<s>
KIVA	B-Application
is	O
a	O
family	O
of	O
Fortran-based	O
Computational	O
Fluid	O
Dynamics	O
software	O
developed	O
by	O
Los	O
Alamos	O
National	O
Laboratory	O
(	O
LANL	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
software	O
predicts	O
complex	O
fuel	O
and	O
air	O
flows	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
ignition	O
,	O
combustion	B-Application
,	O
and	O
pollutant-formation	O
processes	O
in	O
engines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
KIVA	B-Application
models	O
have	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
understand	O
combustion	B-Application
chemistry	O
processes	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
auto-ignition	O
of	O
fuels	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
optimize	O
diesel	O
engines	O
for	O
high	O
efficiency	O
and	O
low	O
emissions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
General	O
Motors	O
has	O
used	O
KIVA	B-Application
in	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
direct-injection	O
,	O
stratified	O
charge	O
gasoline	O
engines	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
fast	O
burn	O
,	O
homogeneous-charge	O
gasoline	O
engine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cummins	O
reduced	O
development	O
time	O
and	O
cost	O
by	O
10%	O
–	O
15%	O
using	O
KIVA	B-Application
to	O
develop	O
its	O
high-efficiency	O
2007	O
ISB	O
6.7-L	O
diesel	O
engine	O
that	O
was	O
able	O
to	O
meet	O
2010	O
emission	O
standards	O
in	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
found	O
itself	O
in	O
the	O
midst	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
energy	O
crisis	O
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
,	O
this	O
core	O
Laboratory	O
capability	O
transformed	O
into	O
KIVA	B-Application
,	O
an	O
internal	O
combustion	B-Application
engine	O
modeling	O
tool	O
designed	O
to	O
help	O
make	O
automotive	O
engines	O
more	O
fuel-efficient	O
and	O
cleaner-burning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
"	O
kiva	B-Application
"	O
is	O
actually	O
a	O
round	O
Pueblo	O
ceremonial	O
chamber	O
that	O
is	O
set	O
underground	O
and	O
entered	O
from	O
above	O
by	O
means	O
of	O
a	O
ladder	O
through	O
its	O
roof	O
;	O
drawing	O
on	O
LANL	O
's	O
southwestern	O
heritage	O
,	O
an	O
analogy	O
is	O
made	O
with	O
the	O
typical	O
engine	O
cylinder	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
entrance	O
and	O
exit	O
of	O
gases	O
is	O
achieved	O
through	O
valves	O
set	O
in	O
the	O
cylinder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
public	O
release	O
of	O
KIVA	B-Application
was	O
made	O
in	O
1985	O
through	O
the	O
National	O
Energy	O
Software	O
Center	O
(	O
NESC	O
)	O
at	O
Argonne	O
National	O
Laboratory	O
,	O
which	O
served	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
as	O
the	O
official	O
distribution	O
hub	O
for	O
Department	O
of	O
Energy-sponsored	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Distribution	O
of	O
KIVA	B-Application
continued	O
through	O
the	O
Energy	O
Science	O
and	O
Technology	O
Software	O
Center	O
(	O
ESTSC	O
)	O
in	O
Oak	O
Ridge	O
,	O
Tennessee	O
until	O
2008	O
,	O
when	O
distribution	O
of	O
multiple	O
versions	O
of	O
KIVA	B-Application
returned	O
to	O
LANL	O
's	O
Technology	O
Transfer	O
Division	O
(	O
TT	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
KIVA	B-Application
is	O
used	O
by	O
hundreds	O
of	O
institutions	O
worldwide	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
Big	O
Three	O
U.S.	O
auto	O
makers	O
,	O
Cummins	O
,	O
Caterpillar	O
,	O
and	O
various	O
federal	O
laboratories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Higher	O
in-cylinder	O
pressures	O
and	O
temperatures	O
lead	O
to	O
increased	O
fuel	O
economy	O
,	O
but	O
they	O
also	O
create	O
more	O
difficulty	O
in	O
controlling	O
the	O
combustion	B-Application
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Poorly	O
controlled	O
and	O
