<s>
A	O
joystick	B-Device
,	O
sometimes	O
called	O
a	O
flight	B-Device
stick	I-Device
,	O
is	O
an	O
input	B-Device
device	I-Device
consisting	O
of	O
a	O
stick	O
that	O
pivots	O
on	O
a	O
base	O
and	O
reports	O
its	O
angle	O
or	O
direction	O
to	O
the	O
device	O
it	O
is	O
controlling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
joystick	B-Device
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
control	O
column	O
,	O
is	O
the	O
principal	O
control	O
device	O
in	O
the	O
cockpit	O
of	O
many	O
civilian	O
and	O
military	O
aircraft	O
,	O
either	O
as	O
a	O
centre	O
stick	O
or	O
side-stick	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Joysticks	B-Device
are	O
often	O
used	O
to	O
control	O
video	O
games	O
,	O
and	O
usually	O
have	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
push-buttons	O
whose	O
state	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
read	O
by	O
the	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
popular	O
variation	O
of	O
the	O
joystick	B-Device
used	O
on	O
modern	O
video	B-Device
game	I-Device
consoles	I-Device
is	O
the	O
analog	B-Device
stick	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Joysticks	B-Device
are	O
also	O
used	O
for	O
controlling	O
machines	O
such	O
as	O
cranes	O
,	O
trucks	O
,	O
underwater	O
unmanned	O
vehicles	O
,	O
wheelchairs	O
,	O
surveillance	O
cameras	O
,	O
and	O
zero	O
turning	O
radius	O
lawn	O
mowers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Miniature	O
finger-operated	O
joysticks	B-Device
have	O
been	O
adopted	O
as	O
input	B-Device
devices	I-Device
for	O
smaller	O
electronic	O
equipment	O
such	O
as	O
mobile	O
phones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Joysticks	B-Device
originated	O
as	O
controls	O
for	O
aircraft	O
ailerons	O
and	O
elevators	O
,	O
and	O
are	O
first	B-Device
known	O
to	O
have	O
been	O
used	O
as	O
such	O
on	O
Louis	O
Bleriot	O
's	O
Bleriot	O
VIII	O
aircraft	O
of	O
1908	O
,	O
in	O
combination	O
with	O
a	O
foot-operated	O
rudder	O
bar	O
for	O
the	O
yaw	O
control	O
surface	O
on	O
the	O
tail	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
name	O
joystick	B-Device
is	O
thought	O
to	O
originate	O
with	O
early	O
20th	O
century	O
French	O
pilot	O
Robert	O
Esnault-Pelterie	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Loraine	O
is	O
cited	O
by	O
the	O
Oxford	O
English	O
Dictionary	O
for	O
using	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
joystick	B-Device
"	O
in	O
his	O
diary	O
in	O
1909	O
when	O
he	O
went	O
to	O
Pau	O
to	O
learn	O
to	O
fly	O
at	O
Bleriot	O
's	O
school	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
is	O
alleged	O
to	O
have	O
invented	O
the	O
"	O
George	O
Stick	O
"	O
which	O
became	O
more	O
popularly	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
joystick	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Joysticks	B-Device
were	O
present	O
in	O
early	O
planes	O
,	O
though	O
their	O
mechanical	O
origins	O
are	O
uncertain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
coining	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
joystick	B-Device
"	O
may	O
actually	O
be	O
credited	O
to	O
Loraine	O
,	O
as	O
his	O
is	O
the	O
earliest	O
known	O
usage	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
,	O
although	O
he	O
most	O
certainly	O
did	O
not	O
invent	O
the	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
electrical	O
two-axis	O
joystick	B-Device
was	O
invented	O
by	O
C	O
.	O
B	O
.	O
Mirick	O
at	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Naval	O
Research	O
Laboratory	O
(	O
NRL	O
)	O
and	O
patented	O
in	O
1926	O
(	O
U.S.	O
Patent	O
no	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NRL	O
was	O
actively	O
developing	O
remote	O
controlled	O
aircraft	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
and	O
the	O
joystick	B-Device
was	O
possibly	O
used	O
to	O
support	O
this	O
effort	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Germans	O
developed	O
an	O
electrical	O
two-axis	O
joystick	B-Device
around	O
1944	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
device	O
was	O
used	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Germans	O
 '	O
Funkgerät	O
FuG	O
203	O
Kehl	O
radio	O
control	O
transmitter	O
system	O
used	O
in	O
certain	O
German	O
