<s>
A	O
journey	B-Application
planner	I-Application
,	O
trip	B-Application
planner	I-Application
,	O
or	O
route	B-Application
planner	I-Application
is	O
a	O
specialized	O
search	B-Application
engine	I-Application
used	O
to	O
find	O
an	O
optimal	O
means	O
of	O
travelling	O
between	O
two	O
or	O
more	O
given	O
locations	O
,	O
sometimes	O
using	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
transport	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Trip	O
planning	O
or	O
journey	O
planning	O
is	O
sometimes	O
distinguished	O
from	O
route	B-Application
planning	I-Application
,	O
which	O
is	O
typically	O
thought	O
of	O
as	O
using	O
private	O
modes	O
of	O
transportation	O
such	O
as	O
cycling	O
,	O
driving	O
,	O
or	O
walking	O
,	O
normally	O
using	O
a	O
single	O
mode	O
at	O
a	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Trip	B-Application
planners	I-Application
have	O
been	O
widely	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
travel	O
industry	O
since	O
the	O
1970s	O
,	O
by	O
booking	O
agents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
growth	O
of	O
the	O
internet	O
,	O
the	O
proliferation	O
of	O
geospatial	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
information	B-General_Concept
technologies	I-General_Concept
generally	O
has	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
rapid	O
development	O
of	O
many	O
self-service	O
app	O
or	O
browser-based	B-Application
,	O
on-line	O
intermodal	B-Application
trip	B-Application
planners	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
trip	B-Application
planner	I-Application
may	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
ticketing	O
and	O
reservation	B-Application
systems	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Journey	B-Application
planners	I-Application
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
trip	B-Application
planners	I-Application
,	O
comprise	O
a	O
front	O
end	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
to	O
gather	O
travel	O
requirements	O
from	O
the	O
user	O
and	O
present	O
the	O
proposed	O
travel	O
itineraries	O
back	O
to	O
them	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
back	O
end	O
journey	O
planning	O
engine	O
which	O
performs	O
the	O
actual	O
computation	O
of	O
the	O
possible	O
trip	O
plans	O
,	O
prioritizing	O
these	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
optimization	O
criteria	O
(	O
fastest	O
,	O
fewest	O
changes	O
,	O
cheapest	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
may	O
run	O
on	O
a	O
terminal	O
,	O
PC	O
,	O
tablet	O
,	O
mobile	O
device	O
or	O
even	O
be	O
speech	O
based	O
and	O
may	O
integrate	O
maps	O
and	O
location	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
to	O
give	O
a	O
visualization	O
of	O
the	O
trip	O
or	O
to	O
simplify	O
the	O
interaction	O
with	O
the	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Simple	O
engines	O
cover	O
only	O
public	O
transport	O
data	O
for	O
a	O
single	O
mode	O
,	O
others	O
are	O
multimodal	O
,	O
covering	O
public	O
transport	O
data	O
for	O
several	O
modes	O
;	O
advanced	O
intermodal	B-Application
engines	O
may	O
also	O
include	O
road	O
and	O
footpath	O
routing	B-Protocol
to	O
cover	O
the	O
access	O
legs	O
to	O
reach	O
the	O
public	O
transport	O
stops	O
and	O
also	O
simultaneously	O
compute	O
routes	O
for	O
travel	O
by	O
private	O
car	O
so	O
that	O
the	O
user	O
may	O
make	O
a	O
comparison	O
between	O
public	O
and	O
private	O
modes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advanced	O
trip	B-Application
planners	I-Application
may	O
also	O
make	O
use	O
of	O
real-time	O
data	O
to	O
improve	O
their	O
results	O
;	O
this	O
use	O
may	O
be	O
decorative	O
,	O
annotating	O
the	O
results	O
with	O
information	O
about	O
known	O
incidents	O
that	O
might	O
affect	O
the	O
trip	O
,	O
or	O
computational	O
,	O
dynamically	O
using	O
the	O
predicted	O
departure	O
and	O
arrival	O
times	O
from	O
a	O
real-time	O
feed	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
CEN	O
Service	B-Application
Interface	I-Application
for	I-Application
Real	I-Application
Time	I-Application
Information	I-Application
to	O
give	O
more	O
accurate	O
trip	O
plans	O
for	O
trips	O
taking	O
place	O
in	O
the	O
near	O
future	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
capabilities	O
of	O
the	O
back-end	O
engine	O
limit	O
what	O
may	O
be	O
offered	O
in	O
the	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
minimum	O
inputs	O
to	O
a	O
trip	B-Application
planner	I-Application
are	O
an	O
origin	O
and	O
destination	O
place	O
and	O
a	O
date	O
and	O
time	O
of	O
travel	O
(	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
