<s>
Knowledge	B-General_Concept
as	I-General_Concept
a	I-General_Concept
service	I-General_Concept
(	O
KaaS	B-General_Concept
)	O
is	O
a	O
computing	O
service	O
that	O
delivers	O
information	O
to	O
users	O
,	O
backed	O
by	O
a	O
knowledge	O
model	O
,	O
which	O
might	O
be	O
drawn	O
from	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
possible	O
models	O
based	O
on	O
decision	B-Algorithm
trees	I-Algorithm
,	O
association	B-Algorithm
rules	I-Algorithm
,	O
or	O
neural	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
knowledge	B-General_Concept
as	I-General_Concept
a	I-General_Concept
service	I-General_Concept
provider	O
responds	O
to	O
knowledge	O
requests	O
from	O
users	O
through	O
a	O
centralised	O
knowledge	O
server	O
,	O
and	O
provides	O
an	O
interface	O
between	O
users	O
and	O
data	O
owners	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Knowledge	B-General_Concept
as	I-General_Concept
a	I-General_Concept
service	I-General_Concept
,	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
"	O
...	O
as	O
a	O
service	O
"	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
KaaS	B-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
new	O
type	O
of	O
"	O
as	O
...	O
a	O
Service	O
"	O
offerings	O
that	O
has	O
been	O
discussed	O
with	O
only	O
nascent	O
examples	O
demonstrated	O
in	O
recent	O
computer	O
(	O
2019	O
)	O
science	O
conferences	O
,	O
in	O
particular	O
ISWC	O
'	O
19	O
,	O
the	O
18th	O
International	O
Semantic	O
Web	O
Conference	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
that	O
conference	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
described	O
how	O
knowledge	O
can	O
be	O
made	O
live	O
and	O
evolve	O
on	O
the	O
web	O
allowing	O
users	O
to	O
learn	O
directly	O
from	O
elaborated	O
knowledge	O
,	O
now	O
appearing	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
knowledge	B-Application
graphs	I-Application
(	O
KGs	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
KaaS	B-General_Concept
appear	O
when	O
KGs	O
are	O
accessed	O
via	O
services	O
This	O
is	O
opposed	O
to	O
DaaS	O
which	O
might	O
"	O
compute	O
large	O
volumes	O
of	O
data	O
;	O
integrate	O
and	O
analyzes	O
that	O
data	O
;	O
and	O
publish	O
it	O
in	O
real-time	O
,	O
using	O
Web	O
service	O
APIs	O
"	O
(	O
from	O
Data	O
as	O
a	O
Service	O
)	O
where	O
the	O
KaaS	B-General_Concept
is	O
able	O
to	O
exploit	O
context	O
-	O
both	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
the	O
user	O
in	O
relation	O
to	O
their	O
information	O
requests	O
of	O
the	O
KaaS	B-General_Concept
(	O
where	O
and	O
when	O
they	O
make	O
the	O
request	O
)	O
and	O
also	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
the	O
information	O
in	O
relation	O
to	O
some	O
objective	O
or	O
purpose	O
of	O
the	O
users	O
either	O
understood	O
by	O
the	O
KaaS	B-General_Concept
automatically	O
or	O
indicated	O
to	O
it	O
by	O
the	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
KaaS	B-General_Concept
is	O
described	O
as	O
being	O
more	O
related	O
to	O
Data	O
as	O
a	O
Service	O
,	O
Content	B-General_Concept
as	I-General_Concept
a	I-General_Concept
Service	I-General_Concept
and	O
other	O
services	O
which	O
supply	O
information	O
to	O
users	O
,	O
more	O
than	O
other	O
*	O
aaS	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Software	O
as	O
a	O
Service	O
which	O
provide	O
functionality	O
however	O
,	O
the	O
idea	O
that	O
a	O
KaaS	B-General_Concept
may	O
analyse	O
context	O
at	O
query	O
time	O
indicates	O
that	O
there	O
is	O
overlap	O
between	O
KaaS	B-General_Concept
and	O
*	O
aaS	O
such	O
as	O
Search	O
as	O
a	O
Service	O
and	O
that	O
perhaps	O
not	O
all	O
KaaS	B-General_Concept
responses	O
are	O
idempotent	O
since	O
their	O
results	O
depend	O
on	O
a	O
context	O
that	O
might	O
be	O
time-dependent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
per	O
the	O
description	O
in	O
the	O
overview	O
above	O
,	O
KaaS	B-General_Concept
is	O
differentiated	O
from	O
DaaS	O
or	O
other	O
information	O
*	O
aaSes	O
