<s>
Kickstart	B-Device
is	O
the	O
bootstrap	B-Operating_System
firmware	B-Application
of	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
computers	I-Device
developed	O
by	O
Commodore	O
International	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
purpose	O
is	O
to	O
initialize	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
hardware	O
and	O
core	O
components	O
of	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
and	O
then	O
attempt	O
to	O
boot	B-Operating_System
from	O
a	O
bootable	B-Operating_System
volume	B-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
Amiga	B-Device
models	O
were	O
shipped	O
with	O
the	O
Kickstart	B-Device
firmware	B-Application
stored	O
on	O
ROM	B-Device
chips	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Commodore	O
's	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
was	O
formed	O
of	O
both	O
the	O
Kickstart	B-Device
firmware	B-Application
and	O
a	O
software	B-Application
component	O
provided	O
on	O
disk	O
(	O
with	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
portion	O
often	O
termed	O
as	O
Workbench	B-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
most	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
updates	O
the	O
Kickstart	B-Device
version	O
number	O
was	O
matched	O
to	O
the	O
Workbench	B-Operating_System
version	O
number	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Confusingly	O
,	O
Commodore	O
also	O
used	O
internal	O
revision	O
numbers	O
for	O
Kickstart	B-Device
chips	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
there	O
were	O
several	O
Kickstart	B-Device
revisions	O
designated	O
as	O
version	O
2.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
Amiga	B-Device
model	O
,	O
the	O
A1000	B-Device
,	O
required	O
that	O
Kickstart	B-Device
1.x	O
be	O
loaded	O
from	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
into	O
a	O
256KB	O
section	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
called	O
the	O
writable	O
control	O
store	O
(	O
WCS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
A1000	B-Device
software	B-Application
titles	O
(	O
notably	O
Dragon	B-Application
's	I-Application
Lair	I-Application
)	O
provided	O
an	O
alternative	O
code-base	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
extra	O
256KB	O
for	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
Amiga	B-Device
models	O
had	O
Kickstart	B-Device
embedded	O
in	O
a	O
ROM	B-Device
chip	I-Device
,	O
thus	O
improving	O
boot	B-Operating_System
times	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
Amiga	B-Device
1000	I-Device
computers	O
were	O
modified	O
to	O
take	O
these	O
chips	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kickstart	B-Device
was	O
stored	O
in	O
256KB	O
ROM	B-Device
chips	I-Device
for	O
releases	O
prior	O
to	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
2.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
releases	O
used	O
512KB	O
ROM	B-Device
chips	I-Device
containing	O
additional	O
and	O
improved	O
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Amiga	B-Device
CD32	I-Device
featured	O
a	O
1	O
MB	O
ROM	B-Device
(	O
Kickstart	B-Device
3.1	O
)	O
with	O
additional	O
firmware	B-Application
and	O
an	O
integrated	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
for	O
CD-ROM	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
A3000	B-Device
models	O
were	O
,	O
like	O
the	O
A1000	B-Device
,	O
also	O
shipped	O
with	O
Kickstart	B-Device
on	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
,	O
and	O
used	O
a	O
1.4	O
BETA	O
ROM	B-Device
as	O
bootstrap	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Either	O
Kickstart	B-Device
1.3	O
or	O
2.0	O
could	O
be	O
extracted	O
to	O
a	O
partition	O
specifically	O
named	O
WB_1.3	O
or	O
WB_2.x	O
,	O
respectively	O
,	O
and	O
put	O
in	O
DEVS:kickstart	O
,	O
an	O
absolute	O
system	O
location	O
from	O
where	O
the	O
A3000	B-Device
system	O
will	O
find	O
it	O
at	O
bootstrap	B-Operating_System
and	O
copy	O
its	O
image	O
into	O
RAM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
early	O
A3000	B-Device
supported	O
both	O
ROM	B-Device
based	O
Kickstarts	B-Device
and	O
disk-based	O
Kickstarts	B-Device
,	O
although	O
not	O
simultaneously	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