defaulted	O
to	O
the	O
current	O
moment	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
interface	O
may	O
provide	O
various	O
methods	O
to	O
discover	O
and	O
specify	O
an	O
origin	O
or	O
destination	O
,	O
including	O
specifying	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
a	O
geocoded	B-Application
place	I-Application
,	O
a	O
stop	O
or	O
station	O
code	O
,	O
a	O
street	O
address	O
,	O
a	O
point	O
of	O
interest	O
(	O
that	O
is	O
,	O
a	O
tourist	O
attraction	O
or	O
other	O
named	O
common	O
destination	O
)	O
or	O
a	O
spatial	O
coordinate	O
(	O
usually	O
specified	O
by	O
using	O
an	O
interactive	O
web	B-Application
map	I-Application
-	O
current	O
locations	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
obtained	O
from	O
a	O
GPS	O
location	O
service	O
or	O
from	O
an	O
IP	O
address	O
lookup	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
location	O
finding	O
function	O
of	O
the	O
trip	B-Application
planner	I-Application
will	O
typically	O
first	O
resolve	O
the	O
origin	O
and	O
destination	O
into	O
the	O
nearest	O
known	O
nodes	O
on	O
the	O
transport	O
network	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
compute	O
a	O
trip	O
plan	O
over	O
its	O
data	O
set	O
of	O
known	O
public	O
transport	O
journeys	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Trip	O
detour	O
preferences	O
for	O
any	O
preferred	O
routing	B-Protocol
for	O
the	O
trip	O
via	O
intermediate	O
stop	O
points	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
trip	B-Application
planner	I-Application
has	O
computed	O
and	O
prioritized	O
a	O
trip	O
or	O
set	O
of	O
possible	O
trips	O
,	O
these	O
are	O
presented	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
as	O
a	O
list	O
for	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
choose	O
from	O
,	O
they	O
may	O
also	O
or	O
instead	O
be	O
displayed	O
on	O
a	O
map	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
trip	B-Application
planners	I-Application
integrate	O
information	O
services	O
other	O
than	O
point-to-point	O
into	O
their	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
,	O
for	O
example	O
to	O
provide	O
timetables	O
for	O
routes	O
,	O
real-time	O
arrivals	O
and	O
departures	O
at	O
stops	O
,	O
or	O
real-time	O
disruption	O
notices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additional	O
visualizations	O
may	O
be	O
offered	O
;	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
has	O
a	O
Gantt	B-Application
chart	I-Application
like	O
'	O
Schedule	O
explorer	O
 '	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
visualize	O
the	O
relative	O
timings	O
of	O
different	O
trip	O
plans	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
trip	B-Application
planner	I-Application
may	O
also	O
have	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
,	O
with	O
each	O
optimized	O
for	O
different	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
online	O
self-service	O
done	O
with	O
a	O
Web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
,	O
an	O
interface	O
for	O
call	O
center	O
agents	O
,	O
one	O
for	O
use	O
on	O
mobile	O
devices	O
,	O
or	O
special	O
interfaces	O
for	O
visually	O
impaired	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
commercial	O
trip	B-Application
planners	I-Application
include	O
aspects	O
of	O
discovery	B-Application
shopping	I-Application
for	O
accommodation	O
and	O
activities	O
and	O
price	O
comparison	O
for	O
some	O
aspects	O
of	O
a	O
trip	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
theoretical	O
basis	O
for	O
computer-based	O
trip	O
planning	O
was	O
provided	O
in	O
1956	O
by	O
Edsger	O
W	O
.	O
Dijkstra	B-Algorithm
's	I-Algorithm
algorithm	I-Algorithm
for	O
finding	O
the	O
shortest	O
paths	O
between	O
nodes	O
in	O
a	O
graph	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Graph	B-Application
theory	O
itself	O
originates	O
from	O
Euler	B-Language
's	O
consideration	O
of	O
a	O
route	B-Application
planning	I-Application
problem	O
-	O
the	O
Seven	O
Bridges	O
of	O
Königsberg	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
National	O
rail	O
operators	O
also	O
developed	O
reservation	B-Application
systems	I-Application
which	O
typically	O
have	O
the	O
ability	O
for	O
ticket	O
offices	O
and	O
retailers	O
to	O
find	O
the	O
trip	O
available	O
between	O
an	O
origin	O
and	O
a	O
destination	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
book	O
a	O
ticket	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
separate	O
development	O
of	O
electronic	O
trip	O
planning	O
capabilities	O
occurred	O
in	O
aviation	O
,	O
starting	O
somewhat	O