bomber	O
aircraft	O
,	O
used	O
to	O
guide	O
both	O
the	O
rocket-boosted	O
anti-ship	O
missile	O
Henschel	O
Hs	O
293	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
unpowered	O
pioneering	O
precision-guided	O
munition	O
Fritz-X	O
,	O
against	O
maritime	O
and	O
other	O
targets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Here	O
,	O
the	O
joystick	B-Device
of	O
the	O
Kehl	O
transmitter	O
was	O
used	O
by	O
an	O
operator	O
to	O
steer	O
the	O
missile	O
towards	O
its	O
target	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
joystick	B-Device
had	O
on-off	O
switches	O
rather	O
than	O
analogue	O
sensors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
comparable	O
joystick	B-Device
unit	O
was	O
used	O
for	O
the	O
contemporary	O
American	O
Azon	O
steerable	O
munition	O
,	O
strictly	O
to	O
laterally	O
steer	O
the	O
munition	O
in	O
the	O
yaw	O
axis	O
only	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Here	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
team	O
on	O
the	O
German	O
rocket	B-Application
program	O
was	O
developing	O
the	O
Wasserfall	O
missile	O
,	O
a	O
variant	O
of	O
the	O
V-2	O
rocket	B-Application
,	O
the	O
first	B-Device
ground-to-air	O
missile	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1960s	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
joysticks	B-Device
became	O
widespread	O
in	O
radio-controlled	O
model	O
aircraft	O
systems	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Kwik	O
Fly	O
produced	O
by	O
Phill	O
Kraft	O
(	O
1964	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
now-defunct	O
Kraft	O
Systems	O
firm	O
eventually	O
became	O
an	O
important	O
OEM	O
supplier	O
of	O
joysticks	B-Device
to	O
the	O
computer	O
industry	O
and	O
other	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	B-Device
use	O
of	O
joysticks	B-Device
outside	O
the	O
radio-controlled	O
aircraft	O
industry	O
may	O
have	O
been	O
in	O
the	O
control	O
of	O
powered	O
wheelchairs	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Permobil	O
(	O
1963	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
this	O
time	O
period	O
NASA	O
used	O
joysticks	B-Device
as	O
control	O
devices	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Apollo	O
missions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
lunar	O
lander	O
test	O
models	O
were	O
controlled	O
with	O
a	O
joystick	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
many	O
modern	O
airliners	O
aircraft	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
all	O
Airbus	O
aircraft	O
developed	O
from	O
the	O
1980s	O
,	O
the	O
joystick	B-Device
has	O
received	O
a	O
new	O
lease	O
on	O
life	O
for	O
flight	O
control	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
a	O
"	O
side-stick	O
"	O
,	O
a	O
controller	O
similar	O
to	O
a	O
gaming	O
joystick	B-Device
but	O
which	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
control	O
the	O
flight	O
,	O
replacing	O
the	O
traditional	O
yoke	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ralph	O
H	O
.	O
Baer	O
,	O
inventor	O
of	O
the	O
Magnavox	B-Device
Odyssey	I-Device
console	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
1972	O
,	O
created	O
the	O
first	B-Device
video	O
game	O
joysticks	B-Device
in	O
1967	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
known	O
electronic	O
game	O
joystick	B-Device
with	O
a	O
fire	O
button	O
was	O
released	O
by	O
Sega	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
their	O
1969	O
arcade	O
game	O
Missile	O
,	O
a	O
shooter	O
simulation	O
game	O
that	O
used	O
it	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
an	O
early	O
dual-control	O
scheme	O
,	O
where	O
two	O
directional	B-Device
buttons	I-Device
are	O
used	O
to	O
move	O
a	O
motorized	O
tank	O
and	O
a	O
two-way	O
joystick	B-Device
is	O
used	O
to	O
shoot	O
and	O
steer	O
the	O
missile	O
onto	O
oncoming	O
planes	O
displayed	O
on	O
the	O
screen	O
;	O
when	O
a	O
plane	O
is	O
hit	O
,	O
an	O
explosion	O
is	O
animated	O
on	O
screen	O
along	O
with	O
an	O
explosion	O
sound	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Taito	O
released	O
a	O
four-way	O
joystick	B-Device
as	O
part	O
of	O
their	O
arcade	O
racing	O
video	O
game	O
Astro	O
Race	O
in	O
1973	O
,	O
while	O
their	O
1975	O
multidirectional	O
