<s>
A	O
kinemage	B-Application
(	O
short	O
for	O
kinetic	O
image	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
interactive	O
graphic	O
scientific	O
illustration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
kinemage	B-Application
system	O
is	O
designed	O
to	O
optimize	O
ease	O
of	O
use	O
,	O
interactive	O
performance	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
perception	O
and	O
communication	O
of	O
detailed	O
3D	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
kinemage	B-Application
information	O
is	O
stored	O
in	O
a	O
text	O
file	O
,	O
human	O
-	O
and	O
machine-readable	O
,	O
that	O
describes	O
the	O
hierarchy	O
of	O
display	O
objects	O
and	O
their	O
properties	O
,	O
and	O
includes	O
optional	O
explanatory	O
text	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
kinemage	B-Application
format	O
is	O
a	O
defined	O
chemical	O
MIME	O
type	O
of	O
'	O
chemical/x	O
-kinemage	O
'	O
with	O
the	O
file	O
extension	O
'	O
.kin	O
'	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kinemages	B-Application
were	O
first	O
developed	O
by	O
David	O
Richardson	O
at	O
Duke	O
University	O
School	O
of	O
Medicine	O
,	O
for	O
the	O
Protein	O
Society	O
's	O
journal	O
Protein	O
Science	O
that	O
premiered	O
in	O
January	O
1992	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
its	O
first	O
5	O
years	O
(	O
1992	O
–	O
1996	O
)	O
,	O
each	O
issue	O
of	O
Protein	O
Science	O
included	O
a	O
supplement	O
on	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
of	O
interactive	O
,	O
kinemage	B-Application
3D	O
computer	O
graphics	O
to	O
illustrate	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
articles	O
,	O
plus	O
the	O
Mage	O
software	O
(	O
cross-platform	B-Operating_System
,	O
free	O
,	O
open-source	B-License
)	O
to	O
display	O
them	O
;	O
kinemage	B-Application
supplementary	O
material	O
is	O
still	O
available	O
on	O
the	O
journal	O
web	O
site	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mage	O
and	O
RasMol	O
were	O
the	O
first	O
widely	O
used	O
macromolecular	O
graphics	O
programs	O
to	O
support	O
interactive	O
display	O
on	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kinemages	B-Application
are	O
used	O
for	O
teaching	O
,	O
and	O
for	O
textbook	O
supplements	O
,	O
individual	O
exploration	O
,	O
and	O
analysis	O
of	O
macromolecular	O
structures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
recently	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
availability	O
of	O
a	O
much	O
wider	O
variety	O
of	O
other	O
molecular	O
graphics	O
tools	O
,	O
presentation	O
use	O
of	O
kinemages	B-Application
has	O
been	O
overtaken	O
by	O
a	O
wide	O
variety	O
of	O
research	O
uses	O
,	O
concomitant	O
with	O
new	O
display	O
features	O
and	O
with	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
software	O
that	O
produces	O
kinemage-format	O
output	O
from	O
other	O
types	O
of	O
molecular	O
calculations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
results	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
visually	O
(	O
in	O
kinemages	B-Application
)	O
and	O
quantitatively	O
to	O
analyze	O
the	O
detailed	O
interactions	O
between	O
molecular	O
surfaces	O
,	O
most	O
extensively	O
for	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
validating	O
and	O
improving	O
the	O
molecular	O
models	O
from	O
experimental	O
x-ray	O
crystallography	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
Mage	O
and	O
KiNG	O
(	O
see	O
below	O
)	O
have	O
been	O
enhanced	O
for	O
kinemage	B-Application
display	O
of	O
data	O
in	O
higher	O
than	O
3	O
dimensions	O
(	O
moving	O
between	O
views	O
in	O
various	O
3-D	O
projections	O
,	O
coloring	O
and	O
selecting	O
candidate	O
clusters	O
of	O
datapoints	O
,	O
and	O
switching	O
to	O
a	O
parallel	B-Application
coordinates	I-Application
representation	O
)	O
,	O
used	O
for	O
instance	O
for	O
defining	O
clusters	O
of	O
favorable	O
RNA	O
backbone	O
conformations	O
in	O
the	O
7-dimensional	O
space	O
of	O
backbone	O
dihedral	O
angles	O
between	O
one	O
ribose	O
and	O
the	O
next	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
KiNG	O
is	O
an	O
open-source	B-License
kinemage	B-Application
viewer	O
,	O
written	O
in	O
the	O
programming	O
language	O
Java	B-Language
by	O
Ian	O
Davis	O
and	O
Vincent	O
Chen	O
,	O
that	O
can	O
work	O
interactively	O
either	O
standalone	O
on	O
a	O
user	O
machine	O
with	O
no	O
network	O
connection	O
,	O
or	O
as	O
a	O
web	O
service	O
in	O
a	O
web	O
page	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
interactive	O
nature	O
of	O
kinemages	B-Application
is	O
their	O
primary	O
purpose	O
and	O
attribute	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
appreciate	O
their	O
nature	O
,	O
the	O
demonstration	O
KiNG	O
in	O
browser	O
has	O
two	O
examples	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
moved	O
around	O
in	O
3D	O
,	O
plus	O
instructions	O
for	O
how	O
to	O
embed	O
a	O
kinemage	B-Application
on	O
a	O
web	O
page	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kinemages	B-Application
can	O
also	O
be	O
shown	O
in	O
immersive	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
systems	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
open-source	B-License
KinImmerse	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
of	O
the	O
kinemage	B-Application
display	O
and	O
all-atom	O
contact	O
software	O
is	O
available	O
free	O
and	O
open-source	B-License
on	O
the	O
.	O
</s>