earlier	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
evolution	O
of	O
airline	O
reservation	B-Application
systems	I-Application
concerned	O
with	O
managing	O
airline	O
seating	O
inventory	O
in	O
real-time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
of	O
these	O
systems	O
Sabre	B-Application
was	O
launched	O
in	O
1960	O
by	O
American	O
Airlines	B-Application
,	O
others	O
included	O
Apollo	O
(	O
United	O
Airlines	B-Application
(	O
1972	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
rival	O
Galileo	B-Application
CRS	I-Application
and	O
Amadeus	O
systems	O
created	O
by	O
different	O
European	O
airline	O
consortia	O
in	O
1987	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
were	O
mainframe-based	O
with	O
remote	O
OLTP	B-General_Concept
terminals	O
and	O
became	O
widely	O
used	O
by	O
travel	O
agents	O
to	O
find	O
air	O
,	O
rail	O
and	O
boat	O
journeys	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
and	O
early	O
1990s	O
,	O
some	O
national	O
railway	O
operators	O
and	O
major	O
metropolitan	O
transit	O
authorities	O
developed	O
their	O
own	O
specialized	O
trip	B-Application
planners	I-Application
to	O
support	O
their	O
customer	O
enquiry	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
typically	O
ran	O
on	O
mainframes	B-Architecture
and	O
were	O
accessed	O
internally	O
with	O
terminals	O
by	O
their	O
own	O
staff	O
in	O
customer	O
information	O
centers	O
,	O
call	O
centers	O
,	O
and	O
at	O
ticket	O
counters	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
answer	O
customer	O
queries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
data	O
came	O
from	O
the	O
timetable	O
databases	O
used	O
to	O
publish	O
printed	O
timetables	O
and	O
to	O
manage	O
operations	O
and	O
some	O
included	O
simple	O
route	B-Application
planning	I-Application
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
""	O
Routes	O
""	O
system	O
of	O
London	O
Transport	O
,	O
now	O
TfL	O
,	O
in	O
use	O
before	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
on-line	O
planner	O
and	O
covering	O
all	O
public	O
transport	O
services	O
in	O
London	O
,	O
was	O
another	O
example	O
of	O
a	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
OLTP	B-General_Concept
journey	B-Application
planner	I-Application
and	O
included	O
a	O
large	O
database	O
of	O
tourist	O
attractions	O
and	O
popular	O
destinations	O
in	O
London	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
digital	O
public	O
transport	O
trip	B-Application
planner	I-Application
systems	O
for	O
a	O
microcomputer	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
Eduard	O
Tulp	O
,	O
an	O
informatica	O
student	O
at	O
the	O
Amsterdam	O
University	O
on	O
an	O
Atari	O
PC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
was	O
hired	O
by	O
the	O
Dutch	O
Railways	O
to	O
built	O
a	O
digital	O
trip	B-Application
planner	I-Application
for	O
the	O
train	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1990	O
the	O
first	O
digital	O
trip	B-Application
planner	I-Application
for	O
the	O
Dutch	O
Railways	O
(	O
on	O
diskette	O
)	O
was	O
sold	O
to	O
be	O
installed	O
on	O
PC	O
's	O
and	O
computers	O
for	O
off-line	O
consultation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
His	O
product	O
Finajour	O
,	O
which	O
ran	O
for	O
PC	B-Operating_System
DOS	I-Operating_System
and	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
was	O
the	O
first	O
electronic	O
timetable	O
for	O
Switzerland	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
European	O
countries	O
soon	O
followed	O
with	O
their	O
own	O
journey	B-Application
planners	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
further	O
development	O
of	O
this	O
trend	O
was	O
to	O
deploy	O
trip	B-Application
planners	I-Application
onto	O
even	O
smaller	O
platforms	O
such	O
as	O
mobile	O
devices	O
,	O
a	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
CE	I-Operating_System
version	O
of	O
Hafas	O
was	O
launched	O
in	O
1998	O
compressing	O
the	O
application	O
and	O
the	O
entire	O
railway	O
timetable	O
of	O
Deutsche	O
Bahn	O
into	O
six	O
megabytes	O
and	O
running	O
as	O
a	O
stand-alone	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
internet	O
allowed	O
HTML	O
based	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
to	O
be	O
added	O
to	O
allow	O
direct	O
querying	O
of	O
trip	O
planning	O
systems	O
by	O
the	O
general	O
public	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
test	O
web	B-Application
interface	O
for	O
HaFAs	O
,	O
was	O
launched	O
as	O
Deutsche	O
Bahn	O
's	O
official	O
rail	O
trip	B-Application
planner	I-Application
in	O
1995	O
and	O
evolved	O
over	O
time	O
into	O
the	O