A3000	B-Device
configured	O
to	O
use	O
disk-based	O
Kickstart	B-Device
images	O
had	O
the	O
benefit	O
of	O
being	O
able	O
to	O
boot	B-Operating_System
various	O
versions	O
of	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
without	O
additional	O
tools	O
,	O
simply	O
by	O
selecting	O
the	O
appropriate	O
Kickstart	B-Device
image	O
at	O
boot	B-Operating_System
time	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Commodore	B-Device
CDTV	I-Device
featured	O
additional	O
firmware	B-Application
ROMs	O
which	O
are	O
not	O
technically	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
Kickstart	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CDTV	B-Device
's	O
original	O
firmware	B-Application
ROMs	O
must	O
be	O
upgraded	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
install	O
a	O
Kickstart	B-Device
version	O
later	O
than	O
1.3	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AmigaOS	B-Application
2.1	O
was	O
a	O
pure	O
software	B-Application
update	O
and	O
did	O
not	O
require	O
matching	O
Kickstart	B-Device
ROM	B-Device
chips	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Workbench	B-Operating_System
2.1	O
ran	O
on	O
all	O
Kickstart	B-Device
ROMs	O
of	O
the	O
2.0x	O
family	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
releases	O
of	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
(	O
3.5	O
and	O
3.9	O
)	O
were	O
also	O
software	B-Application
only	O
and	O
did	O
not	O
include	O
matching	O
ROM	B-Device
upgrades	O
instead	O
requiring	O
Kickstart	B-Device
3.1	O
,	O
with	O
ROM-file	O
based	O
Kickstart	B-Device
components	O
replacing	O
those	O
in	O
ROM	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kickstart	B-Device
modules	O
of	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
4	I-Application
are	O
stored	O
on	O
the	O
boot	B-Operating_System
disk	O
partition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Up	O
to	O
Kickstart	B-Device
v2.0	O
(	O
V36	O
)	O
only	O
512-byte	O
blocks	O
were	O
supported	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Motorola	B-Device
68040	I-Device
uses	O
write	O
caches	O
that	O
requires	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
functions	O
CacheClearU( )	O
and	O
CacheControl( )	O
to	O
flush	O
cache	O
when	O
program	O
code	O
has	O
been	O
modified	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Upon	O
start-up	O
or	O
reset	O
the	O
Kickstart	B-Device
performs	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
diagnostic	O
and	O
system	O
checks	O
and	O
then	O
initializes	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
chipset	B-Device
and	O
some	O
core	O
OS	O
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
will	O
then	O
check	O
for	O
connected	O
boot	B-Operating_System
devices	O
and	O
attempt	O
to	O
boot	B-Operating_System
from	O
the	O
one	O
with	O
the	O
highest	O
boot	B-Operating_System
priority	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
no	O
boot	B-Operating_System
device	O
is	O
present	O
a	O
screen	O
will	O
be	O
displayed	O
asking	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
insert	O
a	O
boot	B-Operating_System
disk	O
typically	O
a	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Insertion	O
of	O
such	O
a	O
bootable	B-Operating_System
disk	O
(	O
other	O
than	O
workbench-like	O
disk	O
)	O
will	O
result	O
in	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
b	O
)	O
a	O
(	O
basic	O
)	O
point	O
and	O
click	O
UI	O
named	O
"	O
Workbench	B-Operating_System
"	O
if	O
the	O
disk	O
contains	O
at	O
least	O
"	O
loadwb	O
"	O
in	O
the	O
"	O
startup-sequence	O
"	O
script	O
residing	O
inside	O
the	O
"	O
s	O
"	O
-folder	O
on	O
this	O
disk	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
c	O
)	O
the	O
disk	O
booting	B-Operating_System
into	O
a	O
customized	O
workbench	B-Operating_System
or	O
an	O
application	O
,	O
keeping	O
the	O
OS	O
"	O
alive	O
"	O
in	O
the	O
background	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
d	O
)	O
a	O
game	O
or	O
other	O
application	O
directly	O
starting	O
up	O
,	O
taking	O
over	O
all	O
the	O
hardware	O
resources	O
of	O
this	O
computer	O
by	O
avoiding	O
to	O
establish	O
core	O
Exec	B-Operating_System
multitasking	O
,	O
driver	O