incomplete	O
combustion	B-Application
can	O
cause	O
higher	O
levels	O
of	O
emissions	O
and	O
lower	O
engine	O
efficiencies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
optimize	O
combustion	B-Application
processes	O
,	O
engine	O
designers	O
have	O
traditionally	O
undertaken	O
manual	O
engine	O
modifications	O
,	O
conducted	O
testing	O
,	O
and	O
analyzed	O
the	O
results	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
to	O
these	O
problems	O
,	O
Los	O
Alamos	O
National	O
Laboratory	O
scientists	O
developed	O
KIVA	B-Application
,	O
an	O
advanced	O
computational	O
fluid	O
dynamics	O
(	O
CFD	O
)	O
modeling	O
code	O
that	O
accurately	O
simulates	O
the	O
in-cylinder	O
processes	O
of	O
engines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
KIVA	B-Application
,	O
a	O
transient	O
,	O
three-dimensional	O
,	O
multiphase	O
,	O
multicomponent	O
code	O
for	O
the	O
analysis	O
of	O
chemically	O
reacting	O
flows	O
with	O
sprays	O
has	O
been	O
under	O
development	O
at	O
LANL	O
for	O
decades	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
code	O
uses	O
an	O
Arbitrary	O
Lagrangian	O
Eulerian	O
(	O
ALE	O
)	O
methodology	O
on	O
a	O
staggered	O
grid	O
,	O
and	O
discretizes	O
space	O
using	O
the	O
finite	B-Algorithm
volume	I-Algorithm
method	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
the	O
convection	O
calculations	O
can	O
be	O
subcycled	O
in	O
the	O
desired	O
regions	O
to	O
avoid	O
restricting	O
the	O
time	O
step	O
due	O
to	O
Courant	B-Algorithm
conditions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
KIVA	B-Application
's	O
functionality	O
extends	O
from	O
low	O
speeds	O
to	O
supersonic	O
flows	O
for	O
both	O
laminar	O
and	O
turbulent	O
regimes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
specifically	O
designed	O
for	O
simulating	O
internal	O
combustion	B-Application
engines	O
,	O
the	O
modularity	O
of	O
the	O
code	O
facilitates	O
easy	O
modifications	O
for	O
solving	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
hydrodynamics	O
problems	O
involving	O
chemical	O
reactions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
versatility	O
and	O
range	O
of	O
features	O
have	O
made	O
KIVA	B-Application
programs	O
attractive	O
to	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
non-engine	O
applications	O
as	O
well	O
;	O
these	O
range	O
from	O
convection	O
towers	O
to	O
modeling	O
silicon	O
dioxide	O
condensation	O
in	O
high	O
pressure	O
oxidation	O
chambers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
KIVA-3V	B-Application
is	O
the	O
most	O
mature	O
version	O
of	O
KIVA	B-Application
still	O
maintained	O
and	O
distributed	O
through	O
LANL	O
;	O
it	O
is	O
an	O
improved	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
earlier	O
Federal	O
Laboratory	O
Consortium	O
Excellence	O
in	O
Technology	O
Transfer	O
Award-winning	O
KIVA3	B-Application
(	O
1993	O
)	O
,	O
extended	O
to	O
model	O
vertical	O
or	O
canted	O
valves	O
in	O
the	O
cylinder	O
head	O
of	O
a	O
gasoline	O
or	O
diesel	O
engine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
KIVA3	B-Application
,	O
in	O
turn	O
,	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
earlier	O
KIVA2	O
(	O
1989	O
)	O
and	O
used	O
the	O
same	O
numerical	O
solution	O
procedure	O
and	O
solved	O
the	O
same	O
types	O
of	O
equations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
KIVA-3V	B-Application
uses	O
a	O
block-structured	O
mesh	O
with	O
connectivity	O
defined	O
through	O
indirect	O
addressing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
KIVA-3V	B-Application
also	O
contains	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
significant	O
improvements	O
over	O
its	O
predecessors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
new	O
features	O
were	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
LANL-developed	O
grid	O
generator	O
,	O
K3PREP	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
KIVA	B-Application
