<s>
The	O
kappa	B-Application
effect	I-Application
or	O
perceptual	O
time	O
dilation	O
is	O
a	O
temporal	O
perceptual	O
illusion	O
that	O
can	O
arise	O
when	O
observers	O
judge	O
the	O
elapsed	O
time	O
between	O
sensory	O
stimuli	O
applied	O
sequentially	O
at	O
different	O
locations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
kappa	B-Application
effect	I-Application
can	O
occur	O
with	O
visual	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
flashes	O
of	O
light	O
)	O
,	O
auditory	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
tones	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
tactile	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
studies	O
of	O
the	O
kappa	B-Application
effect	I-Application
have	O
been	O
conducted	O
using	O
visual	O
stimuli	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
kappa	B-Application
effect	I-Application
has	O
also	O
been	O
demonstrated	O
with	O
auditory	O
stimuli	O
that	O
move	O
in	O
frequency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
in	O
some	O
experimental	O
paradigms	O
the	O
auditory	O
kappa	B-Application
effect	I-Application
has	O
not	O
been	O
observed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
2011	O
)	O
found	O
that	O
,	O
opposite	O
to	O
the	O
prediction	O
of	O
the	O
kappa	B-Application
effect	I-Application
,	O
"	O
Increasing	O
the	O
distance	O
between	O
sound	O
sources	O
marking	O
time	O
intervals	O
leads	O
to	O
a	O
decrease	O
of	O
the	O
perceived	O
duration	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
touch	O
,	O
the	O
kappa	B-Application
effect	I-Application
was	O
first	O
described	O
as	O
the	O
"	O
S-effect	O
"	O
by	O
Suto	O
(	O
1952	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Goldreich	O
(	O
2007	O
)	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
kappa	B-Application
effect	I-Application
as	O
"	O
perceptual	O
time	O
dilation	O
"	O
in	O
analogy	O
with	O
the	O
physical	O
time	O
dilation	O
of	O
the	O
theory	O
of	O
relativity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Accordingly	O
,	O
several	O
theories	O
regarding	O
the	O
brain	O
's	O
expectations	O
about	O
stimulus	O
velocity	O
have	O
been	O
put	O
forward	O
to	O
account	O
for	O
the	O
kappa	B-Application
effect	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
the	O
kappa	B-Application
effect	I-Application
occurs	O
when	O
we	O
apply	O
our	O
knowledge	O
of	O
motion	O
to	O
stimulus	O
sequences	O
,	O
which	O
sometimes	O
leads	O
us	O
to	O
make	O
mistakes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
temporal	O
separation	O
was	O
constant	O
and	O
the	O
spatial	O
separation	O
between	O
the	O
dots	O
varied	O
,	O
they	O
observed	O
the	O
kappa	B-Application
effect	I-Application
,	O
which	O
follows	O
the	O
constant	O
velocity	O
hypothesis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Bayesian	O
perceptual	O
model	O
replicates	O
the	O
tactile	O
kappa	B-Application
effect	I-Application
and	O
other	O
tactile	O
spatiotemporal	O
illusions	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
tau	B-Application
effect	I-Application
and	O
the	O
cutaneous	O
rabbit	O
illusion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Simultaneously	O
,	O
the	O
model	O
perceptually	O
underestimates	O
the	O
spatial	O
separation	O
between	O
stimuli	O
,	O
thereby	O
reproducing	O
the	O
cutaneous	O
rabbit	O
illusion	O
and	O
the	O
tau	B-Application
effect	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Goldreich	O
(	O
2007	O
)	O
speculated	O
that	O
a	O
Bayesian	O
slow-speed	O
prior	O
might	O
explain	O
the	O
visual	O
kappa	B-Application
effect	I-Application
as	O
well	O
the	O
tactile	O
one	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
kappa	B-Application
effect	I-Application
appears	O
to	O
depend	O
strongly	O
on	O
phenomenal	O
rather	O
than	O
physical	O
extent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
kappa	B-Application
effect	I-Application
gets	O
bigger	O
as	O
stimuli	O
move	O
faster	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
subjects	O
observed	O
vertically	O
arranged	O
stimuli	O
,	O
the	O
kappa	B-Application
effect	I-Application
was	O
stronger	O
for	O
sequences	O
moving	O
downward	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
indeed	O
occurs	O
in	O
the	O
tau	B-Application
effect	I-Application
,	O
when	O
the	O
spatial	O
separation	O
between	O
stimuli	O
is	O
constant	O
and	O
the	O
temporal	O
separation	O
is	O
varied	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
when	O
equally	O
spaced	O
light	O
sources	O
X	O
,	O
Y	O
,	O
and	O
Z	O
are	O
flashed	O
successively	O
in	O
the	O
dark	O
with	O
a	O
shorter	O
time	O
between	O
X	O
and	O
Y	O
than	O
between	O
Y	O
and	O
Z	O
,	O
X	O
and	O
Y	O
are	O
perceived	O
to	O
be	O
closer	O
together	O
in	O
space	O
than	O
are	O
Y	O
and	O
Z	O
.	O
Goldreich	O
(	O
2007	O
)	O
linked	O
the	O
tau	O
and	O
kappa	B-Application
effects	I-Application
to	O
the	O
same	O
underlying	O
expectation	O
regarding	O
movement	O
speed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Goldreich	O
(	O
2007	O
)	O
termed	O
these	O
two	O
fundamental	O
perceptual	O
distortions	O
"	O
perceptual	O
length	O
contraction	O
"	O
(	O
tau	B-Application
effect	I-Application
)	O
and	O
"	O
perceptual	O
time	O
dilation	O
"	O
(	O
kappa	B-Application
effect	I-Application
)	O
in	O
analogy	O
with	O
the	O
physical	O
length	O
contraction	O
and	O
time	O
dilation	O
of	O
the	O
theory	O
of	O
relativity	O
.	O
</s>