main	O
Deutsche	O
Bahn	O
website	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2001	O
Transport	O
for	O
London	O
launched	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
large-scale	O
multimodal	O
trip	B-Application
planner	I-Application
for	O
a	O
world	O
city	O
covering	O
all	O
of	O
London	O
's	O
transport	O
modes	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
rail	O
routes	O
to	O
London	O
;	O
this	O
used	O
a	O
trip	O
planning	O
engine	O
supplied	O
by	O
Mentz	O
Gmbh ]	O
of	O
Munich	O
after	O
earlier	O
attempts	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
to	O
add	O
a	O
web	B-Application
interface	O
to	O
TfL	O
's	O
own	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
internal	O
trip	B-Application
planner	I-Application
failed	O
to	O
scale	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internet	O
trip	B-Application
planners	I-Application
for	O
major	O
transport	O
networks	O
such	O
as	O
national	O
railways	O
and	O
major	O
cities	O
must	O
sustain	O
very	O
high	O
query	O
rates	O
and	O
so	O
require	O
software	O
architectures	O
optimized	O
to	O
sustain	O
such	O
traffic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
mobile	O
trip	B-Application
planner	I-Application
for	O
a	O
large	O
metropolitan	O
area	O
,	O
a	O
WAP	O
based	O
interface	O
to	O
the	O
London	O
using	O
the	O
Mentz	O
engine	O
,	O
was	O
launched	O
in	O
2001	O
by	O
London	O
startup	O
company	O
Kizoom	O
Ltd	O
,	O
who	O
also	O
launched	O
the	O
UK	O
's	O
first	O
rail	O
trip	B-Application
planner	I-Application
for	O
the	O
mobile	O
internet	O
in	O
2000	O
,	O
also	O
as	O
a	O
WAP	O
service	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
an	O
SMS	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
web-based	B-Application
trip	B-Application
planner	I-Application
for	O
UK	O
rail	O
was	O
launched	O
by	O
UK	O
National	O
Rail	O
Enquiries	O
in	O
2003	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
public	O
transport	O
trip	B-Application
planners	I-Application
typically	O
required	O
a	O
stop	O
or	O
station	O
to	O
be	O
specified	O
for	O
the	O
endpoints	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
2000s	O
,	O
Several	O
major	O
projects	O
developed	O
distributed	O
trip	O
planning	O
architectures	O
to	O
allow	O
the	O
federation	O
of	O
separate	O
trip	B-Application
planners	I-Application
each	O
covering	O
a	O
specific	O
area	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
composite	O
engine	O
covering	O
a	O
very	O
large	O
area	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
UK	O
Transport	B-Application
Direct	I-Application
Portal	I-Application
launched	O
in	O
2004	O
by	O
the	O
UK	O
Department	O
of	O
Transport	O
,	O
used	O
the	O
JourneyWeb	O
protocol	O
to	O
link	O
eight	O
separate	O
regional	O
engines	O
covering	O
data	O
from	O
140	O
local	O
transport	O
authorities	O
in	O
England	O
,	O
Scotland	O
and	O
Wales	O
as	O
a	O
unified	O
engine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Interface	O
was	O
further	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
German	O
TRIAS	O
project	O
and	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
a	O
CEN	O
Standard	O
[ [ |Open	O
API	B-Application
for	O
distributed	O
journey	O
planning' ] ]	O
(	O
CEN/TS	O
17118:2017	O
)	O
published	O
in	O
2017	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
standard	O
interface	O
to	O
trip	B-Application
planners	I-Application
,	O
incorporating	O
features	O
from	O
JourneyWeb	O
and	O
EU-Spirit	O
and	O
making	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
SIRI	B-Application
Protocol	I-Application
Framework	I-Application
and	O
the	O
Transmodel	O
reference	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Public	O
transport	O
trip	B-Application
planners	I-Application
proved	O
to	O
be	O
immensely	O
popular	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
by	O
2005	O
Deutsche	O
Bahn	O
was	O
already	O
sustaining	O
2.8	O
million	O
requests	O
per	O
day	O
and	O
journey	O
planning	O
sites	O
constitute	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
highest	O
trafficked	O
information	O
sites	O
in	O
every	O
country	O
that	O
has	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internet	O
trip	B-Application
planners	I-Application
now	O
constitute	O
a	O
primary	O
sales	O
channel	O
for	O
most	O
rail	O
and	O
air	O
transport	O
operators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
started	O
to	O
add	O
trip	O
planning	O
capabilities	O
to	O
its	O
product	O
set	O
with	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
Google	B-Application
Transit	O
in	O
2005	O
,	O
covering	O
trips	O
in	O
the	O