shooter	O
Western	B-Application
Gun	I-Application
introduced	O
dual-stick	O
controls	O
with	O
one	O
eight-way	O
joystick	B-Device
for	O
movement	O
and	O
the	O
other	O
for	O
changing	O
the	O
shooting	O
direction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
North	O
America	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
released	O
by	O
Midway	O
under	O
the	O
title	O
Gun	B-Application
Fight	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1976	O
,	O
Taito	O
released	O
Interceptor	O
,	O
an	O
early	O
first-person	O
combat	O
flight	B-Application
simulator	I-Application
that	O
involved	O
piloting	O
a	O
jet	O
fighter	O
,	O
using	O
an	O
eight-way	O
joystick	B-Device
to	O
aim	O
with	O
a	O
crosshair	O
and	O
shoot	O
at	O
enemy	O
aircraft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Atari	B-Device
CX40	I-Device
joystick	I-Device
,	O
developed	O
for	O
the	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
Video	I-General_Concept
Computer	I-General_Concept
System	I-General_Concept
released	O
in	O
1977	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
digital	O
controller	O
with	O
a	O
single	O
fire	O
button	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Atari	B-Protocol
joystick	I-Protocol
port	I-Protocol
was	O
for	O
many	O
years	O
the	O
de	O
facto	O
standard	O
digital	O
joystick	B-Device
specification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Joysticks	B-Device
were	O
commonly	O
used	O
as	O
controllers	O
in	O
first	B-Device
and	O
second	B-Application
generation	I-Application
game	B-Device
consoles	I-Device
,	O
but	O
they	O
gave	O
way	O
to	O
the	O
familiar	O
game	B-Device
pad	I-Device
with	O
the	O
Nintendo	O
Entertainment	O
System	O
and	O
Sega	O
Master	O
System	O
during	O
the	O
mid-1980s	O
,	O
though	O
joysticks	B-Device
—	O
especially	O
arcade-style	O
ones	O
—	O
were	O
and	O
are	O
popular	O
after-market	O
add-ons	O
for	O
any	O
console	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1985	O
,	O
Sega	O
's	O
third-person	O
arcade	O
rail	O
shooter	O
game	O
Space	B-Application
Harrier	I-Application
featured	O
a	O
true	O
analog	O
flight	B-Device
stick	I-Device
,	O
used	O
for	O
movement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
joystick	B-Device
could	O
register	O
movement	O
in	O
any	O
direction	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
measure	O
the	O
degree	O
of	O
push	O
,	O
which	O
could	O
move	O
the	O
player	O
character	O
at	O
different	O
speeds	O
depending	O
on	O
how	O
far	O
the	O
joystick	B-Device
was	O
pushed	O
in	O
a	O
certain	O
direction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
variation	O
of	O
the	O
joystick	B-Device
is	O
the	O
rotary	O
joystick	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
joystick-knob	O
hybrid	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
joystick	B-Device
can	O
be	O
moved	O
in	O
various	O
direction	O
while	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
being	O
able	O
to	O
rotate	O
the	O
joystick	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
introduced	O
by	O
SNK	O
,	O
initially	O
with	O
the	O
tank	O
shooter	O
TNK	B-Application
III	I-Application
(	O
1985	O
)	O
before	O
it	O
was	O
popularized	O
by	O
the	O
run	O
and	O
gun	O
video	O
game	O
Ikari	B-Application
Warriors	I-Application
(	O
1986	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SNK	O
later	O
used	O
rotary	O
joystick	B-Device
controls	O
in	O
arcade	O
games	O
such	O
as	O
Guerrilla	B-Application
War	I-Application
(	O
1989	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
distinct	O
variation	O
of	O
an	O
analog	B-Device
joystick	I-Device
is	O
a	O
positional	O
gun	O
,	O
which	O
works	O
differently	O
from	O
a	O
light	B-Device
gun	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
of	O
using	O
light	O
sensors	O
,	O
a	O
positional	O
gun	O
is	O
essentially	O
an	O
analog	B-Device
joystick	I-Device
mounted	O
in	O
a	O
fixed	O
location	O
that	O
records	O
the	O
position	O
of	O
the	O
gun	O
to	O
determine	O
where	O
the	O
player	O
is	O
aiming	O
on	O
the	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
joysticks	B-Device
such	O
as	O
the	O
CH	O
Products	O
Flightstick	B-Device
,	O
Gravis	O
Phoenix	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
SideWinder	O