by	O
its	O
delivery	O
of	O
"	O
knowledge	O
"	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
"	O
data	O
"	O
where	O
knowledge	O
is	O
defined	O
by	O
relations	O
of	O
data/information	O
to	O
context	O
that	O
is	O
relevant	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
then	O
indicates	O
that	O
the	O
sensible	O
description	O
of	O
KaaS	B-General_Concept
as	O
a	O
service	O
type	O
is	O
dependent	O
on	O
the	O
differentiation	O
of	O
knowledge	O
from	O
data	O
and/or	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
relation	O
to	O
knowledge	B-Application
graphs	I-Application
,	O
knowledge	O
may	O
be	O
additional	O
content	O
they	O
provide	O
over	O
and	O
above	O
pure	O
data	O
which	O
is	O
the	O
definition	O
of	O
the	O
categories	O
,	O
properties	O
and	O
relations	O
between	O
the	O
concepts	O
,	O
data	O
and	O
entities	O
that	O
substantiate	O
one	O
,	O
many	O
or	O
all	O
domains	O
of	O
discourse	O
(	O
see	O
the	O
definition	O
of	O
Ontology	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ability	O
to	O
represent	O
"	O
beliefs	O
and	O
expectations	O
"	O
,	O
or	O
other	O
forms	O
of	O
not	O
so	O
straightforwardly	O
explicit	O
knowledge	O
is	O
an	O
on-going	O
area	O
of	O
improvement	O
in	O
information	O
sciences	O
(	O
see	O
Tacit	O
knowledge	O
)	O
and	O
,	O
with	O
relation	O
to	O
KaaS	B-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
establishment	O
of	O
recent	O
informatics	O
mechanics	O
to	O
do	O
so	O
it	O
critical	O
to	O
the	O
legitimacy	O
of	O
KaaS	B-General_Concept
as	O
it	O
is	O
differentiated	O
from	O
just	O
value-added	O
DaaS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Knowledge	B-Application
graphs	I-Application
 '	O
ability	O
to	O
represent	O
context	O
via	O
the	O
definition	O
of	O
the	O
categories	O
,	O
properties	O
and	O
relations	O
between	O
the	O
concepts	O
,	O
data	O
and	O
entities	O
that	O
substantiate	O
one	O
,	O
many	O
or	O
all	O
domains	O
of	O
discourse	O
that	O
they	O
provide	O
(	O
see	O
the	O
definition	O
of	O
Ontology	O
)	O
has	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
idea	O
that	O
supplying	O
access	O
to	O
KNs	O
might	O
be	O
a	O
required	O
competency	O
of	O
a	O
KaaS	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
using	O
current	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
internet	B-Protocol
protocols	I-Protocol
,	O
a	O
GET	O
request	O
to	O
retrieve	O
information	O
identified	O
by	O
a	O
URI	B-Protocol
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
web	O
page	O
,	O
a	O
client	O
(	O
a	O
human	O
or	O
a	O
machine	O
)	O
may	O
have	O
access	O
information	O
supplied	O
automatically	O
to	O
enable	O
that	O
client	O
to	O
bypass	O
paywalls	O
or	O
other	O
content	O
access	O
controls	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
logical	O
extension	O
to	O
this	O
internet	B-Protocol
protocols	I-Protocol
example	O
,	O
a	O
server	O
would	O
receive	O
from	O
the	O
client	O
,	O
either	O
manually	O
or	O
automatically	O
,	O
a	O
full	O
context	O
which	O
would	O
be	O
information	O
about	O
the	O
situation	O
the	O
client	O
is	O
in	O
and	O
this	O
would	O
allow	O
the	O
server	O
to	O
best	O
interpret	O
the	O
client	O
's	O
request	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Current	O
internet	B-Protocol
protocols	I-Protocol
allow	O
for	O
formats	O
,	O
languages	O
and	O
related	O
preferences	O
to	O
be	O
expressed	O
by	O
clients	O
but	O
make	O
no	O
mention	O
of	O
what	O
a	O
client	O
already	O
knows	O
and	O
what	O
they	O
may	O
understand	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
recent	O
Content	O
Negotiation	O
by	O
Profile	O
proposes	O
additions	O
to	O
both	O
the	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
internet	B-Protocol
protocols	I-Protocol
and	O
related	O
services	O
that	O
allow	O
clients	O
to	O
also	O
request	O
information	O
-	O
a	O
response	O
from	O
the	O
server	O
-	O
that	O
accords	O
with	O
an	O
identified	O
information	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