Portland	O
region	O
,	O
as	O
described	O
by	O
the	O
TriMet	O
agency	O
manager	O
Bibiana	O
McHugh	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
General	B-Application
Transit	I-Application
Feed	I-Application
Specification	I-Application
(	O
GTFS	B-Application
)	O
,	O
a	O
format	O
for	O
collecting	O
transit	O
data	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
trip	B-Application
planners	I-Application
that	O
has	O
been	O
highly	O
influential	O
in	O
developing	O
an	O
ecosystem	O
of	O
PT	O
data	O
feeds	O
covering	O
many	O
different	O
countries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
successful	O
uptake	O
of	O
GTFS	B-Application
as	O
an	O
available	O
output	O
format	O
by	O
large	O
operators	O
in	O
many	O
countries	O
has	O
allowed	O
Google	B-Application
to	O
extend	O
its	O
trip	B-Application
planner	I-Application
coverage	O
to	O
many	O
more	O
regions	O
around	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Application
Google	I-Application
Transit	O
trip	O
planning	O
capabilities	O
were	O
integrated	O
into	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
Map	O
product	O
in	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
UK	O
National	O
Rail	O
Enquiries	O
added	O
real	O
time	O
to	O
its	O
rail	O
trip	B-Application
planner	I-Application
in	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
trip	B-Application
planners	I-Application
of	O
some	O
major	O
metropolitan	O
cities	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Transport	O
for	O
London	O
trip	B-Application
planner	I-Application
have	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
dynamically	O
suspend	O
individual	O
stations	O
and	O
whole	O
lines	O
so	O
that	O
modified	O
trip	O
plans	O
are	O
produced	O
during	O
major	O
disruptions	O
that	O
omit	O
the	O
unavailable	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
London	O
2012	O
Olympics	O
,	O
an	O
enhanced	O
London	O
trip	B-Application
planner	I-Application
was	O
created	O
that	O
allowed	O
the	O
proposed	O
trip	O
results	O
to	O
be	O
biased	O
to	O
manage	O
available	O
capacity	O
across	O
different	O
routes	O
,	O
spreading	O
traffic	O
to	O
less	O
congested	O
routes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
initiative	O
to	O
develop	O
an	O
open	O
source	O
trip	B-Application
planner	I-Application
,	O
the	O
OpenTripPlanner	O
was	O
seeded	O
by	O
Portland	O
,	O
Oregon	O
's	O
transit	O
agency	O
TriMet	O
in	O
2009	O
and	O
developed	O
with	O
the	O
participation	O
of	O
agencies	O
and	O
operators	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
and	O
Europe	O
;	O
a	O
full	O
version	O
1.0	O
released	O
in	O
September	O
2016	O
,	O
is	O
making	O
it	O
possible	O
for	O
smaller	O
transit	O
agencies	O
and	O
operators	O
to	O
provide	O
trip	O
planning	O
without	O
paying	O
proprietary	O
license	O
fees	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
usability	O
of	O
mobile	O
internet	O
trip	B-Application
planners	I-Application
was	O
transformed	O
by	O
the	O
launch	O
of	O
the	O
Apple	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
in	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
and	O
similar	O
smartphone	O
such	O
as	O
Android	O
allowed	O
more	O
intelligence	O
to	O
be	O
placed	O
in	O
the	O
client	O
as	O
well	O
offering	O
a	O
larger	O
format	O
and	O
maps	O
and	O
so	O
much	O
more	O
usable	O
interfaces	O
could	O
be	O
created	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
App	O
for	O
UK	O
rail	O
trip	O
planning	O
was	O
launched	O
by	O
UK	O
Startup	O
Kizoom	O
Ltd	O
in	O
2008	O
and	O
a	O
large	O
market	O
for	O
trip	O
planning	O
and	O
travel	O
information	O
applications	O
has	O
subsequently	O
developed	O
around	O
the	O
world	O
,	O
with	O
applications	O
being	O
provided	O
both	O
by	O
transport	O
operators	O
and	O
third	O
parties	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advanced	O
mobile	O
applications	O
such	O
as	O
Citymapper	B-Application
now	O
integrate	O
multiple	O
types	O
of	O
data	O
feed	O
including	O
trip	O
planning	O
for	O
cities	O
in	O
every	O
continent	O
and	O
give	O
the	O
user	O
a	O
uniform	O
interface	O
regardless	O
of	O
the	O
country	O
or	O
city	O
they	O
are	O
in	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
public	B-Application
transport	I-Application
route	I-Application
planner	I-Application
is	O
an	O
intermodal	B-Application
journey	I-Application
planner	I-Application
,	O
typically	O
accessed	O
via	O
the	O
web	B-Application
that	O
provides	O
information	O
about	O
available	O
public	O
transport	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Time	O
of	O
travel	O
may	O
be	O
constrained	O
to	O
either	O