initialization	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Kickstart	B-Device
contains	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
core	O
components	O
of	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
's	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
such	O
as	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Kickstart	B-Device
1.3	O
is	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
to	O
support	O
booting	B-Operating_System
from	O
a	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drive	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
release	O
2.0	O
onwards	O
Kickstart	B-Device
also	O
contained	O
device	O
drivers	O
to	O
boot	B-Operating_System
from	O
devices	O
on	O
IDE	B-Protocol
controllers	O
,	O
support	O
for	O
PC	B-Architecture
Card	I-Architecture
ports	O
and	O
various	O
other	O
hardware	O
built	O
into	O
Amiga	B-Device
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
power-on	O
a	O
self-test	O
will	O
run	O
from	O
the	O
ROM	B-Device
,	O
this	O
is	O
a	O
short	O
program	O
that	O
can	O
produce	O
a	O
color	O
on	O
the	O
screen	O
that	O
correspond	O
with	O
a	O
fault	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
everything	O
is	O
working	O
the	O
following	O
screen	O
color	O
sequence	O
will	O
be	O
displayed	O
on	O
older	O
kickstarts	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Light	O
grey	O
–	O
ROM	B-Device
verified	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ready	O
to	O
boot	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
–	O
Bad	O
result	O
on	O
Kickstart-ROM	O
test	O
(	O
Checksum	O
error	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
small	O
fault	O
in	O
ROM	B-Device
data	O
will	O
cause	O
a	O
checksum	O
error	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
–	O
Bad	O
result	O
on	O
lower	O
part	O
of	O
chip	B-Device
RAM	I-Device
(	O
262kb	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Does	O
not	O
always	O
mean	O
the	O
ram	B-Architecture
is	O
at	O
fault	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
–	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
exception	O
occurred	O
,	O
this	O
is	O
a	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
error	O
detection	O
by	O
the	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
itself	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
an	O
illegal	O
instruction	O
executed	O
or	O
address	O
bus	O
error	O
–	O
Cause	O
can	O
be	O
a	O
bad	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
or	O
a	O
bad	O
Zorro	B-Device
expansion	B-Device
card	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
CPU	B-General_Concept
exception	O
happened	O
before	O
the	O
"	O
Guru	B-Device
Meditation	I-Device
"	O
trapping	O
software	B-Application
took	O
over	O
the	O
trapping	O
of	O
exceptions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
-	O
If	O
it	O
stops	O
at	O
white	O
you	O
may	O
have	O
used	O
ram	B-Architecture
chips	I-Architecture
that	O
are	O
not	O
working	O
well	O
on	O
an	O
A500	O
mainboard	O
in	O
combination	O
with	O
other	O
"	O
RAM	B-Architecture
"	O
chips	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
Black	O
–	O
No	O
video	O
output	O
or	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
not	O
running	O
for	O
some	O
reason	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
you	O
get	O
a	O
colorcode	O
,	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
always	O
mean	O
that	O
it	O
comes	O
from	O
a	O
hardware	O
fault	O
,	O
red	O
can	O
also	O
happen	O
if	O
you	O
map	O
your	O
ROM	B-Device
to	O
fastmem	O
or	O
by	O
ROM-patches	O
from	O
software	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
For	O
yellow	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
unstable	O
software	B-Application
in	O
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
Amigas	B-Device
can	O
give	O
a	O
short	O
color	O
on	O
screen	O
at	O
power-on	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
the	O
last	O
background	O
color	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
Caps	B-Device
Lock	I-Device
key	I-Device
is	O
repeatedly	O
pressed	O
approx	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
10	O
times	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Caps	B-Device
