinasat	O
11	O
,	O
Korea	O
Telecom	O
Koreasat	O
8/ABS	O
2	O
(	O
2nd	O
half	O
2013	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
SES-8	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
ITU	O
allocations	O
have	O
been	O
made	O
within	O
the	O
Ku	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
to	O
the	O
fixed	O
service	O
(	O
microwave	O
towers	O
)	O
,	O
radio	O
astronomy	O
service	O
,	O
space	O
research	O
service	O
,	O
mobile	O
service	O
,	O
mobile	O
satellite	O
service	O
,	O
radiolocation	O
service	O
(	O
radar	O
)	O
,	O
amateur	O
radio	O
service	O
,	O
and	O
radionavigation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compared	O
with	O
C-band	B-Algorithm
,	O
Ku	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
is	O
not	O
similarly	O
restricted	O
in	O
power	O
to	O
avoid	O
interference	O
with	O
terrestrial	O
microwave	O
systems	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
power	O
of	O
its	O
uplinks	B-Application
and	O
downlinks	O
can	O
be	O
increased	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
4GHz	O
(	O
C-band	B-Algorithm
)	O
a	O
3-meter	O
dish	O
is	O
required	O
to	O
achieve	O
this	O
narrow	O
angular	O
resolution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
Ku	O
satellites	O
in	O
DBS	O
(	O
Direct	O
Broadcast	B-Operating_System
Satellite	O
)	O
service	O
(	O
12.2-12.7GHz	O
in	O
the	O
U.S.	O
)	O
dishes	O
much	O
smaller	O
than	O
1-meter	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
because	O
those	O
satellites	O
are	O
spaced	O
9	O
degrees	O
apart	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
power	O
levels	O
on	O
both	O
C	O
and	O
Ku	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
satellites	O
have	O
increased	O
over	O
the	O
years	O
,	O
dish	O
beam-width	O
has	O
become	O
much	O
more	O
critical	O
than	O
gain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Ku	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
also	O
offers	O
a	O
user	O
more	O
flexibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
smaller	O
dish	O
size	O
and	O
a	O
Ku	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
system	O
's	O
freedom	O
from	O
terrestrial	O
operations	O
simplifies	O
finding	O
a	O
suitable	O
dish	O
site	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
end	O
users	O
Ku	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
is	O
generally	O
cheaper	O
and	O
enables	O
smaller	O
antennas	O
(	O
both	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
higher	O
frequency	O
and	O
a	O
more	O
focused	O
beam	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ku	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
is	O
also	O
less	O
vulnerable	O
to	O
rain	O
fade	O
than	O
the	O
Ka	O
band	O
frequency	O
spectrum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
some	O
disadvantages	O
of	O
the	O
Ku	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
the	O
Ku	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
satellites	O
typically	O
require	O
considerably	O
more	O
power	O
to	O
transmit	O
than	O
the	O
C-band	B-Algorithm
satellites	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
weather-caused	O
degradation	O
called	O
"	O
snow	O
fade	O
"	O
is	O
not	O
specific	O
to	O
the	O
Ku	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
satellite	O
operator	O
's	O
Earth	O
station	O
antenna	O
requires	O
more	O
accurate	O
position	O
control	O
when	O
operating	O
at	O
Ku	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
due	O
to	O
its	O
much	O
narrower	O
beam	O
focus	O
compared	O
to	O
C	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
for	O
a	O
dish	O
of	O
a	O
given	O
size	O
.	O
</s>