time	O
of	O
departure	O
or	O
arrival	O
and	O
other	O
routing	B-Protocol
preferences	O
may	O
be	O
specified	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
intermodal	B-Application
journey	I-Application
planner	I-Application
supports	O
intermodal	B-Application
journeys	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
route	B-Application
planners	I-Application
support	O
door-to-door	O
planning	O
while	O
others	O
only	O
work	O
between	O
stops	O
on	O
the	O
transport	O
network	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
stations	O
,	O
airports	O
or	O
bus	O
stops	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
public	O
transport	O
routing	B-Protocol
the	O
trip	B-Application
planner	I-Application
is	O
constrained	O
by	O
times	O
of	O
arrival	O
or	O
departure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
is	O
usually	O
done	O
by	O
a	O
separate	O
algorithm	O
or	O
engine	O
,	O
though	O
trip	B-Application
planners	I-Application
that	O
can	O
return	O
fare	O
prices	O
for	O
the	O
trips	O
they	O
find	O
may	O
also	O
offer	O
sorting	O
or	O
filtering	O
of	O
results	O
by	O
price	O
and	O
product	O
type	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
long-distance	O
rail	O
and	O
air	O
trip	O
planning	O
,	O
where	O
price	O
is	O
a	O
significant	O
consideration	O
in	O
price	O
optimizing	O
trip	B-Application
planners	I-Application
may	O
suggest	O
the	O
cheapest	O
dates	O
to	O
travel	O
for	O
customers	O
are	O
flexible	O
as	O
to	O
travel	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
planning	O
of	O
road	O
legs	O
is	O
sometimes	O
done	O
by	O
a	O
separate	O
subsystem	O
within	O
a	O
journey	B-Application
planner	I-Application
,	O
but	O
may	O
consider	O
both	O
single	O
mode	O
trip	O
calculations	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
intermodal	B-Application
scenarios	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Typical	O
optimizations	O
for	O
car	O
routing	B-Protocol
are	O
shortest	O
route	O
,	O
fastest	O
route	O
,	O
cheapest	O
route	O
and	O
with	O
constraints	O
for	O
specific	O
waypoints	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
rise	O
of	O
e-mobility	O
poses	O
new	O
challenges	O
to	O
route	B-Application
planning	I-Application
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
advanced	O
journey	B-Application
planners	I-Application
can	O
take	O
into	O
account	O
average	O
journey	O
times	O
on	O
road	O
sections	O
,	O
or	O
even	O
real-time	O
predicted	O
average	O
journey	O
times	O
on	O
road	O
sections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
journey	B-Application
planner	I-Application
will	O
ideally	O
provide	O
detailed	O
routing	B-Protocol
for	O
pedestrian	O
access	O
to	O
stops	O
,	O
stations	O
,	O
points	O
of	O
interest	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Trip	B-Application
planners	I-Application
depend	O
on	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
data	O
and	O
the	O
quality	O
and	O
extent	O
of	O
this	O
data	O
limits	O
their	O
capability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
trip	B-Application
planners	I-Application
integrate	O
many	O
different	O
kinds	O
of	O
data	O
from	O
numerous	O
sources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
trip	B-Application
planners	I-Application
allow	O
users	O
to	O
look	O
for	O
such	O
"	O
Points	O
of	O
interest	O
"	O
,	O
either	O
by	O
name	O
or	O
by	O
category	O
(	O
museum	O
,	O
stadium	O
,	O
prison	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
sets	O
of	O
systematically	O
named	O
,	O
geocoded	B-Application
and	O
categorized	O
popular	O
destinations	O
can	O
be	O
obtained	O
commercially	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
The	O
UK	O
PointX	O
data	O
set	O
,	O
or	O
derived	O
from	O
opensource	O
data	O
sets	O
such	O
as	O
OpenStreetMap	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
points	O
of	O
interest	O
that	O
cover	O
a	O
large	O
area	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
parks	O
,	O
country	O
houses	O
or	O
stadia	O
,	O
a	O
precise	O
geocoding	B-Application
of	O
the	O
entrances	O
is	O
important	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Trip	O
planning	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
can	O
be	O
made	O
more	O
usable	O
by	O
integration	O
of	O
Gazetteer	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Road	O
trip	B-Application
planners	I-Application
,	O
sometimes	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
route	B-Application
planners	I-Application
,	O
use	O
street	O
and	O
footpath	O
network	O
data	O
to	O
compute	O
a	O
route	O
using	O
simply	O
the	O
network	O