Lock	I-Device
LED	O
is	O
not	O
turning	O
on	O
and	O
off	O
each	O
time	O
you	O
press	O
,	O
the	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
is	O
not	O
reading	O
out	O
key	O
presses	O
and	O
mostly	O
indicate	O
a	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
crash	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CIA-A	O
serial	O
register	O
is	O
used	O
and	O
a	O
CIA	B-Device
interrupt	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
pickup	O
key	O
presses	O
from	O
the	O
keyboard	O
buffer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
Caps	B-Device
Lock	I-Device
LED	O
sticks	O
on	O
or	O
off	O
,	O
the	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
is	O
probably	O
not	O
servicing	O
CIA	B-Device
interrupt	O
requests	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
general	O
,	O
to	O
run	O
a	O
specific	O
Workbench	B-Operating_System
version	O
a	O
Kickstart	B-Device
with	O
a	O
matching	O
or	O
greater	O
version	O
number	O
is	O
required	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
not	O
generally	O
possible	O
to	O
boot	B-Operating_System
directly	O
into	O
the	O
Workbench	B-Operating_System
windowing	O
environment	O
from	O
Kickstart	B-Device
alone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
much	O
of	O
the	O
functionality	O
required	O
for	O
Workbench	B-Operating_System
is	O
contained	O
in	O
Kickstart	B-Device
some	O
disk-based	O
components	O
are	O
needed	O
to	O
launch	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
release	O
2.0	O
onwards	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
enter	O
a	O
boot	B-Operating_System
menu	I-Operating_System
by	O
holding	O
down	O
both	O
mouse	O
buttons	O
at	O
power	O
on	O
or	O
reset	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
choose	O
a	O
boot	B-Operating_System
device	O
,	O
set	O
parameters	O
for	O
backwards	O
compatibility	O
and	O
examine	O
Autoconfig	B-Device
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
third-party	O
software	B-Application
,	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
use	O
an	O
alternate	O
Kickstart	B-Device
to	O
the	O
version	O
stored	O
in	O
the	O
embedded	O
ROM	B-Device
chip	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
software	B-Application
allows	O
a	O
Kickstart	B-Device
version	O
to	O
be	O
loaded	O
from	O
file	O
into	O
RAM	B-Architecture
for	O
example	O
Kickstart	B-Device
1.3	O
may	O
be	O
loaded	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
run	O
old	B-Application
software	I-Application
incompatible	O
with	O
Kickstart	B-Device
2.0	O
or	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
third-party	O
vendors	O
produced	O
hardware	O
Kickstart	B-Device
switchers	O
(	O
dual-boot	B-Operating_System
systems	O
)	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
socket	O
doublers	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
allow	O
two	O
ROM	B-Device
chips	I-Device
to	O
plug	O
into	O
a	O
single	O
motherboard	O
socket	O
with	O
some	O
mechanism	O
to	O
switch	O
between	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
became	O
popular	O
with	O
users	O
who	O
had	O
problems	O
with	O
later	O
Kickstart	B-Device
versions	O
causing	O
incompatibility	O
with	O
earlier	O
software	B-Application
titles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
MMU-enabled	O
Amiga	B-Device
is	O
able	O
to	O
"	O
shadow	O
"	O
Kickstart	B-Device
from	O
the	O
embedded	O
ROM	B-Device
chip	I-Device
(	O
or	O
from	O
file	O
)	O
into	O
RAM	B-Architecture
and	O
pass	O
control	O
to	O
it	O
at	O
start-up	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
often	O
preferable	O
as	O
RAM	B-Architecture
access	O
times	O
are	O
significantly	O
faster	O
than	O
ROM	B-Device
,	O
particularly	O
on	O
expanded	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
subsequent	O
resets	O
the	O
copy	O
of	O
Kickstart	B-Device
is	O
re-used	O
,	O
reducing	O
boot	B-Operating_System
time	I-Operating_System
and	O
allowing	O
faster	O
access	O
and	O
execution	O
of	O
Kickstart	B-Device
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similar	O
shadowing	O
functions	O
were	O
also	O
developed	O
for	O
some	O
devices	O
without	O
MMU	B-General_Concept
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
