<s>
A	O
kludge	B-Architecture
or	O
kluge	O
(	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
workaround	B-Application
or	O
quick-and-dirty	O
solution	O
that	O
is	O
clumsy	O
,	O
inelegant	O
,	O
inefficient	O
,	O
difficult	O
to	O
extend	O
and	O
hard	O
to	O
maintain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
term	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
diverse	O
fields	O
such	O
as	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
,	O
aerospace	O
engineering	O
,	O
Internet	O
slang	O
,	O
evolutionary	O
neuroscience	O
,	O
and	O
government	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
word	O
has	O
alternate	O
spellings	O
(	O
kludge	B-Architecture
and	O
kluge	O
)	O
,	O
pronunciations	O
(	O
and	O
,	O
rhyming	O
with	O
judge	O
and	O
stooge	O
,	O
respectively	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
several	O
proposed	O
etymologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Application
Oxford	I-Application
English	I-Application
Dictionary	I-Application
(	O
2nd	O
ed.	O
,	O
1989	O
)	O
,	O
cites	O
Jackson	O
W	O
.	O
Granholm	O
's	O
1962	O
"	O
How	O
to	O
Design	O
a	O
Kludge	B-Architecture
"	O
article	O
in	O
the	O
American	O
computer	O
magazine	O
Datamation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
kludge	B-Architecture
Also	O
kluge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
also	O
bodge	O
v.	O
,	O
fudge	O
v.	O
]	O
This	O
OED2	O
defines	O
these	O
two	O
kludge	B-Architecture
cognates	O
as	O
bodge	O
"	O
to	O
patch	O
or	O
mend	O
clumsily	O
"	O
and	O
fudge	O
"	O
to	O
fit	O
together	O
or	O
adjust	O
in	O
a	O
clumsy	O
,	O
makeshift	O
,	O
or	O
dishonest	O
manner	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
in	O
Computing	B-General_Concept
,	O
a	O
machine	O
,	O
system	O
,	O
or	O
program	O
that	O
has	O
been	O
improvised	O
or	O
'	O
bodged	O
 '	O
together	O
;	O
a	O
hastily	O
improvised	O
and	O
poorly	O
thought-out	O
solution	O
to	O
a	O
fault	O
or	O
'	O
bug	B-Error_Name
 '	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
OED	B-Application
entry	O
also	O
includes	O
the	O
verb	O
kludge	B-Architecture
(	O
"	O
to	O
improvise	O
with	O
a	O
kludge	B-Architecture
or	O
kludges	B-Architecture
"	O
)	O
and	O
kludgemanship	O
(	O
"	O
skill	O
in	O
designing	O
or	O
applying	O
kludges	B-Architecture
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Burling	O
,	O
the	O
word	O
"	O
kludge	B-Architecture
"	O
first	O
appeared	O
in	O
the	O
English	O
language	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
fifteen-hundreds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
word	O
"	O
kludge	B-Architecture
"	O
is	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
Burling	O
,	O
derived	O
from	O
the	O
same	O
root	O
as	O
the	O
German	O
"	O
klug	O
"	O
(	O
Dutch	O
kloog	O
,	O
Swedish	O
Klag	O
,	O
Danish	O
Klog	O
,	O
Gothic	O
Klaugen	O
,	O
Lettish	O
Kladnis	O
and	O
Sanskrit	O
Veklaunn	O
)	O
,	O
originally	O
meaning	O
"	O
smart	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
witty	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
typical	O
machinations	O
of	O
language	O
in	O
evolutionary	O
growth	O
,	O
the	O
word	O
"	O
Kludge	B-Architecture
"	O
eventually	O
came	O
to	O
mean	O
"	O
not	O
so	O
smart	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
pretty	O
ridiculous	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
"	O
kludge	B-Architecture
"	O
forms	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
beloved	O
words	O
in	O
design	O
terminology	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
stands	O
ready	O
for	O
handy	O
application	O
to	O
the	O
work	O
of	O
anyone	O
who	O
gins	O
up	O
110-volt	O
circuitry	O
to	O
plug	O
into	O
the	O
220	O
VAC	O
source	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
building	O
of	O
a	O
Kludge	B-Architecture
,	O
however	O
,	O
is	O
not	O
work	O
for	O
amateurs.Although	O
OED	B-Application
accepts	O
Granholm	O
's	O
coinage	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
examples	O
of	O
its	O
use	O
before	O
the	O
1960s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
reasonable	O
translation	O
of	O
kludge	B-Architecture
into	O
German	O