connectivity	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
fundamental	O
representation	O
is	O
a	O
graph	B-Application
of	O
nodes	O
and	O
edges	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
Advanced	O
road	O
trip	B-Application
planners	I-Application
take	O
into	O
account	O
the	O
real-time	O
state	O
of	O
the	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
transit	O
route	B-Application
planners	I-Application
to	O
work	O
,	O
transit	O
schedule	O
data	O
must	O
always	O
be	O
kept	O
up	O
to	O
date	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
facilitate	O
data	O
exchange	O
and	O
interoperability	O
between	O
different	O
trip	B-Application
planners	I-Application
,	O
several	O
standard	O
data	O
formats	O
have	O
emerged	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
General	B-Application
Transit	I-Application
Feed	I-Application
Specification	I-Application
,	O
developed	O
in	O
2006	O
,	O
is	O
now	O
used	O
by	O
hundreds	O
of	O
transit	O
agencies	O
around	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
integrate	O
stops	O
with	O
spatial	O
searches	O
and	O
road	O
routing	B-Protocol
engines	O
they	O
are	O
geocoded	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Timetable	O
exchange	O
formats	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
GTFS	B-Application
,	O
TransXChange	O
or	O
NeTEx	O
include	O
stop	O
data	O
in	O
their	O
formats	O
and	O
spatial	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
sets	O
such	O
as	O
OpenStreetMap	O
allow	O
stop	O
identifiers	O
to	O
be	O
geocoded	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
public	O
transport	O
networks	O
with	O
a	O
very	O
high	O
frequency	O
of	O
service	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
urban	O
metro	O
cities	O
and	O
inner	O
city	O
bus	O
services	O
,	O
the	O
topology	O
of	O
the	O
network	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
route	B-Application
planning	I-Application
,	O
with	O
an	O
average	O
interval	O
being	O
assumed	O
rather	O
than	O
specific	O
departure	O
times	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
on	O
public	O
transport	O
schedules	O
is	O
used	O
by	O
trip	B-Application
planners	I-Application
to	O
determine	O
the	O
available	O
journeys	O
at	O
specific	O
times	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Schedule	O
data	O
is	O
also	O
increasingly	O
becoming	O
available	O
in	O
international	O
formats	O
such	O
as	O
GTFS	B-Application
and	O
NeTEx	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
allow	O
a	O
route	O
to	O
be	O
projected	O
onto	O
a	O
map	O
,	O
GTFS	B-Application
allows	O
the	O
specification	O
of	O
a	O
simple	O
shape	O
plot	O
;	O
whilst	O
Transmodel	O
based	O
standards	O
such	O
as	O
CEN	O
NeTEx	O
,	O
TransXChange	O
additionally	O
allow	O
a	O
more	O
detailed	O
representation	O
which	O
can	O
recognize	O
the	O
constituent	O
links	O
and	O
distinguish	O
several	O
different	O
semantic	O
layers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Trip	B-Application
planners	I-Application
may	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
incorporate	O
real-time	O
information	O
into	O
their	O
database	O
and	O
consider	O
them	O
in	O
the	O
selection	O
of	O
optimal	O
routes	O
for	O
travel	O
in	O
the	O
immediate	O
future	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
trip	B-Application
planner	I-Application
may	O
use	O
a	O
real	O
time	O
interface	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
CEN	O
Service	B-Application
Interface	I-Application
for	I-Application
Real	I-Application
Time	I-Application
Information	I-Application
to	O
obtain	O
this	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
trip	B-Application
planner	I-Application
can	O
integrate	O
situation	O
information	O
and	O
use	O
it	O
both	O
to	O
revise	O
its	O
trip	O
planning	O
computations	O
and	O
to	O
annotate	O
its	O
responses	O
so	O
as	O
to	O
inform	O
users	O
through	O
both	O
text	O
and	O
map	O
representations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
trip	B-Application
planner	I-Application
will	O
typically	O
use	O
a	O
standard	O
interface	O
such	O
as	O
SIRI	B-Application
,	O
TPEG	O
or	O
Datex	O
II	O
to	O
obtain	O
situation	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recent	O
incidents	O
can	O
be	O
considered	O
within	O
the	O
routing	B-Protocol
as	O
well	O
as	O
visualized	O
in	O
an	O
interactive	O
map	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typically	O
journey	B-Application
planners	I-Application
use	O
an	O
efficient	O
in-memory	O
representation	O
of	O
the	O
network	O
and	O
timetable	O
to	O
allow	O
the	O
rapid	O
searching	O
of	O