,	O
Logitech	O
WingMan	O
,	O
and	O
Thrustmaster	B-Device
FCS	I-Device
were	O
in	O
demand	O
with	O
PC	O
gamers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
were	O
considered	O
a	O
prerequisite	O
for	O
flight	B-Application
simulators	I-Application
such	O
as	O
F-16	O
Fighting	O
Falcon	O
and	O
LHX	B-Application
Attack	I-Application
Chopper	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Joysticks	B-Device
became	O
especially	O
popular	O
with	O
the	O
mainstream	O
success	O
of	O
space	O
flight	B-Application
simulator	I-Application
games	O
like	O
X-Wing	O
and	O
Wing	O
Commander	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
"	O
Six	O
degrees	O
of	O
freedom	O
"	O
3D	O
shooter	O
Descent	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
VirPil	O
Controls	O
 '	O
MongoosT-50	O
joystick	B-Device
was	O
designed	O
to	O
mimic	O
the	O
style	O
of	O
Russian	O
aircraft	O
(	O
including	O
the	O
Sukhoi	O
Su-35	O
and	O
Sukhoi	O
Su-57	O
)	O
,	O
unlike	O
most	O
flight	O
joysticks	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
since	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
the	O
21st	O
century	O
,	O
these	O
types	O
of	O
games	O
have	O
waned	O
in	O
popularity	O
and	O
are	O
now	O
considered	O
a	O
"	O
dead	O
"	O
genre	O
,	O
and	O
with	O
that	O
,	O
gaming	O
joysticks	B-Device
have	O
been	O
reduced	O
to	O
niche	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
NowGamer	O
's	O
interview	O
with	O
Jim	O
Boone	O
,	O
a	O
producer	O
at	O
Volition	O
Inc.	O
,	O
he	O
stated	O
that	O
FreeSpace	B-Application
2s	I-Application
poor	O
sales	O
could	O
have	O
been	O
due	O
to	O
joysticks	B-Device
 '	O
being	O
sold	O
poorly	O
because	O
they	O
were	O
"	O
going	O
out	O
of	O
fashion	O
"	O
because	O
more	O
modern	O
first-person	O
shooters	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Quake	O
,	O
were	O
"	O
very	O
much	O
about	O
the	O
mouse	O
and	O
 [ the ] 	O
keyboard	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
went	O
further	O
on	O
to	O
state	O
"	O
Before	O
that	O
,	O
when	O
we	O
did	O
Descent	B-Application
for	O
example	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
perfectly	O
common	O
for	O
people	O
to	O
have	O
joysticks	B-Device
–	O
we	O
sold	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
copies	O
of	O
Descent	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
,	O
analog	B-Device
sticks	I-Device
(	O
or	O
thumbsticks	B-Device
,	O
due	O
to	O
their	O
being	O
controlled	O
by	O
one	O
's	O
thumbs	O
)	O
have	O
become	O
standard	O
on	O
controllers	O
for	O
video	B-Device
game	I-Device
consoles	I-Device
,	O
popularized	O
by	O
Nintendo	O
's	O
Nintendo	B-Device
64	I-Device
controller	I-Device
,	O
and	O
have	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
indicate	O
the	O
stick	O
's	O
displacement	O
from	O
its	O
neutral	O
position	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
devices	O
usually	O
use	O
potentiometers	B-Device
to	O
determine	O
the	O
position	O
of	O
the	O
stick	O
,	O
though	O
some	O
newer	O
models	O
instead	O
use	O
a	O
Hall	B-Algorithm
effect	I-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
for	O
greater	O
reliability	O
and	O
reduced	O
size	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1997	O
,	O
ThrustMaster	B-Device
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
introduced	O
a	O
3D	O
programmable	O
controller	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
integrated	O
into	O
computer	O
games	O
to	O
experience	O
flight	O
simulations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1997	O
the	O
first	B-Device
gaming	O
joystick	B-Device
with	O
force	B-Device
feedback	I-Device
(	O
haptics	B-Device
)	O
was	O
manufactured	O
by	O
CH	O
Products	O
under	O
license	O
from	O
technology	O
creator	O
,	O
Immersion	O
Corporation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
product	O
,	O
called	O
the	O
Force	O
FX	O
joystick	B-Device
was	O
followed	O
by	O
force	B-Device
feedback	I-Device
joysticks	B-Device
from	O
Logitech	O
,	O
Thrustmaster	B-Device
,	O
and	O
others	O
,	O
also	O
under	O
license	O
from	O
Immersion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
six	O
button	O
layout	O
of	O
the	B-Device
arcade	I-Device
games	O
Street	B-Application
Fighter	I-Application