yields	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
German	O
(	O
"	O
clod	O
"	O
,	O
diminutive	O
)	O
,	O
Low	O
Saxon	O
klut	O
,	O
klute	O
,	O
Dutch	O
,	O
perhaps	O
related	O
to	O
Low	O
German	O
diminutive	O
klütje	O
(	O
"	O
dumpling	O
,	O
clod	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
Danish	O
Jutland	O
dialect	O
klyt	O
(	O
"	O
piece	O
of	O
bad	O
workmanship	O
,	O
kludge	B-Architecture
"	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Standard	O
Danish	O
(	O
"	O
mess	O
,	O
disorder	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
suggested	O
folk	O
etymologies	O
or	O
backronyms	O
for	O
kludge	B-Architecture
or	O
kluge	O
are	O
:	O
klumsy	O
,	O
lame	O
,	O
ugly	O
,	O
dumb	O
,	O
but	O
good	O
enough	O
;	O
or	O
klutzy	O
lashup	O
,	O
under-going	O
engineering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
New	O
Hacker	O
's	O
Dictionary	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
glossary	O
of	O
computer	O
programmer	O
slang	O
maintained	O
by	O
Eric	O
S	O
.	O
Raymond	O
,	O
differentiates	O
kludge	B-Architecture
from	O
kluge	O
and	O
cites	O
usage	O
examples	O
predating	O
1962	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kluge	O
seems	O
to	O
have	O
the	O
sense	O
of	O
overcomplicated	O
,	O
while	O
kludge	B-Architecture
has	O
only	O
the	O
sense	O
of	O
poorly	O
done	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
v	O
.	O
To	O
use	O
a	O
kludge	B-Architecture
to	O
get	O
around	O
a	O
problem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
Jargon	O
File	O
entry	O
notes	O
kludge	B-Architecture
apparently	O
derives	O
via	O
British	O
military	O
slang	O
from	O
Scots	O
cludge	B-Architecture
or	O
cludgie	O
meaning	O
"	O
a	O
common	O
toilet	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
became	O
confused	O
with	O
U.S.	O
kluge	O
during	O
or	O
after	O
World	O
War	O
II	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Often	O
used	O
to	O
repair	O
bugs	B-Error_Name
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
I	O
've	O
kluged	O
this	O
routine	O
to	O
get	O
around	O
that	O
weird	O
bug	B-Error_Name
,	O
but	O
there	O
's	O
probably	O
a	O
better	O
way.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
entry	O
notes	O
kluge	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
now	O
often	O
spelled	O
kludge	B-Architecture
,	O
"	O
was	O
the	O
original	O
spelling	O
,	O
reported	O
around	O
computers	O
as	O
far	O
back	O
as	O
the	O
mid-1950s	O
and	O
,	O
at	O
that	O
time	O
,	O
used	O
exclusively	O
of	O
hardware	O
kluges	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Jargon	O
File	O
further	O
includes	O
kluge	O
around	O
"	O
to	O
avoid	O
a	O
bug	B-Error_Name
or	O
difficult	O
condition	O
by	O
inserting	O
a	O
kluge	O
"	O
,	O
kluge	O
up	O
"	O
to	O
lash	O
together	O
a	O
quick	O
hack	O
to	O
perform	O
a	O
task	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
Granholm	O
's	O
1962	O
"	O
How	O
to	O
Design	O
a	O
Kludge	B-Architecture
"	O
article	O
popularized	O
the	O
kluge	O
variant	O
kludge	B-Architecture
,	O
both	O
were	O
interchangeably	O
used	O
and	O
confused	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
younger	O
U.S.	O
hackers	O
pronounce	O
the	O
word	O
as	O
/klooj/	O
but	O
spell	O
it	O
,	O
incorrectly	O
for	O
its	O
meaning	O
and	O
pronunciation	O
,	O
as	O
'	O
kludge	B-Architecture
 '	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
aerospace	O
,	O
a	O
kludge	B-Architecture
was	O
a	O
temporary	O
design	O
using	O
separate	O
commonly	O
available	O
components	O
that	O
were	O
not	O
flightworthy	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
proof	O
the	O
design	O
and	O
enable	O
concurrent	O
software	O
development	O
while	O
the	O
integrated	O
components	O
were	O
developed	O
and	O
manufactured	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Perhaps	O
the	O
ultimate	O
kludge	B-Architecture
was	O
the	O
first	O
US	O
space	O
station	O
,	O
Skylab	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
MSC	O
personnel	O
missed	O
no	O
opportunity	O
to	O
disparage	O
the	O
Skylab	O
project	O
,	O
calling	O
it	O
"	O
the	O
kludge	B-Architecture
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