a	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
paths	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
single	O
engine	O
may	O
contain	O
the	O
entire	O
transport	O
network	O
,	O
and	O
its	O
schedules	O
,	O
or	O
may	O
allow	O
the	O
distributed	B-Architecture
computation	I-Architecture
of	O
journeys	O
using	O
a	O
distributed	O
journey	O
planning	O
protocol	O
such	O
as	O
JourneyWeb	O
or	O
Delfi	O
Protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
journey	O
planning	O
engine	O
may	O
be	O
accessed	O
by	O
different	O
front	O
ends	O
,	O
using	O
a	O
software	O
protocol	O
or	O
application	B-Application
program	I-Application
interface	I-Application
specialized	O
for	O
journey	O
queries	O
,	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
on	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
journey	O
planning	O
engines	O
has	O
gone	O
hand	O
in	O
hand	O
with	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
data	O
standards	O
for	O
representing	O
the	O
stops	O
,	O
routes	O
and	O
timetables	O
of	O
the	O
network	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
TransXChange	O
,	O
NaPTAN	O
,	O
Transmodel	O
or	O
GTFS	B-Application
that	O
ensure	O
that	O
these	O
fit	O
together	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
sub-problem	O
of	O
route	B-Application
planning	I-Application
is	O
an	O
easier	O
problem	O
to	O
solve	O
as	O
it	O
generally	O
involves	O
less	O
data	O
and	O
fewer	O
constraints	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
"	O
road	O
timetables	O
"	O
,	O
associating	O
different	O
journey	O
times	O
for	O
road	O
links	O
at	O
different	O
times	O
of	O
day	O
,	O
time	O
of	O
travel	O
is	O
increasingly	O
relevant	O
for	O
route	B-Application
planners	I-Application
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Journey	B-Application
planners	I-Application
use	O
a	O
routing	B-Protocol
algorithm	I-Protocol
to	O
search	O
a	O
graph	B-Application
representing	O
the	O
transport	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
simplest	O
case	O
where	O
routing	B-Protocol
is	O
independent	O
of	O
time	O
,	O
the	O
graph	B-Application
uses	O
(	O
directed	O
)	O
edges	O
to	O
represent	O
street/path	O
segments	O
and	O
nodes	O
to	O
represent	O
intersections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Routing	B-Protocol
on	O
such	O
a	O
graph	B-Application
can	O
be	O
accomplished	O
effectively	O
using	O
any	O
of	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
routing	B-Protocol
algorithms	I-Protocol
such	O
as	O
Dijkstra	B-Algorithm
's	I-Algorithm
,	O
A*	B-Protocol
,	O
Floyd	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
Warshall	I-Algorithm
,	O
or	O
Johnson	B-Algorithm
's	I-Algorithm
algorithm	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Automated	O
trip	B-Application
planners	I-Application
generate	O
your	O
itinerary	O
automatically	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
information	O
you	O
provide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
way	O
is	O
to	O
provide	O
the	O
necessary	O
information	O
by	O
forwarding	O
confirmation	O
e-mails	O
from	O
airlines	B-Application
,	O
hotels	O
and	O
car	O
rental	O
companies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
a	O
custom	O
trip	B-Application
planner	I-Application
the	O
user	O
creates	O
one	O
's	O
own	O
travel	O
itinerary	O
individually	O
by	O
picking	O
the	O
appropriate	O
activities	O
from	O
a	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
released	O
a	O
mobile	O
app	O
called	O
Google	B-Application
Trips	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lola.com,	O
an	O
AI	O
based	O
travel	O
planning	O
startup	O
and	O
Hopper.com	O
have	O
managed	O
to	O
raise	O
significant	O
funding	O
for	O
developing	O
trip	O
planning	O
apps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
bookings	O
and	O
payments	O
are	O
added	O
to	O
a	O
mobile	O
trip	B-Application
planner	I-Application
app	O
,	O
then	O
the	O
result	O
is	O
considered	O
mobility	O
as	O
a	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Distribution	O
companies	O
may	O
incorporate	O
route	B-Application
planning	I-Application
software	I-Application
into	O
their	O
fleet	O
management	O
systems	O
to	O
optimize	O
route	O
efficiency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
route	B-Application
planning	I-Application
setup	O
for	O
distribution	O
companies	O
will	O
often	O
include	O
GPS	O
tracking	O
capability	O
and	O
advanced	O
reporting	O
features	O
which	O
enable	O
dispatchers	O
to	O
prevent	O
unplanned	O
stops	O
,	O
reduce	O
mileage	O
,	O
and	O
plan	O
more	O
fuel-efficient	O
routes	O
.	O
</s>
