<s>
Jikes	B-Language
Research	I-Language
Virtual	I-Language
Machine	I-Language
(	O
Jikes	B-Language
RVM	I-Language
)	O
is	O
a	O
mature	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
that	O
runs	O
programs	O
written	O
for	O
the	O
Java	B-Device
platform	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
most	O
other	O
Java	B-Language
virtual	I-Language
machines	I-Language
(	O
JVMs	B-Language
)	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
written	O
in	O
the	O
programming	O
language	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
in	O
a	O
style	O
of	O
implementation	O
termed	O
meta-circular	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
free	B-Application
and	I-Application
open	I-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
released	O
under	O
an	O
Eclipse	B-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
1999	O
,	O
2000	O
,	O
research	O
papers	O
describing	O
novel	O
aspects	O
of	O
Jikes	B-Language
RVM	I-Language
are	O
published	O
by	O
IBM	O
researchers	O
and	O
several	O
universities	O
are	O
given	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2001	O
October	O
,	O
Jikes	B-Language
RVM	I-Language
version	O
2	O
is	O
released	O
as	O
an	O
open-source	B-License
model	I-License
project	O
under	O
the	O
Common	O
Public	O
License	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
release	O
supports	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
and	O
Intel	O
architectures	O
and	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
different	O
garbage	B-General_Concept
collection	I-General_Concept
algorithms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2002	O
,	O
Jikes	B-Language
RVM	I-Language
2.2	O
is	O
released	O
with	O
the	O
precise	O
garbage	B-General_Concept
collectors	I-General_Concept
now	O
refactored	O
into	O
the	O
popular	O
Memory	O
Management	O
Toolkit	O
precise	O
collectors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2004	O
,	O
Jikes	B-Language
RVM	I-Language
2.4	O
is	O
released	O
with	O
increased	O
stability	O
and	O
performance	O
partly	O
,	O
with	O
special	O
focus	O
to	O
run	O
eclipse	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2007	O
,	O
Jikes	B-Language
RVM	I-Language
2.9	O
development	O
starts	O
with	O
the	O
code	O
base	O
extensively	O
refactored	O
to	O
use	O
features	O
of	O
Java	B-Language
5.0	O
and	O
to	O
use	O
an	O
Apache	B-Application
Ant	I-Application
build	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2008	O
,	O
Jikes	B-Language
RVM	I-Language
3.0	O
released	O
marking	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2.9	O
development	O
and	O
new	O
stability	O
in	O
the	O
code	O
base	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2009	O
,	O
Jikes	B-Language
RVM	I-Language
3.1	O
released	O
under	O
the	O
Eclipse	B-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
(	O
EPL	O
)	O
with	O
significant	O
improvements	O
over	O
the	O
performance	O
of	O
version	O
3.0.1	O
and	O
a	O
switch	O
to	O
native	O
threading	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
2012	O
,	O
Jikes	B-Language
RVM	I-Language
won	O
the	O
Association	O
for	O
Computing	O
Machinery	O
(	O
ACM	O
)	O
Special	O
Interest	O
Group	O
on	O
programming	O
languages	O
(	O
SIGPLAN	O
)	O
Software	O
award	O
,	O
cited	O
for	O
its	O
"	O
high	O
quality	O
and	O
modular	O
design.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Being	O
meta-circular	B-Application
,	O
Jikes	B-Language
RVM	I-Language
requires	O
a	O
bootstrapping	B-Application
JVM	B-Language
to	O
run	O
upon	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
boot	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
boot	O
image	O
is	O
a	O
view	O
of	O
the	O
objects	O
Jikes	B-Language
RVM	I-Language
requires	O
to	O
boot	O
created	O
using	O
reflection	O
in	O
the	O
bootstrap	O
JVM	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
small	O
C	B-Language
loader	O
is	O
responsible	O
for	O
loading	O
the	O
boot	O
image	O
at	O
runtime	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VM	O
Magic	O
is	O
where	O
the	O
compiler	B-Language
generates	O
different	O
code	O
for	O
a	O
class	O
than	O
the	O
bytecodes	O
within	O
that	O
class	O
should	O
perform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
VM	O
Magic	O
classes	O
reside	O
in	O
the	O
org.vmmagic	O
package	O
and	O
have	O
been	O
reused	O
in	O
other	O
Java	B-Language
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Memory	O
Management	O
Toolkit	O
(	O
MMTk	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
precise	O
garbage	B-General_Concept
collectors	I-General_Concept
that	O
have	O
been	O
used	O
within	O
Jikes	B-Language
RVM	I-Language
and	O
other	O
projects	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Singularity	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
and	O
the	O
Shared	B-Application
Source	I-Application
Common	I-Application
Language	I-Application
Infrastructure	I-Application
(	O
SSCLI	B-Application
,	O
formerly	O
named	O
Rotor	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
with	O
the	O
rest	O
of	O
the	O
Jikes	B-Language
RVM	I-Language
,	O
the	O
implementation	O
is	O
in	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
but	O
the	O
main	O
dependence	O
is	O
on	O
VM	O
Magic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Either	O
Apache	B-Application
Harmony	I-Application
or	O
GNU	B-Language
Classpath	I-Language
class	O
libraries	B-Library
can	O
be	O
used	O
with	O
Jikes	B-Language
RVM	I-Language
,	O
with	O
experimental	O
support	O
for	O
OpenJDK	B-Language
's	O
class	O
library	B-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jikes	B-Language
RVM	I-Language
uses	O
a	O
fast	O
baseline	O
compiler	B-Language
to	O
quickly	O
generate	O
code	O
for	O
a	O
given	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Adaptive	O
compiling	B-Language
then	O
recompiles	B-Language
code	O
with	O
an	O
optimizing	O
compiler	B-Language
with	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
on-stack	O
replacement	O
(	O
OSR	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
adaptive	O
compiling	B-Language
system	O
uses	O
a	O
cost-benefit	O
analysis	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jikes	B-Language
RVM	I-Language
's	O
runtime	O
has	O
many	O
innovative	O
features	O
including	O
mechanisms	O
for	O
fast	O
locking	O
,	O
collaborative	O
scheduling	O
,	O
and	O
support	O
for	O
fast	O
exception	O
gathering	O
and	O
dispatch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jikes	B-Language
RVM	I-Language
supports	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
(	O
or	O
ppc	O
)	O
and	O
IA-32	B-Device
(	O
or	O
Intel	O
x86	O
,	O
32-bit	O
)	O
instruction	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
processor	O
architectures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
it	O
is	O
a	O
research	O
project	O
,	O
the	O
emphasis	O
of	O
Jikes	B-Language
RVM	I-Language
is	O
on	O
researching	O
new	O
technologies	O
,	O
as	O
is	O
apparent	O
from	O
the	O
scientific	O
publications	O
it	O
has	O
spawned	O
–	O
over	O
220	O
papers	O
as	O
of	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jikes	B-Language
RVM	I-Language
has	O
also	O
participated	O
in	O
the	O
Google	B-Application
Summer	I-Application
of	I-Application
Code	I-Application
2007	O
,	O
2008	O
,	O
2010	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
and	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