graphics	O
post	O
processor	O
,	O
K3POST	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
KIVA-4	B-Application
is	O
maintained	O
and	O
distributed	O
through	O
LANL	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
KIVA-4	B-Application
maintains	O
the	O
full	O
generality	O
of	O
KIVA-3V	B-Application
,	O
it	O
adds	O
the	O
capability	O
of	O
computing	O
with	O
unstructured	O
grids	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
unstructured	O
grids	O
may	O
be	O
composed	O
of	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
elements	O
including	O
hexahedra	O
,	O
prisms	O
,	O
pyramids	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
tetrahedra	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
KIVA-4	B-Application
was	O
developed	O
to	O
work	O
with	O
the	O
many	O
geometries	O
accommodated	O
within	O
KIVA-3V	B-Application
,	O
which	O
includes	O
2D	O
axisymmetric	O
,	O
2D	O
planar	O
,	O
3D	O
axisymmetric	O
sector	O
geometries	O
,	O
and	O
full	O
3D	O
geometries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
KIVA-4	B-Application
also	O
features	O
a	O
multicomponent	O
fuel	O
evaporation	O
algorithm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
the	O
numerical	O
algorithms	O
in	O
KIVA-3V	B-Application
generalize	O
properly	O
to	O
unstructured	O
meshes	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
fundamental	O
changes	O
were	O
needed	O
in	O
the	O
solution	O
of	O
the	O
pressure	O
equation	O
and	O
the	O
fluxing	O
of	O
momentum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
KIVA-4	B-Application
loops	O
over	O
cell	O
faces	O
to	O
compute	O
diffusion	O
terms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recently	O
,	O
LANL	O
researchers	O
developed	O
KIVA-4mpi	B-Application
,	O
a	O
parallel	O
version	O
of	O
KIVA-4	B-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
most	O
advanced	O
version	O
of	O
KIVA	B-Application
maintained	O
and	O
distributed	O
by	O
LANL	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
KIVA-4mpi	B-Application
also	O
solves	O
chemically	O
reacting	O
,	O
turbulent	O
,	O
multi-phase	O
viscous	O
flows	O
,	O
but	O
does	O
this	O
on	O
multiple	O
computer	O
processors	O
with	O
a	O
distributed	O
computational	O
domain	O
(	O
grid	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
KIVA-4mpi	B-Application
internal	O
combustion	B-Application
engine	O
modeling	O
capabilities	O
are	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
that	O
of	O
KIVA-4	B-Application
,	O
and	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
KIVA-4	B-Application
unstructured	O
grid	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
software	O
is	O
well	O
suited	O
for	O
modeling	O
internal	O
combustion	B-Application
engines	O
on	O
multiple	O
processors	O
using	O
the	O
message	B-Application
passing	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
MPI	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
August	O
9	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
LANL	O
honored	O
the	O
authors	O
of	O
KIVA-4mpi	B-Application
with	O
the	O
Distinguished	O
Copyright	O
Award	O
for	O
demonstrating	O
a	O
breadth	O
of	O
commercial	O
applications	O
,	O
potential	O
to	O
create	O
economic	O
value	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
highest	O
level	O
of	O
technical	O
excellence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
KIVA-EXEC	O
is	O
a	O
free	O
,	O
reduced-functionality	O
executable-only	O
trial	O
version	O
of	O
KIVA-4	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
KIVA-EXEC	O
has	O
all	O
the	O
performance	O
of	O
Los	O
Alamos	O
National	O
Laboratory	O
's	O
premier	O
KIVA-4	B-Application
code	O
,	O
but	O
with	O
a	O
45K	O
cell	O
limitation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
KIVA-EXEC	O
is	O
perfect	O
for	O
beginners	O
who	O
do	O
not	O
need	O
or	O
intend	O
to	O
modify	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