II	I-Application
or	O
Mortal	B-Application
Kombat	I-Application
cannot	O
be	O
comfortably	O
emulated	O
on	O
a	O
console	O
joypad	O
,	O
so	O
licensed	O
home	O
arcade	O
sticks	O
for	O
these	O
games	O
have	O
been	O
manufactured	O
for	O
home	O
consoles	O
and	O
PCs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
hat	O
switch	O
is	O
a	O
control	O
on	O
some	O
joysticks	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
many	O
flight	B-Application
simulators	I-Application
use	O
it	O
to	O
switch	O
the	O
player	O
's	O
views	O
,	O
while	O
other	O
games	O
sometimes	O
use	O
it	O
as	O
a	O
substitute	O
for	O
the	O
D-pad	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	O
gamepads	B-Device
with	O
both	O
an	O
analogue	B-Device
stick	I-Device
and	O
a	O
D-pad	B-Device
usually	O
assign	O
POV	O
switch	O
scancodes	O
to	O
the	O
latter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apart	O
from	O
buttons	O
,	O
wheels	O
and	O
dials	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
touchscreens	B-Device
also	O
miniature	O
joysticks	B-Device
have	O
been	O
established	O
for	O
the	O
efficient	O
manual	O
operation	O
of	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
recent	O
times	O
,	O
the	O
employment	O
of	O
joysticks	B-Device
has	O
become	O
commonplace	O
in	O
many	O
industrial	O
and	O
manufacturing	O
applications	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
cranes	O
,	O
assembly	O
lines	O
,	O
forestry	O
equipment	O
,	O
mining	O
trucks	O
,	O
and	O
excavators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
fact	O
,	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
such	O
joysticks	B-Device
is	O
in	O
such	O
high	O
demand	O
,	O
that	O
it	O
has	O
virtually	O
replaced	O
the	O
traditional	O
mechanical	O
control	O
lever	O
in	O
nearly	O
all	O
modern	O
hydraulic	O
control	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
most	O
unmanned	O
aerial	O
vehicles	O
(	O
UAVs	O
)	O
and	O
submersible	O
remotely	O
operated	O
vehicles	O
(	O
ROVs	O
)	O
require	O
at	O
least	O
one	O
joystick	B-Device
to	O
control	O
either	O
the	O
vehicle	O
,	O
the	O
on-board	O
cameras	O
,	O
sensors	O
and/or	O
manipulators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
highly	O
hands-on	O
,	O
rough	O
nature	O
of	O
such	O
applications	O
,	O
the	O
industrial	O
joystick	B-Device
tends	O
to	O
be	O
more	O
robust	O
than	O
the	O
typical	O
video-game	O
controller	O
,	O
and	O
able	O
to	O
function	O
over	O
a	O
high	O
cycle	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
companies	O
produce	O
joysticks	B-Device
for	O
industrial	O
applications	O
using	O
Hall	O
effect	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
technology	O
used	O
in	O
joystick	B-Device
design	O
is	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
strain	O
gauges	O
to	O
build	O
force	O
transducers	O
from	O
which	O
the	O
output	O
is	O
proportional	O
to	O
the	O
force	O
applied	O
rather	O
than	O
physical	O
deflection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Miniature	O
force	O
transducers	O
are	O
used	O
as	O
additional	O
controls	O
on	O
joysticks	B-Device
for	O
menu	O
selection	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
larger	O
manufacturers	O
of	O
joysticks	B-Device
are	O
able	O
to	O
customize	O
joystick	B-Device
handles	O
and	O
grips	O
specific	O
to	O
the	O
OEM	O
needs	O
while	O
small	O
regional	O
manufacturers	O
often	O
concentrate	O
on	O
selling	O
standard	O
products	O
at	O
higher	O
prices	O
to	O
smaller	O
OEMs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specialist	O
joysticks	B-Device
,	O
classed	O
as	O
an	O
assistive	O
technology	O
pointing	B-Device
device	I-Device
,	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
replace	O
the	O
computer	B-Device
mouse	I-Device
for	O
people	O
with	O
fairly	O
severe	O
physical	O
disabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rather	O
than	O
controlling	O
games	O
,	O
these	O
joysticks	B-Device
control	O
the	O
pointer	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Miniature	O
joysticks	B-Device
are	O
available	O
for	O
people	O
with	O
conditions	O
involving	O
muscular	O
weakness	O
such	O
as	O
muscular	O
dystrophy	O
or	O
motor	O
neurone	O
disease	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