modern	O
computing	B-General_Concept
terminology	O
,	O
a	O
"	O
kludge	B-Architecture
"	O
(	O
or	O
often	O
a	O
"	O
hack	O
"	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
solution	O
to	O
a	O
problem	O
,	O
the	O
performance	O
of	O
a	O
task	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
system	O
fix	O
which	O
is	O
inefficient	O
,	O
inelegant	O
(	O
"	O
hacky	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
even	O
incomprehensible	O
,	O
but	O
which	O
somehow	O
works	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
a	O
workaround	B-Application
,	O
but	O
quick	O
and	O
ugly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
"	O
kludge	B-Architecture
around	O
something	O
"	O
is	O
to	O
avoid	O
a	O
bug	B-Error_Name
or	O
difficulty	O
by	O
building	O
a	O
kludge	B-Architecture
,	O
perhaps	O
exploiting	O
properties	O
of	O
the	O
bug	B-Error_Name
itself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
kludge	B-Architecture
is	O
often	O
used	O
to	O
modify	O
a	O
working	O
system	O
while	O
avoiding	O
fundamental	O
changes	O
,	O
or	O
to	O
ensure	O
backwards	O
compatibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
kludge	B-Architecture
is	O
often	O
used	O
to	O
fix	O
an	O
unanticipated	O
problem	O
in	O
an	O
earlier	O
kludge	B-Architecture
;	O
this	O
is	O
essentially	O
a	O
kind	O
of	O
cruft	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
solution	O
might	O
be	O
a	O
kludge	B-Architecture
if	O
it	O
fails	O
in	O
corner	O
cases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
intimate	O
knowledge	O
of	O
the	O
problem	O
domain	O
and	O
execution	O
environment	O
is	O
typically	O
required	O
to	O
build	O
a	O
corner-case	O
kludge	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
commonly	O
,	O
a	O
kludge	B-Architecture
is	O
a	O
heuristic	B-Algorithm
which	O
was	O
expected	O
to	O
work	O
almost	O
always	O
,	O
but	O
ends	O
up	O
failing	O
often	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rather	O
than	O
setting	O
up	O
a	O
timing	O
system	O
,	O
the	O
kludge	B-Architecture
was	O
to	O
connect	O
long	O
coils	O
of	O
internal	O
wires	O
to	O
slow	O
the	O
electrical	O
signal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
type	O
of	O
kludge	B-Architecture
is	O
the	O
evasion	O
of	O
an	O
unknown	O
problem	O
or	O
bug	B-Error_Name
in	O
a	O
computer	B-Application
program	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rather	O
than	O
continue	O
to	O
struggle	O
to	O
diagnose	O
and	O
fix	O
the	O
bug	B-Error_Name
,	O
the	O
programmer	O
may	O
write	O
additional	O
code	O
to	O
compensate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
if	O
a	O
variable	O
keeps	O
ending	O
up	O
doubled	O
,	O
a	O
kludge	B-Architecture
may	O
be	O
to	O
add	O
later	O
code	O
that	O
divides	O
by	O
two	O
rather	O
than	O
to	O
search	O
for	O
the	O
original	O
incorrect	O
computation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
computer	O
networking	O
,	O
use	O
of	O
NAT	B-Protocol
(	O
Network	B-Protocol
Address	I-Protocol
Translation	I-Protocol
)	O
(	O
RFC	O
1918	O
)	O
or	O
PAT	O
(	O
Port	O
Address	O
Translation	O
)	O
to	O
cope	O
with	O
the	O
shortage	O
of	O
IPv4	B-Protocol
addresses	O
is	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
a	O
kludge	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
FidoNet	O
terminology	O
,	O
kludge	B-Architecture
refers	O
to	O
a	O
piece	O
of	O
control	O
data	O
embedded	O
inside	O
a	O
message	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
kludge	B-Architecture
or	O
kluge	O
metaphor	O
has	O
been	O
adapted	O
in	O
fields	O
such	O
as	O
evolutionary	O
neuroscience	O
,	O
particularly	O
in	O
reference	O
to	O
the	O
human	O
brain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rather	O
,	O
at	O
every	O
turn	O
,	O
brain	O
design	O
has	O
been	O
a	O
kludge	B-Architecture
,	O
a	O
workaround	B-Application
,	O
a	O
jumble	O
,	O
a	O
pastiche	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
's	O
not	O
that	O
we	O
have	O
fundamentally	O
human	O
thoughts	O
and	O
feelings	O
despite	O
the	O
kludgy	B-Architecture
design	O
of	O
the	O
brain	O
as	O
molded	O
by	O
the	O
twists	O
and	O
turns	O
of	O
evolutionary	O
history	O
.	O
</s>
